4.( 1 1 Tianjin Comprehensive Volume) Grazing intensity can affect the material circulation and energy flow of artificial grassland. Figure 1 shows the change of net photosynthetic yield (net photosynthetic yield = photosynthesis-respiratory consumption) of an artificial grassland in subtropical zone under different grazing intensities, G0 means no grazing, and G 1~G3 means that grazing intensity is gradually increasing.

According to the picture, answer:

The optimal grazing intensity from (1) May to (10) is _ _ _ (selected from GO~G3), and the total energy available to primary consumers is the most in _ _ _ _ _.

(2) Compared with grazing grassland, the net photosynthetic yield of grazing grassland in August was obviously lower because of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (multiple choices).

A. Too many branches and leaves can shade lower plants. B. There are many aged tissues in plants.

C. lack of fertilization of animal manure D. accelerated the material cycle of grassland ecosystem.

(3) According to the analysis in Figure 1, in order to keep the net photosynthetic yield of forage grass at the highest level, the grazing measures to be taken from April to 10 are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(4) The intensity of forage photosynthesis can be expressed by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ per unit time and unit area.

(5) Spraying 32P-labeled phosphate fertilizer on the grass to detect the radiation intensity of 32P in the first-class and second-class consumers, and the results are shown in Figure 2. Among them, consumer A is at the nutritional level of _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(6) Among the biological components in the ecosystem, 32P from producers is not only used by consumers, but also partially enters _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer:

( 1)G2 ^ 6(2)A、B、C

(3) No grazing in April, and the grazing intensity remained at G2 level from May to 65438+ 10.

(4) Organic matter production (CO2 consumption or O2 production)

(5) Two (6) decomposers

5. (Sichuan Volume 1 1) Answer the following questions 1 and 2.

1. (7 points) Figure A is a schematic diagram of the food web of the small island ecosystem. Some people introduced a certain number of iguanas (mainly feeding on sauropods and larger ground arthropods) to the island to track the changes of the ecosystem and its control group. The results showed that the number of sauropods and networms changed greatly (see Figure B), while the number of other creatures changed relatively little. Please answer the following questions:

(1) Saberi chameleon is in the trophic level of _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and its interspecific relationship with Karp China iguana is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) After the introduction of the iguana, the variable range of the chameleon Shaii moved upward from the base of the tree, while the position of the spider's web decreased slightly. This phenomenon shows that the change of ecological factors can change the _ _ _ _ _ _ of biological communities.

(3) After the introduction of iguanas, the change trend of the number of web spiders is _ _ _ _ _ _. Combined with the quantitative change information of other organisms, it can be seen that the structure and function of the small island ecosystem can remain relatively stable, indicating that the ecosystem has the ability of _ _ _ _.

Answer:

(1) Third or Fourth (1) Competition and Predation (1)

(2) Vertical structure (1)

(3) first increase and then decrease, and finally reach a balance (2 points) and make some automatic adjustment (2 points)

6. (Shandong Volume 1 1) June 5th is World Environment Day. Today, the theme of World Environment Day, China is "* * building an ecological civilization and * * * sharing a green future". Grassland is an important part of green ecological environment. The food web of grassland ecosystem is shown in the figure.

(1) The food web in the diagram is simple, so the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ability of grassland ecosystem is poor, and its _ _ _ _ _ _ _ stability is correspondingly low. In addition to the biological groups shown in the figure, the biological components of the ecosystem should also have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to ensure the normal material circulation.

(2) If grass can provide energy of 10000KJ and the energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels is 10% ~ 20%, then the lowest and highest energy values obtained by the trophic level occupied by the eagle _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ If the snake is removed. If alien creatures invade this area, it will lead to the sharp decline of grassland or the loss of _ _ _ _ _.

(3) The interspecific factors that affect the change of rabbit population in the picture are _ _ _ _ _ _ and competition. If the K value of the rabbit population is 1000 in one year, and the grass consumption of each rabbit and four mice is equal, and the number of mice increases by 400 in the second year, then the K value of the rabbit population becomes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. When using marker recapture method to investigate the population quantity in this area, if some marker individuals move out, the investigation result will be _ _ _ _ _ (fill in "high" or "low").

(4) When the grassland is dry, the water intake of rabbits is reduced, and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in vivo is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer: (1) Self-regulating (or feedback regulating) resistant decomposers.

(2) 10 400 increased biodiversity (or species diversity)

(3) Predation 900 is on the high side

(4) Elevate hypothalamic tubules and collecting ducts.

7. (Anhui Volume 20 1 1) Both the giant panda and the South China tiger are rare and protected animals in China. About the same size, once distributed in the same city, once had a large population. Due to the destruction of habitats, their numbers have dropped sharply. At present, there are only about 1600 wild giant pandas, while the South China Tiger has basically disappeared in the wild.

(1) Based on the analysis of the energy flow characteristics of the ecosystem, the reasons why giant pandas have superior survival advantages over South China tigers are as follows.

(2) Adult giant pandas often mark rocks or tree trunks with urine and anal gland secretions, and the information conveyed by this behavior belongs to.

(3) At present, wild giant pandas are distributed in six isolated populations, which can occur among populations by establishing ecological corridors to communicate with each other.

(4) Establishing nature reserves and improving habitats are fundamental measures to increase the population density of giant pandas.

The answer (1) belongs to the second trophic level, because the trophic level is low. (2) chemical information (3) gene exchange (4) environmental capacity

(B) the stability of the ecosystem

In 1 and (Jiangsu Volume 20 1 1), water pollution is caused by bait, fish excrement and untimely water change. It is very common in pond culture. The researchers designed a circulating pond culture system (as shown below). Please answer the following questions:

(1) Compared with natural ponds, artificial ponds have stable resilience and are an ecosystem. The content of N and P in the water of artificial culture pond is easy to increase, which will lead to eutrophication. Plankton, such as algae, proliferate in large numbers and are decomposed by microorganisms after death, which leads to the decrease of dissolved oxygen in water and the death of fish, further destroying the steady state of the ecosystem. This adjustment method is called ▲.

(2) Compared with the traditional culture pond, the ecological engineering facilities added by the culture system are ▲. By planting aquatic plants and stocking filter-feeding animals in these facilities, the water quality can be improved and the N and P contents in the water can be effectively reduced.

(3) The design of aquaculture system is to make the upper layer of the previous pond flow to the bottom of the next pond to realize the exchange of water layers, and its purpose is to bring.

(4) There should not be too many ponds in series in aquaculture system, because ▲.

(5) It is necessary to keep proper N and P contents in pond water, and the aquaculture system can be adjusted by ▲, ▲.

Answer:

(1) high positive feedback

(2) Purification of ecological ponds and undercurrent wetlands

(3) Increase dissolved oxygen in water and improve the utilization rate of bait.

(4) The content (concentration) of nitrogen and phosphorus in the back pond water is getting higher and higher.

(5) The water supply and drainage pump controls the water flow (circulation frequency)

(3) Ecological environment protection

1, (Jiangsu Volume 20 1 1) Hengduan Mountain area in southwest China is recognized as the key area of global biodiversity. The research results of butterfly species diversity in different altitude areas are shown in the table below. The following statement is correct.

The difference of vegetation types in different vertical zones is the result of community succession.

The difference of vegetation types in different vertical zones reflects the spatial structure characteristics of communities.

Butterfly species diversity has nothing to do with vegetation types in vertical zones.

D butterfly species diversity is related to the climate characteristics of each vertical zone.

Answer: d

2. (Jiangsu Volume 20 1 1) The following statements about several ecological events in Jiangsu Province are wrong: B.

Spartina alterniflora originated in America, and spread rapidly after it was introduced to Jiangsu coastal areas, which changed the biodiversity of beaches and belonged to biological invasion.

B. Procambarus clarkii (crayfish) originated in America, and spread rapidly after it was introduced into Nanjing through Japan, causing certain harm to farmland, but it became delicious on the table and did not belong to biological invasion.

C. Elk originated in China and disappeared in China. Introduced from Europe, a nature reserve was established in Dafeng, and ex situ conservation was implemented.

D. Red-crowned cranes breed in Northeast China and other places, migrate to Jiangsu coastal beaches for wintering, and establish a nature reserve in Yancheng for in-situ protection.

Answer: b

3. (Hainan Volume 1 1) describes the ecosystem correctly.

A. In an ecosystem, producers must get more energy than consumers.

B. information transmission in the ecosystem is beneficial to all predators.

C in the food chain of an ecosystem, the higher the trophic level of organisms, the larger their bodies will inevitably be.

D the higher the trophic level in the food chain of an ecosystem, the smaller its scale will inevitably be.

A: A.

4.( 1 1 year Hainan Roll) The food web formed by the residents of An Island and the plants, rabbits, rats, glazes and eagles on the island is as follows. In a certain period, local residents killed a large number of colored glasses, which led to an outbreak of population, a mouse on the island, and then the plague caused by Yersinia pestis was transmitted to people through fleas.

Answer the question:

(1) In this food web, the energy in plants can be transferred to the eagle through the _ _ _ food chain, and the nutritional level of the eagle is _ _ _ _; The interspecific relationship between rabbits and humans is _. Interspecific relationship between Yersinia pestis and human beings.

(2) In general, the influence of fleas parasitic on rats on rat population _ _ _ (greater than, less than and equal to) the influence of ferrets on rat population; A large number of weasels will lead to intraspecific competition (enhanced, unchanged and weakened).

(3) Mushrooms growing on the island belong to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (producers, consumers, decomposers) in the ecosystem. The energy stored in the body is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer: (1)4 Third and fourth predation and competitive parasitism.

(2) Those who fail to strengthen decomposition cannot