Pepper seedlings are mainly transplanted, so it is necessary to cultivate strong seedlings. Before sowing, it is necessary to determine the sowing date and sowing amount, then carry out necessary treatment on the seeds, and then use certain techniques to sow and raise seedlings.
① sowing date
Pepper seedlings are 90 ~ 1 10 days old, and should be sown according to the planting period. Seedling raising in winter should be carried out in an efficient and energy-saving solar greenhouse, and seedling raising in an ordinary solar greenhouse should be electrified. The seedling age can be shortened to 40 ~ 50 days in summer and autumn, and shade shed should be added to raise seedlings in the open field in summer to prevent rain and cool down.
② seed treatment
According to the specific situation, seeds can be soaked in drugs or warm soup.
Prevention and treatment of viral diseases: Soak seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes. If 0. 1% is added to the trisodium phosphate solution, the permeability will be enhanced and the prevention and control effect will be improved. Soak seeds in 300 times formalin solution for 30 minutes, or soak seeds in 1% potassium permanganate solution for 20 minutes, and then use cleaning solution.
Prevention and control of epidemic disease and carbon mark disease: soak the seeds in cold water for 6 ~ 15 hours, then soak them in 1% copper sulfate solution for 5 minutes, take them out, add a small amount of plant ash or hydrated lime, neutralize the acidity, and then sow. You can also soak the seeds with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1 hour and 72.2% Prick aqueous solution for 8000 hours and 500 times.
For soft rot and scab: seed can be seeded with 0.3% wettable powder of 50% copper succinate fertilizer (DT bactericide), or soaked in warm water at 55℃ for 65,438+00 minutes and in copper sulfate solution at 65,438+0% for 5 minutes.
Soak the seeds in warm soup: stir the seeds 10 ~ 15 minutes with 55℃ water, and soak for 8 hours after the water temperature drops to 30℃. This method can kill most germs on the surface of seeds.
③ Promote germination.
Wrap the soaked seeds with wet cloth, spin or dry the water on the surface of the seeds, place them at 25 ~ 30℃ to accelerate germination, rinse them with warm water 1 time every day, and turn them over every 4 ~ 6 hours. Generally, after 3 ~ 4 days, more than 60% of the seeds can be sown after the radicle breaks through the seed coat (showing white).
④ Seedbed preparation.
Mixing the fertile garden soil which has not been planted with solanaceae vegetables for three years with fully decomposed manure in the ratio of 6: 4, uniformly mixing 1 kg ternary compound fertilizer into each cubic meter of bed soil, and spreading the bed soil into the seedbed with the thickness of10 ~12 cm; Or put it into a 8 cm× 10 cm nutrition bowl, disinfect the bed soil with 30 ~ 50 ml formalin per square meter, add 3 liters of water, spray the bed soil, cover the bed with plastic film for 5 days, and sow it for 15 days after uncovering the film, or use 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 50% carbendazim wettable powder according to the ratio of 1: 65438. 8 ~ 10g of medicine per square meter is mixed with 15 ~ 30kg of fine soil. When sowing, spread 2/3 of it on the bed surface, cover 1/3 on the seeds, and disinfect it by covering the lower layer.
⑤ sowing
Before sowing, water the soles of your feet. After the water is completely soaked, cover with a layer of fine soil and sprinkle the germinated seeds evenly on it. Generally, sowing is 10 ~ 13g per square meter, and covering soil after sowing is 1cm. Cover the plastic film in time, fasten the small arch shed, increase the temperature and moisture, and promote the early emergence of seedlings.
⑥ Seedling management
Seedling management mainly includes thinning, seedling division, temperature and water management.
Sparse seedlings
70% of the seeds are peeled off in time after emergence. After the cotyledons of seedlings are flattened, they should be interplanted in time, and the weak seedlings that are too crowded, sick, deformed and poorly grown should be pulled out, and then covered with soil to protect the roots.
Separate seedlings
Plant 3-leaf 1 heart seedlings, furrow the seedbed according to the row spacing of 8 cm, and sow them in water by sticking seedlings or directly plant them in 8 cm× 8 cm nutrient pots.
Temperature management
Temperature management is different at different growth stages,
Seedling temperature management table
Cooling from the peak seedling stage to the seedling stage plays an important role in cultivating strong seedlings and preventing them from growing white.
water management
Water the soles of feet before sowing, dividing seedlings and planting, and keep proper soil moisture for a long time. At other times, the principle of water management is not watering, but watering thoroughly, reducing watering times and preventing seedlings from growing in vain.
Strong seedling standard
Seedling height 18 ~ 20cm, stem diameter above 0.6cm: cotyledons are intact, true leaves 14 ~ 18, dark green, spreading 15 ~ 18 cm, with branches; Now budding; The root system is thick and white; No pests and diseases; The seedling age is 80 ~ 90 days.
(2) Upper basin
① Basin selection
Pepper has a medium root system, and the plant development varies greatly due to varieties. Therefore, flowerpots with a pot diameter of 20 ~ 30 cm can be selected for long-term cultivation and appreciation.
(2) preparing nutrient soil
Choose fertile soil, especially the soil where solanaceae vegetables have not been planted in recent years, to prevent soil-borne diseases, and mix the soil with decomposed organic fertilizer according to the ratio of 4: 6. Alternatively, slag 1/3+ peat 1/3+ waste cottonseed hull 1/3 (or sawdust 1/3) can be mixed, then 20kg of sterilized and deodorized chicken manure can be added per cubic meter, and then the mixture can be sieved as a soilless culture substrate.
③ Upper basin
Cover the broken basin pieces (at least 3 pieces) on the drainage hole at the bottom of the basin so that the concave surface faces downwards. It is required to block the drain hole to prevent the mud from blocking the drain hole, so that the water in the basin can be discharged slowly. In the earthen bowl, nutrient soil or coarse medium is first added to ensure smooth drainage, and then the seedling bowl is removed. Then, hold the pepper seedlings in one hand and stand upright in the center of the pot, and the planting depth shall be based on not burying the cotyledons of the seedlings. Add nutrient soil or culture medium to the other hand and fill the gap around the root until the pot is full. Judging from the types of peppers planted, sweet peppers and long peppers are larger, with 65,438 plants planted in each pot. After the basin is put on, the water should be poured immediately, with the water discharged from the bottom hole as the degree. After the water is drained, water it again. The first pot of pepper seedlings should be shaded, and it usually takes 3 ~ 7 days to resume growth.
④ Placement
Sunlight greenhouse should run north and south, with two rows on both sides, with a row spacing of about 40 ~ 80 cm, so as to facilitate operation, ventilation and light transmission. Family cultivation, flower pots can be placed on the balcony, windowsill or roof, in front of the house and behind the house.
(3) Management after river basin service
① temperature management
Temperature management index
Post-basin temperature management
② Water management
After the pot is served, it is necessary to ensure slow seedling water and pepper water. At other times, water should be watered according to the requirements of different seasons, weather and growing period. In spring, with the increase of temperature, the watering frequency can be increased appropriately. Usually it's not done, but it's poured thoroughly. When the temperature rises to about 20℃, it is generally appropriate to water it for 8 ~ 12 days 1 time; In summer, the temperature is high, the evaporation is large, and the growth is vigorous, which is the season with the largest water demand for pepper. Generally, it needs watering every 3-4 days 1 time. When the temperature rises above 30℃, it is best to spray water on pepper leaves 1-2 times every morning and evening in order to keep the leaves expanding and increase the ornamental value. The watering requirements in autumn are similar to those in spring. To make the basin soil dry and wet, it is best to water it less, and then replenish water after the basin soil is short of water. Never keep the basin soil in a state of supersaturation for a long time, so as to avoid plants dying from long-term lack of oxygen. Potted plants should also pay attention to water temperature and quality. Generally speaking, water should not contain salt, too much calcium, magnesium ions and other harmful chemicals. Water is neutral or slightly acidic, and it is best to put it in tap water for 2 days before use; In addition, the temperature of irrigation water should not be too far from the soil temperature. Too high or too low will cause damage to the roots, and the difference between them should not exceed 5℃. Water should be supplied in winter after the temperature rises, in the greenhouse after 10, in the balcony at noon, and in summer when the temperature is low, such as in the morning or at night.
③ Fertilizer management
Pot fertilization, like field cultivation, has two ways: base fertilizer and topdressing. Before the plants are moved into the pot or when the pot is turned over, the base fertilizer is applied to the pot soil. Long-acting organic fertilizer is the main base fertilizer, and dry fertilizer is often used, such as decomposed farm manure, humic acid compound fertilizer, chicken manure disinfection and deodorization. Topdressing is carried out during the growth and development period, and usually uses various quick-acting fertilizers, including solid fertilizers and liquid fertilizers. Solid fertilizer is used as root topdressing, liquid fertilizer is used as foliar spraying fertilizer, and can also be used as root topdressing. Fertilization has a great influence on the ornamental and edibility of potted peppers, so fertilization should be timely, appropriate and appropriate.
④ Pruning modeling
In order to improve the ornamental value of potted pepper and promote its robust growth, it is necessary to regulate the plants of pepper. For pepper types other than Tianying pepper, except for the two lateral branches below the first fruit, all other lateral branches were removed; Leave 2-3 leaves above the third layer of fruit and remove the top, each plant can bear 7 peppers.
Schematic diagram of potted plant modeling of lantern pepper
The result of this shaping is compact plant shape, large leaves, red and green, and good ornamental value; Long pepper type leaves 2 ~ 3 leaves above the fourth layer of fruit, and each plant can bear 15 peppers. This shape has 15 pepper hanging between plants, which is very beautiful. Cherry pepper type can take the shape of natural stars, without topping, and all kinds of peppers are alternating with green leaves, which is very beautiful; Tianying pepper bears fruit with lateral branches, only 2 ~ 3 basal lateral branches are removed during modeling, and the top of the main branch is removed in time when buds appear to promote the growth and fruit setting of other lateral branches. Other lateral branches adopt natural modeling, and can be removed in time if secondary growth occurs in the later stage. Schematic diagram of potted modeling of Tianying pepper
Large plants are prone to lodging after watering in the later stage, so short support is needed for protection.
⑤ Raise flowers and fruits.
The low temperature and weak light at the early flowering stage of pepper can easily lead to flower drop, bud drop and fruit drop, especially at the early pepper stage, which not only affects the appreciation, but also easily leads to the wild growth of plants. Artificial pollination can be carried out during cultivation, 2,4-D of 15 ~ 20mg/kg can be applied to the flower stalks, or 25 ~ 30mg/kg of anti-falling agent can be sprayed, which can be obvious.