malus pumila mill.
Family Rosaceae: Apple
Morphological habit: deciduous tree, tree height up to 15 meters, cultivation conditions generally 3-5 meters high. The trunk is gray-brown, the old bark has irregular longitudinal fissures or flaky exfoliation, and the branchlets are smooth. Leaves are simple and alternate, elliptic to ovoid, leaf margins serrate. Corymb, petals white, pinkish when budded, 20 stamens, 5 styles. fruit is drupe, color and size vary by species. Light-loving, slightly acidic to neutral soil. Best suited to deep soil, rich in organic matter, the heart of the soil aeration and drainage of good sandy soil.
Propagation and cultivation by grafting. There are arborizing rootstocks and dwarfing rootstocks. Commonly used arborizing rootstock are: rowan, Xifu begonia, zinnia, dwarf rootstock is mainly introduced into the British varieties. The use of wide rows of dense planting, rows to the north and south. In the southern part of the fall and winter before the soil freezes, planted in the northern part of the spring thaw. Apple self-flowering knot strength is poor, planting must be configured pollination tree.
Resource distribution: native to southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and the South Caucasus. 1870 around the beginning of the introduction of China's Yantai, in recent years in the south of Northeast China and North China, Northwest provinces widely cultivated.
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Apple's Resulting habit
I, buds and flowers: apple bud differentiation, most varieties are from early June to complete before winter, the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sex cell maturation of three periods. Flower buds are mixed buds, and inflorescences are corymbose cymes. Each inflorescence has 5-8 mixed flowers, mostly 5, with the center flower blooming first and the side flower blooming later. The quality of the center flower is the best, with stable fruits and big fruits; when thinning flowers and fruits, the center flower and the center fruit should be left, and the side flower and the side fruit should be thinned more. Flower buds first leaves after flowering, and from the fruit platform to produce tips, fruit platform tips of how much, the length of the nutrient conditions with the varieties and fruiting parent branch varies. Fruiting platform subtip draws strong force (two), branch long and strong varieties, such as Zhu Guang, fruit small, yield is not high, fruiting branch group loose. For such varieties, the application of thinning 1 stay 1 and centering and twisting methods to control the growth of secondary tips. The growth of the secondary tip (1 or 2), short branches (less than 10 cm) and thick varieties, such as Jinshuai, Jonagold, etc., the fruit is large, productive, fruiting branch group is compact, easy to renew, continuous fruiting ability. Deputy tip of the weak growth force (1), short branches (less than 3 cm) of the varieties, such as marshal system, En Pai, etc., fruit large, fruiting branch group compact, easy to form chicken claw branch group, easy to update, but the fruit stage is mostly every other year, should leave more preparatory branches to reduce the large and small years of results.
Two, fruit: the apple fruit is a pseudo-fruit developed by the ovary and receptacle, in which the ovary develops into a fruit heart, receptacle develops into fruit flesh, the embryo develops into a seed. The volume of the fruit expansion, pre-depends on the increase in the number of cells rapidly dividing cells, late by the expansion of the cell volume.
The expansion of the volume of the fruit, the middle to ripening before the faster, the early and the end of the slower, the weight of the fruit to ripen the month before the fastest growth. The length of the fruit development period, generally 65-87 days for early maturing varieties, 90-133 days for medium maturing varieties, and 137-168 days for late maturing varieties.
Fruit color is an important indicator of commodity. Apple coloring good and poor with the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content and so on have a great relationship. Later control the application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of potash fertilizer, reduce the chlorophyll in the fruit skin, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, increase sunlight irradiance, do a good job of drainage, reduce air humidity, spray naphthalene acetic acid and 2.4-d and other hormones, can promote the color of the apple.
Apple from the appearance of flower buds to fruit harvest, there are generally four times to drop flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the flower stalks with the flower shedding and fall together, usually called flower drop. The second time in about a week after the blossom drop, the ovary slightly enlarged, can last 5-20 days, known as pre-fruit drop. The third time in the second 7-14 days after the fruit drop, the fruit has reached the thumb to yuan large, a greater impact on yield, known as physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the northern climacteric period later than in Yunnan, occurred in June, so called "June fruit drop". The fourth in the fruit before harvest, falling mature or nearly mature fruit, so called pre-harvest fruit drop.
The first, the second fall of flowers and fruits, mainly due to nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop, in addition to the competition for nutrients between the fruit, the lack of growth hormone in the embryo, is the tip of the fruit to compete for nutrients due to intense. Because the osmotic pressure of the leaves is greater than the young fruit, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than the young fruit, so in addition to timely and good centering, cutting the tips and other inhibition of new growth, should also be timely application of Xiehua flower fertilizer, supplemental nutrients.
Three, seed: for the embryo sac in the fertilized egg development. Apple's normal fruit, each fruit has 5 ventricles, each ventricle has 2 seeds. In the process of fruit development, seed secretion of hormones to stimulate the growth of fruit flesh, so pollination and fertilization of good, full of seeds, fruit shape is correct, flesh rich; on the contrary, the seed is poorly developed or seedless side, flesh depressed thin and deformed fruit, so be sure to configure pollination tree and improve pollination.
Requirements for the external environmental conditions
One, temperature: apple is like cool and dry temperate fruit trees, requiring winter without severe cold, summer without the Department of Cool, the annual difference is small, the day difference is large. Suitable temperature range is the average annual temperature 9-14 ℃, winter extreme bottom temperature is not less than -12 ℃, the highest summer average monthly temperature is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ annual cumulative temperature of 5000 ℃ or so, the growing season (April-October) average temperature of 12-18 ℃, the winter needs to be 7.2 ℃ below Low temperature 1200-1500 hours in order to successfully pass the natural dormancy. Low temperature time is not enough, hair leaves, flowering delayed and untidy, some flower buds even do not bud, to May scales loose shedding, become a dead pile, seriously reduce production; absolute low temperature below -30 - 32 ℃, and frost damage occurs. According to the survey, the performance of the apple in Yunnan at different altitudes and temperatures in the following table.
Table 1 apples in Yunnan at different altitudes and temperature zones performance
Altitude (m) average annual temperature () productivity fruit quality pests and diseases growth pattern suitability
1800 below 15 or more `differential poor heavy not normal unsuitable
1800-200014 Strong, apple performance yield and stable yield, fruit color bright, fruit shape high mount, five prongs, sugar and vitamin c content is high, low acid content, pectin viscosity, good flavor, storage resistance and cold resistance. Winter low temperature is enough, the fruit tree can successfully pass the natural dormancy, flower buds of good quality, the next spring on time sprouting, germination, flowering neatly, fruiting rate is high, few pests and diseases and light, so it is the most suitable area for apple. The areas with an altitude of 2000-2200 meters, an average annual temperature of 13-14℃ and an altitude of 2400-2500 meters, an average annual temperature of 12-12.5℃ are the suitable areas for apples, which are close to the lower and upper belts of the most suitable areas. Altitude of 1800-2000 meters, the average annual temperature of 14-15 ℃ area, the winter temperature is high, in the "cold winter" year can basically pass through the dormancy, the following year performance is more normal; in the "warm winter" year, can not successfully break the dormancy, the next year performance is more normal; in the "warm winter" year, can not successfully break the dormancy, the next year performance is more normal. In the "warm winter" year, if the dormancy cannot be broken successfully, there will be delayed germination, untidy blossoming and lower yield, so it is a sub-suitable area for apples. Elevation below 1800 meters, the average annual temperature of 15 ℃ above the region, summer and autumn temperature is too high, cooling late, not only the fruit coloring poor, sugar low acid high, and branches and leaves fierce long, long nutrient growth period, late water fall, poor flower bud differentiation; winter temperature is too high, the number of hours of low temperature in the dormant period is insufficient, the flower buds can not be smooth through the dormancy, disturbing the normal life rules and lead to physiological disorders, the next spring germination, flowering is not neat, low fruiting rate, more and more serious diseases and pests; in the "warm winter" year can not successfully break the dormancy, there will be delayed germination, blooming, low fruit rate, so is sub-suitable for the apple. Diseases and pests are many and serious; at an altitude of 2600 meters above sea level, the average annual temperature of 9 ℃ below the zone, and the annual cumulative temperature and the growing period of the temperature is insufficient, the tree becomes dwarfed, the internodes become shorter, the number of fruit cell division is less and expansion coefficient is small, resulting in small fruits, thick skin, hard meat, sugar is low, are unsuitable for the apple region. Therefore, the development of apple should choose the most suitable and appropriate areas to build a garden, in order to give full play to the local natural advantages and varieties of excellent traits, to obtain high-yield and high-quality fruit, to receive the best economic benefits.
Two, rainfall: although the apple is native to the dry inland climate in the summer areas, like the drier environment, but the growing period still need sufficient water and suitable air humidity, in order to grow and develop normally; but too much rain, too much humidity, and will lead to dense foliage, pests and diseases, the fruit color is poor, low sugar and acid thick. Generally 500-1000 millimeters of annual rainfall, air humidity 60% -70% is appropriate. Due to the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Yunnan, the dry and rainy seasons, so the dry season from February to May, should be combined with fertilizer monthly irrigation of water to meet the water required for the development of the leaves and flowering and fruiting; the rainy season and to do a good job of drainage, reduce the soil moisture content and air humidity, in order to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases and improve the quality of the fruit.
Three, light: apple is a light-loving fruit trees. It is determined that most varieties of light compensation point of 600-940 lux, saturation point of 24000-75000 lux. Insufficient light, directly reduce photosynthesis and tree nutrient levels, and affect the fruit coloring and sugar conversion; strong direct light too much and irradiation time is too long, but also prone to cause branch and fruit burns. So we must choose a good garden and good plastic pruning, improve ventilation and light and leaf curtain layer reasonable, in order to avoid the aforementioned disadvantages.
Four, terrain: flat, mountain, beach, river can be planted, but to the sun, open, leeward, surrounded by good vegetation on a gentle slope, good light, irrigation and drainage, planting the best; puddle, turnip ditch, although the soil layer is deep, but poor lighting, rainy season, easy to water, air humidity is too large; steep slopes, shallow, thin soil, soil erosion, are not conducive to the growth of fruit trees.
Five, soil: apple on the soil requirements are not strict, clay, sandy soil, loam can be, but the soil layer is deep, loose and fertile sandy loam soil is best. Shallow soil, gravel too much clay soil, must be improved before planting. Adaptation of acidity and alkalinity range for ph value 5.3-8.2, optimal for 5.4-6.8. below 5.4, too acidic, prone to boron deficiency, calcium deficiency triggered by shrinkage of fruit disease and bitter pox; higher than 7.8, alkaline, prone to iron deficiency, caused by leaf greening.
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Garden use blooming season can be ornamental; fruit ripe season, tired fruit, bright color, love.
Apple is native to Europe, Central Asia, West Asia and Turkey, the nineteenth century into China.
"An apple a day" is a familiar health slogan. Indeed, apples are rich in sugars, organic acids, fiber, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids nutrients, scientists called "a full range of health fruits". So, what exactly are the health effects that have earned it such a reputation?
Lowering blood lipids: Japan's Fruit Tree Research Institute's human trials show that eating two apples a day for three weeks after the subjects in the blood triglyceride levels decreased by 21%, and high triglyceride levels are the main culprits of vascular sclerosis. When the pectin of apples enters the body, it combines with bile acids and absorbs excess cholesterol and triglycerides like a sponge, then excretes them from the body. At the same time, the acetic acid decomposed by apples facilitates the decomposition and metabolism of these two substances. In addition, the vitamins, fructose and magnesium in apples can also lower their levels.
Lowering Blood Pressure: Excess sodium is an important factor in causing high blood pressure and stroke. Apples contain sufficient potassium, which can combine with excess sodium in the body and expel it from the body, thus lowering blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ions can effectively protect blood vessels and reduce the incidence of hypertension and stroke. Dr. Susan Orridge, a renowned British pharmacologist, found that the polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples can effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Preventing cancer: A study by Hirosaki University in Japan confirmed that polyphenols in apples can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. And a Finnish study is even more exciting: apples contain flavonoids is a highly effective antioxidant, it is not only the best blood vessel cleaning agent, but also cancer nemesis. If people eat more apples, the chances of getting lung cancer can be reduced by 46%, and the chances of getting other cancers can also be reduced by 20%. New research from the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research also tells us that proanthocyanidins in apples can prevent colon cancer.
Antioxidant effect: Cornell University's research team dipped the brain cells of rats into a liquid containing oak extract and vitamin C, and found that the antioxidant capacity of brain cells was significantly enhanced. Compared with other vegetables and fruits, apples contain the best oak extract, and red apples are better than yellow and green apples. Therefore, for people with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome, apples are the best food.
Strengthen bones: apples contain the mineral elements boron and manganese that can strengthen bones. A study in the United States found that boron can substantially increase the concentration of estrogen and other compounds in the blood, and these substances can effectively prevent calcium loss. Medical experts believe that menopausal women if they can consume 3 grams of boron per day, then their calcium loss rate can be reduced by 46%, menopausal women eat more apples, is conducive to the absorption and utilization of calcium, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Maintaining acid-base balance: 70% of the diseases occur in the acidic body, and apples are alkaline food, eating apples can quickly neutralize the body's excessive acidic substances (including exercise-generated acid and fish, meat, eggs, and other acidic food in the body to produce acidic metabolites), to enhance the physical strength and resistance to disease.
Weight loss: apples will increase the sense of satiety, eat before meals can reduce the amount of food, to achieve the purpose of weight loss.
As for eating apples whether to peel, that is a matter of opinion, do not peel, it is possible to eat
pesticides, peel it, the most nutritious part of the apple is the skin, and most of the fibers are also in the skin
Apple Computer Inc. was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and ron wayn in April 1, 1976. in the spring of 1975, the apple computer company. apple ⅰ was designed by wozon and was byte's computer store purchased 50 units of apple ⅰ which sold for $666.66 at the time. in 1976, wozon finished the design of apple ⅱ.
In 1977 Apple officially registered as a company and launched the new Apple logo that is used to this day. At the same time, apple also got its first investment - mike markkula's 92,000 dollars.
apple computer company was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and ron wayn on april 1, 1976. in the spring of 1975, apple ⅰ was designed by wozon and was byte's computer store purchased 50 units of apple ⅰ which was sold for $666.66 at that time. in 1976, wozon finished the design of apple ⅱ. .
In 1977 Apple officially registered as a company and launched the new Apple logo that is used to this day. At the same time, apple also got its first investment - mike markkula's 92,000 dollars.
In 1978, as Apple prepared to take its stock public, Xerox pre-purchased $1 million in Apple stock and allowed Apple engineers to work on the graphical interface for the parc operating system, which Xerox had long since dismissed as junk. But Apple's engineers turned it into a miracle, and brought the GUI into a whole new dimension.
apple Ⅱ had many firsts in the history of microcomputers: the first plastic case; the first self-powered unit without a fan; the first with Intel Dynamic Ram; the first with 48k capacity on the motherboard; the first to play color games; the first with a built-in speaker interface; the first to have game controls; the first with high-resolution graphics; and the first to realize that the cpu and the motherboard were the same as the motherboard. cpu and motherboard*** enjoy ram ...... Subsequent releases of the apple Ⅱ + and apple Ⅲ as well as the lisa have struggled to recapture the glory of the apple Ⅱ. In 1979, Watts was awarded the Hopper Prize, an honorary award for outstanding contributions to the development of the Apple Ⅱ and the Apple Ⅲ. The award is specifically for outstanding contributions to young computer scientists, to the famous female computer scientists, one of the world's earliest programmers Grace M. Hopper (1906 a 1992) name, from 1971 onwards, generally only one person per year.
Apple Computer describes the company's performance in this way: Apple Computer sparked the personal computer revolution in the 1970s with the apple ii, and the launch of the macintosh revolutionized the personal computer in the 1980s. Through its innovative hardware, software, and Internet technologies and devices, Apple is committed to bringing the best possible computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals, and consumers around the world.