The rise of greenhouse cultivation, breaking through the seasonal limitations, to achieve the annual supply of fruits and vegetables. But in the process of planting management , there are many deep-rooted wrong practices, such as not paying attention to soil, fertilizer, water, the coordinated development of the soil environment not only caused major damage, and low yield of vegetables, poor quality. Reasonable water and fertilizer management, not only can save the amount of water and fertilizer, or high-yield and high-quality prerequisites. Therefore, today we will talk in detail about the greenhouse vegetable cultivation in the soil, fertilizer, water and fertilizer management.
I, the importance of good soil, fertilizer, water and fertilizer management
In the greenhouse vegetable cultivation process, and three factors are inseparable, that is, cultivation, soil, fertilizer and water, plant protection. Cultivation is the foundation, soil fertilizer and water is the means, plant protection is the guarantee. To high yield, good quality, rely on the soil, fertilizer, water.
In soil, fertilizer, water, soil is the basis for carrying everything. Therefore, no matter what kind of vegetable cultivation, the soil environment must be good, soil environment is not good, vegetable planting after the management of the difficulty is greatly increased; fertilizer is the means, is the essence of yield, is the most important. But fertilization is not the more the better, fertilizer is a double-edged sword, with a good will increase production, too much not only improve the cost of production and damage to the surrounding environment, but also may cause a reduction in yield, the right time, the right place, the right amount of fertilizer, is the rationalization of fertilizer; watering is the soul of the entire management, the vegetables to be high-yield, can not be separated from the water. Leaving aside the quality of fertilization, fertilization who will do, but to water well, is not so simple. Therefore, will not watering is to judge the management level of high and low standards.
Two, greenhouse greenhouse cultivation of soil management
In the greenhouse greenhouse vegetable cultivation process, there is a common problem, vegetable planting, do not make a strong pursuit of fertilizer, seedlings will not grow. Therefore, in order to promote the growth of vegetable plants, vegetable farmers friends are every water with fertilizer, and is more than one year, why this problem? In the end, the problem lies in the fertilizer utilization, in the case of deteriorating soil, the root system does not have a suitable environment for growth , fertilization is a concept, the root system can absorb how much is another concept.
The more you fertilize, the more serious the soil salinization, forming a vicious circle. Therefore, you want to fundamentally improve the application of fertilizers and other fertilizers, first of all, to ensure that the root system of vegetables have a healthy growth environment, so that the root system under the root, the current prevailing problem is that the root system can only be under the root of up to 10 centimeters. The soil environment is not good, even if you apply more rooting fertilizer, the root system will not be rooted down, therefore, improve the soil is much more important than rooting.
Methods to improve soil: The most effective way to improve greenhouse soil can be divided into three steps. The first step is to use straw to replace manure directly in the land preparation, straw in the fermentation can absorb salts, reduce soil salinization, the more straw used, the more loose soil; the second step is to apply soil improvement of bacterial fertilizer, regulating the environment of the soil; the third step is to control the amount of fertilizer, less fertilizer, with good fertilizer.
Three, greenhouse greenhouse vegetable cultivation fertilizer management
Crops in the process of growth and development, the necessary nutrient elements have 16 kinds. Among them, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen can be obtained directly from nature, generally do not need to be supplemented by man; the required mass elements are three nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium; medium elements of calcium, magnesium, sulfur; trace elements of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, boron, chlorine.
1, large elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
One of the fertilizer farmers friends first thought of is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, many of the current vegetable area for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium dependence, has far exceeded our imagination, which is why in recent years, soil salinization is particularly powerful reasons. Generally as long as it is more than three years of vegetable land, take to the testing agency laboratory, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are basically not lacking, or even content exceeds the standard, but the fertilizer is more and more, vegetable growth is getting worse and worse, the most fundamental problem is that we have a problem with the soil. The soil environment is getting worse and worse, resulting in the absorption capacity of the root system becomes weaker and weaker.
Management measures: Soil improvement needs to start from two aspects, one is to improve the soil environment, which has already been mentioned; the other important measure is to reduce the dosage of fertilizers and improve the utilization rate of fertilizers. Through the activation of the soil, the soil fixed nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium utilization. Improve fertilizer utilization rate to grasp a principle is a small amount of fertilizer, not many times, learn to water empty. This is different from our actual operation, vegetable farmers friends often hear many experts in the talk, fertilizer with water a small number of times, this is a misunderstanding, because we use fertilizer, are inorganic salts, with more than the soil will be salinization.
Reducing the amount of fertilizer should be accompanied by improving the quality of fertilizer. All of the compound fertilizer is not recommended to be used to flush, fertilizer according to their own situation, the conditions can choose to import water-soluble fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer in China started only a short period of more than ten years, in quality and imported (except for the kind of labeling goods to sell the dog's meat) there is really not a small gap, this is an indisputable fact; conditions of poor quality domestic water-soluble fertilizer should be selected.
What is the standard for good quality water soluble fertilizer? Can not contain sulfate (SO), sodium ions (Na +), chloride ions (Cl -), to have potassium nitrate type or potassium phosphate. Many unscrupulous manufacturers directly containing potassium sulfate or potassium chloride compound fertilizer crushed, as a water-soluble fertilizer to sell, which is why the water-soluble fertilizer in the price of a big difference in the reason. Therefore, choose good quality water-soluble fertilizer, the quality up, the dosage will naturally be reduced.
How to determine the quality of water-soluble fertilizer is simple? In the purchase of water-soluble fertilizer, there is no way to identify the quality of water-soluble fertilizer, but also the main problem plagued vegetable farmers friends. In addition to smell, choose the brand awareness of manufacturers at the same time, you can use a simple way to make a preliminary judgment, the specific practice is: take a mineral water bottle, grab a handful of water-soluble fertilizer to be purchased into it, and then injected with water, if the solution becomes turbid, it must be compound fertilizer; solution clarification put a few days a little precipitation, medium water-soluble fertilizer; if you put a week is still clear, basically can be judged to be a better quality of water-soluble fertilizer.
On the choice of fertilizer types, grasp a principle: pre-balanced fertilizer, high potash fertilizer in the medium term, and later root-supporting and adjusting seedling fertilizer. Need to emphasize is that the high potassium type of fertilizer pre-don't use, must be used, on the selection of functional potassium fertilizer, otherwise easy to hurt the roots and cause early decline. Many vegetable farmers in the purchase of potash fertilizer, think the higher the content of the better, for fruits and vegetables, 35 content of potassium on the highest, and then high is a waste, and, the higher the potassium, the more likely to cause early decline and calcium deficiency phenomenon occurs, in the application of high-potassium fertilizers, be sure to cooperate with the calcium and magnesium-containing fertilizers with, unless it is a functional potash fertilizer.
In the specific cultivation management, the number of fertilizer application, see the back of the water management.
2, trace elements
For the supplementation of trace elements, high awareness of vegetable farmers have begun to make up for friends, and there is a problem is to make up for the method is not right. Vegetables do not need a lot of trace elements, if it is a high-quality water-soluble fertilizer, which contains the chelated state of the trace elements, it is basically enough. Often see vegetable farmers friends from the market to buy a large bag of trace elements in the fertilizer, that are deceptive, large bags of trace elements in the ionic form, applied in the ground will not be absorbed by the vegetables.
In the greenhouse greenhouse vegetable cultivation, we use most of the potassium sulfate, so the soil is not deficient in sulfur. Generally the soil in the north is not deficient in calcium and magnesium, the soil in the south of calcium and magnesium deficiency exists. Perhaps vegetable farmers friends will have to retort, you say no shortage, why still show symptoms of deficiency? This is caused by our human factors, such as nitrogen fertilizer and potash fertilizer applied too much, will cause antagonism, especially potassium, with more than either calcium or magnesium deficiency, therefore, said earlier, no matter what vegetables, high potash fertilizer is not single, to be used to be sure to add chelated state of calcium and magnesium fertilizer.
Management measures: Choose good quality trace element fertilizer, the number of fertilizer is not the more the better, there is no need. Bottom fertilizer once, chase fertilizer twice, a *** three times, enough for the normal growth of vegetables required. Some vegetable farmers friends in the seedling period or the first expansion of the fruit with, in fact, this period is not used at all, in the second, the third expansion of the fruit time to supplement. The total dosage of 100 to 200 grams per acre, to ensure that the absorption rate can be utilized.
Three, greenhouse vegetable cultivation of water management
Greenhouse vegetable cultivation, in order to obtain high yield, inseparable from the water management. Whether it is fruit or leafy vegetables, are water-loving crops, but vegetables are both water-loving and afraid of water. If the water is big, it will cause damage to the root system of vegetables and macerate; in addition, if the winter crop of vegetables in the cultivation of watering is too big, it is also easy to lead to the ground temperature is too low and thus macerate. Therefore, if the root system problems, the first thing to rule out is not the cause of watering too much.
Too much watering can also lead to a waste of fertilizer, fertilizer is dissolved in the water, after watering, water with fertilizer away, the water under the seepage of how deep, the fertilizer is also followed by the seepage of how deep. According to the actual cultivation experience, watering depth of 10 ~ 15 cm, under normal circumstances, loamy soil moisture will seep 30 ~ 40 cm; if the watering depth of 20 cm, water seepage depth of 50 ~ 60 cm. The bigger the water, the deeper the fertilizer seeps down with the water, so the more fertilizer is wasted.
Based on the growth characteristics of vegetable fertility, we are generally divided into pre-planting, planting, flowering and fruiting period, expansion period and harvest. For the management of greenhouse greenhouse vegetable cultivation water, the management of the early stage is very important, especially from planting to flowering, this period is the whole reproductive period of vegetables in the foundation of the stage, the growth of vegetables to nutrient growth, as long as the foundation of the early stage is firmly established, the management of our vegetables has become much simpler, including the yield and quality of the vegetables, there will be a qualitative leap. Therefore, there? Three water to set the stage? said, this period of water demand accounted for the entire growing period of the total water demand of 30% ~ 40%.
1, vegetable watering? Three water to set the world?
The so-called? The three water? refers to the planting water, slow seedling water and pre-flowering water. Do a good job of these three water management, late management is much easier. This three water everyone water, but most farmers friends do not know the real role. Therefore, for many vegetable farmers friends, the first three water do not pay attention to or do not know how to pay attention to, resulting in the result is the late management work increased, and the effect is not very good.
(1) planting water (bacterial soil water)
The role of planting water is not only to promote the survival of seedlings, to ensure the survival of the same time there is a more important role, that is, bacterial soil. Therefore, we call the planting water also called the bacterial soil water. By pouring planting water, the biological properties of the soil are changed, and the deterioration of physical and chemical properties is mitigated. Watering good planting water, there will be two obvious improvements: First, the soil in the green moss, red frost phenomenon will be reduced; Second, due to heavy crops caused by pests and diseases will be significantly reduced. But the common phenomenon is that vegetable farmers are very casual about the management of planting water. Vegetables to high yield, management is very simple, three core to grasp.
Roots: throughout the reproductive period of vegetables, are to raise a good root system under the premise of fertilizer, root work throughout the reproductive period. Promote flowers: good flowers to produce good fruit, especially fruit and vegetables. Fruit expansion: vegetables in the fruit, to let the fruit reasonable expansion. Vegetable farmers and friends mentioned the expansion of fruit, think of the hormone. This is a wrong point of view, hormone is a remedy rather than a necessary means, can not be used without. The correct approach is to be through a reasonable water and fertilizer and other measures of regulation, so that vegetables in the appropriate environment to grow, normal expansion, which is what we should do.In the actual cultivation and management, many vegetable farmers and friends have the concept of root promotion and root support, but not scientific. Roots to be good, the premise is that the root growth environment that is the soil environment to be good, and the common practice is to pay too much attention to the root and root promotion, few people to improve the soil. Soil environment is not good, with how much rooting products, are the end of the matter, so the premise of rooting is to change the soil. In addition, many vegetable farmers friends in the promotion of root, like to use products containing hormones, such as naphthalene acetic acid, indole acetic acid, which is not desirable, hormone root promotion is at the expense of the aboveground resistance at the expense of, can not use, or else, the late inevitable phenomena such as premature senescence.
Therefore, when watering the planting water, it is not recommended to pour white water, and when watering, rinse the bacterial agent or bacterial fertilizer. The point of fungal fertilizer and fungicide is not rooting, it's to change the soil. Many fertilizer dealers say it is rooting, which is a deceptive terminology, the real rooting fertilizers are humic acid, amino acid, alginate and this kind of fertilizers. Fungus is active, through continuous reproduction and activity to improve the soil, so can not work is very critical, the general bacteria survive in the soil for more than a month to really work.
We buy from the market fertilizer are dormant bacteria, if the soil conditions are not good, bacteria simply can not live long. Some studies have shown that simply flushing the bacterial fertilizer, generally only survive in the soil 7 to 15 days are dead, so the core is not a bad bacteria, is the survival problem. Therefore, when flushing bacterial fertilizer or bacterial agent, must be paired with bacterial group conditioner to ensure the survival of the bacteria.
(2) slow seedling water (flower promotion water)
Vegetables are generally watered 10 to 12 days after the planting water is poured, to pour a slow seedling water. Seedling water is to promote flowering water rather than rooting water, rooting is later we will talk about the pre-flowering water. To sit well, the first flower should be good. Vegetable seedling period is also an important period of flower bud differentiation, wait until the flowering and then promote the flower, it is already too late. Fertilizers containing water-soluble phosphoric anhydride are recommended for flower promotion. All flowering and fruiting vegetables should be promoted, especially the continuous flowering and fruiting, in two parts, one is when watering the slow water, and the other is the mid-growth, so that the combination of underground and above ground flower promotion, flower bud differentiation will not be a problem.
(3) Pre-flowering water (rooting water)
Pre-flowering water is the most central measure in order to alleviate the early decline of plants. The interval from flower dipping to fruit expanding water is too long, by watering pre-flowering water to excess. Fruit expansion water, if poured too early, will lead to fruit sitting, and the seedlings are prone to growing in vain. Do I have to water before flowering? Not necessarily! Whether it is watering or fertilizing, one of the first questions we need to consider before this is what is the purpose of watering and fertilizing? Whether or not to water before planting depends on the soil moisture. If the soil moisture is good, you can not need to water before planting.
Pre-plant watering is not necessary, but pre-plant rooting is. If you don't water before flowering, you have to advance the management of rooting to slow down the seedlings. In addition, when watering pre-flowering water, many vegetable farmers and friends like to use a large number of elements of water-soluble fertilizer, which is not right, will cause futile growth, resulting in nutrient growth and reproductive growth imbalance, delayed fertility, fertilizer is recommended to apply the rooting fertilizer, such as the aforementioned fertilizer containing humic acid, amino acids, alginate, and in watering, watering small water, the smaller the better. Because the soil has been improved in the early stage, so the pre-flowering water slightly with a bit of rooting fertilizer can play a very good effect, which is also a key measure to prevent early decline, the root system is not good, early decline is inevitable.
Pouring three water before this period, is the beginning of the reproductive period of vegetables, but also the foundation. The role of the three water order can not be wrong, as long as you understand the principle, with the fertilizer with good, the effect is absolutely not bad.
2, greenhouse vegetable cultivation late water management
Three water to set the stage? Do a good job, late water management, it becomes relatively simple. After flowering and fruiting water management to grasp a principle: small water hard water, fertilizer a small number of times. But there is a situation can be watered, that is, the summer temperature is particularly high period, watering can relieve the drought at the same time, can reduce the ground temperature.(1) Determination of the amount of watering
If drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler is used, 10 to 15 cubic meters of water per acre in summer; 6 to 8 cubic meters of water in winter. If it is diffuse irrigation, 20~25 cubic meters of water per acre is enough, but it is not recommended to use large water irrigation, especially for fruit and vegetables, large water irrigation is a kind of damage to the soil structure itself.
(2) the determination of the number of water and fertilizer
Growing vegetables master will water, here refers to will water empty water, if the soil deterioration is more serious, watering empty water is not watering white water, that is, with root-supporting fertilizer. No matter what kind of vegetables, pre-watering with fertilizer must be a balanced fertilizer, the earlier the use of high-potassium fertilizer, the more injurious to the roots, the seedlings will be the more early decline.
Tomatoes and fruits (tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers): in principle, watering three times, two times with fertilizer, one time watering empty water, empty water can be with root fertilizer. Beans (cowpeas, kidney beans, king beans, etc.): beans have a weak root system and have the characteristics of continuous flowering and fruiting. In principle, three water, one fertilizer and one empty water. The first time with balanced fertilizer; the second empty water with root-supporting fertilizer; the third time with flower-promoting fertilizer. Watermelon, melon: in principle, watering twice, both with fertilizer. The first time with a balanced fertilizer, the second high potassium fertilizer. Leafy vegetables: Leafy vegetables are not pre-fertilizer, unless the seedling growth is weak, can be applied with the water to raise a seedling fertilizer, the core of the management of the early stage is to support the root of the control of the thorns, the growth of the middle, the two fertilizer to solve the problem. Lettuce, celery mid-growth, even two fertilizer, every 7 days on the other side.In the greenhouse greenhouse vegetable cultivation process, the use of scientific and reasonable cultivation techniques, such as proper soil, fertilizer, water management and plant protection measures, not only to save costs, to avoid soil deterioration, but also to improve the yield and quality of vegetables, is the realization of the sustainable development of agriculture is a necessary means.