First, the life habit of Stichopus japonicus-a tutorial on sea cucumber culture technology
Stichopus japonicus is suitable to live in the sea area with clear water quality, smooth tidal current and rich bait, and can also survive in the sea area with heavy wind and waves and turbid water. The requirement of water temperature can survive at -3℃ and 34℃, and the optimum temperature is12℃-18℃. When it exceeds 20℃, it will enter the summer sleep state, and when it is lower than 5℃, it will stop growing. The salinity requirement is between18-33 ‰. As for the sediment, the hard sediment is suitable for the growth of Stichopus japonicus, especially in areas rich in rocks, reefs, aquatic plants and algae.
(A) the breeding environment
A rocky area with smooth tidal current, fresh water quality, no pollution, no large amount of fresh water injection and a large amount of algae growth. The sediment plays an important role in the life of sea cucumber. If the sediment is muddy or muddy, the following transformation can be carried out:
1, under the condition that the bottom material is not too soft and rotten, the following transformation methods can be adopted:
(1) Stone-throwing method: one is strip-shaped stone-throwing, with unlimited length and 0 width. 5-- 1。 0 meters, the spacing between strips is 2. 0--3。 0 meters; The second is to use the pile-like stone throwing method, that is, every 0. 5-- 1。 A pile of rocks with a depth of 0 meters, each pile is 0 meters high. About 5 meters; The third is to use the method of throwing stones all over the sky, that is, throwing stones into the shrimp pond at will.
(2) Artificial reef participation: Generally, it is made of cement. The principle of reef participation is porous and multi-layered, which is convenient for sea cucumber to hide and inhabit, and the size and weight are suitable for easy handling. There is a vacant reef with a pore size of 10 cm, which is convenient for the habitat and harvesting of Stichopus japonicus.
(3) Other materials: branches, branches, stumps, baskets, etc. can also be thrown, which is not only beneficial to the habitat of sea cucumber, but also can be used as bait for sea cucumber after wood corrosion.
(2) A shrimp pond with thin soft substrate must artificially create suspended substrate suitable for the growth of Stichopus japonicus. There are two methods:
(1) The bottom material is thin and soft, and the throwing materials are easy to silte up, which is not conducive to the survival of Stichopus japonicus. Therefore, cement columns, stone pillars, bamboo tubes and other materials must be used to make piles, and then iron wires and nylon ropes should be used to connect them, and then baskets, tires, tiles, branches, bamboo products, artificial reefs and other materials should be hung on the ropes, and the hanging materials should be close to the ground, and should be densely packed into pieces.
(2) Use a short pile close to the ground, set up a layer between the rope and the old mesh, and put in the above-mentioned materials.
Second, the process of sea cucumber culture-a tutorial on sea cucumber culture technology
(1) transportation methods of ginseng seedlings (wet and dry methods can be used for the transportation of ginseng seedlings)
1, wet method: put the ginseng seedlings in canvas barrels or other containers, add seawater, and inflate them with an air pump; Or put the ginseng seedlings in a plastic bag, add seawater, fill the bag with oxygen, and tie the bag tightly for transportation.
2. Dry method: put the ginseng seedlings in plastic or other boxes, spread kelp grass and absorbent cotton at the bottom of the box, spread gauze soaked with seawater, lay the ginseng seedlings evenly, cover the gauze, stack the boxes one by one when loading, and cover them with tarpaulin for transportation.
(two) the source and stocking of ginseng seedlings
1, there are three sources of cultured seedlings of Stichopus japonicus: the first is autumn seedlings, that is, artificially cultivated seedlings of the current year, with a body length of 2-4 cm, and 0.5-1.0000 head per mu, with a general survival rate of1-40%,1.5-. The second kind is spring seedlings, that is, after artificial overwintering in the previous year, the individual size is about 6 cm, and the stocking amount is 4000-8000 heads per mu, and the survival rate is generally above 70%, and all the seedlings can be harvested before summer sleep in the next year; The third type is natural seedlings, with specifications of 50-60 heads/kg, with 2,000-3,000 heads per mu. If seedlings are cast in early spring, the survival rate can reach 90%, and the harvest can be more than 80% before winter.
2. There are two kinds of methods for throwing ginseng seedlings: one is direct throwing method, which puts ginseng seedlings directly on artificial reefs according to a certain density; Secondly, the net bag throwing method, especially for the ginseng seedlings of about 1 cm, has poor adhesion and mobility. If it is directly put on artificial reefs, it will cause a lot of deaths. Ginseng seedlings can be packed in a 20-mesh net bag, each bag has100-200 heads. Small stones are put in the net bag to prevent floating and moving, and placed on an artificial reef, with the opening of the net bag open, so that ginseng seedlings can slowly climb out of the net bag.
3. Aquaculture water body
The deeper the water, the better. Generally,1.0-3.0m, especially in rainy season in summer and winter, ice period needs more water to maintain a suitable temperature. Change the water frequently to keep the fresh water quality, and increase the amount of water change with the increase of individuals, and the amount of water change every day is not less than 10%. Conditional party can use an aerator to increase oxygen, and use a water pump for internal circulation, increasing oxygen or internal circulation for 2-3 times, each time for 2-3 hours, mainly at night.
4. Feeding
When the stocking density is high, the growth of natural bait alone is slow and the cycle is long, so it is necessary to feed some distiller's grains, shrimp bran, kelp, nepotism, benthic diatoms, Sargassum thunbergii, coarse starch, small mixed fish powder and so on. The principle of feeding is rather less than more. The daily feeding amount accounts for 5-10% of the weight of the ginseng, and it is fed once a day, and the time is around dusk, with more feeding in the suitable temperature period of rapid growth, and no feeding in summer sleep and below 5℃.
Third, the quality standards of adult ginseng and ginseng seedlings-a tutorial on sea cucumber culture technology
The quality standard of adult ginseng and ginseng seedlings is an important quality basis for the cultivation or purchase of adult ginseng seedlings. Criteria for participation: stout individual, small ratio of body length to diameter, sharp and high spines, thick base, 4-6 rows of spines, neat rows, more grayish brown color, high yield of skin thickness, poor quality of green ginseng and low yield of thin skin. Criteria for participating in the seedling: stout posture, sharp and high spines, bright color, free movement of head and tail, fast movement, natural stretching, non-sticky and scattered defecation, fast food intake and fast defecation. Anyone who finds that the body color is dark and sticky, the flesh is bald and short, the activity is slow and weak, and the feces are sticky should be treated with drugs.
Four, the prevention and treatment of diseases-sea cucumber culture technology course
1, skin rot: it is caused by feed pollution, organic pollution, oil pollution, inorganic pollution, heavy metals and excessive fluctuation of PH value, and water quality desalination (salt toxicity is less than 17%). Treatment: Divers collect Stichopus japonicus in the water, put it in 50ppm penicillin and 50 ppm streptomycin respectively, and put it into the pool for about half an hour. Chemical pollution and organic pollution should stop changing water, strengthen internal circulation, and change water only after pollution is removed; Salt should be added when a large amount of fresh water is injected in rainy season to keep the salinity above 18‰.
2. Copepods: When feeding fresh sea mud or fresh ground Sargassum thunbergii, 5ppm of crystal trichlorfon must be applied 2 hours in advance to kill copepods and Daphnia magna. If there are copepods in the pool water, 2-3 ppm of crystal trichlorfon should be applied, and the water should be changed after 5-6 hours.
3, enteritis: the treatment of enteritis is to use 2-3 ppm oxytetracycline, each course of treatment for 3 days.
4. Red tide, Kuroshio and yellow tide: Three tides must be prevented in advance, and the water depth is 1. When it is about 5 meters, sprinkle 40 kg/mu of quicklime, grind it into powder, sprinkle it evenly, and the bottom will turn white, which is harmless to sea cucumber. You can also use 2-4 ppm formaldehyde or sodium hypochlorite to sprinkle evenly, which can make the water eutrophication disappear and is harmless to Stichopus japonicus. The combination of the above two is better, but it cannot be mixed.
V. Harvesting and Processing-A Course of Sea Cucumber Culture Technology
1, harvesting: adopt the method of rotating catch and releasing, keep small catch and large catch every year, and replenish the seedlings every year according to the storage capacity.
2, processing: Stichopus japonicus can be eaten fresh, that is, simmering with boiling water for 2 hours, cooling and slicing, adding seasoning to eat. Cut a small mouth of 3-4 cm on the back of the head, drain the internal organs, cook it thoroughly with fresh water, marinate it with saturated salt water, and cook it thoroughly with salt water a few days later, which is called ginseng; If dried, add salt, cook thoroughly, use plant ash ash, and dry in the sun. The gonads and intestines of Stichopus japonicus are nutritious and can be pickled.
VI. Discussion-A Course of Sea Cucumber Culture Technology
1, Because the sediment in our county is muddy or soft mud bottom, how to transform the sediment and how to make the attached base not sink or sink as little as possible, so as to create the best environment for the growth of sea cucumber, is our first consideration.
2. Since our county is at the mouth of the Yellow River, how to prevent the sudden change of seawater salinity caused by the injection of a large amount of fresh water in the early flood season or the late flood season (seawater temperature < 20℃, sea cucumber no longer sleeps in summer).
3. How to take effective measures to remove crabs, starfish, anemones, catfish, gobies, etc.
4. Further understand the living habits of sea cucumbers, explore some suitable polyculture models, improve the utilization rate of mariculture space and improve economic benefits.
5. There are many oil wells in our county, and sea cucumbers are easy to melt in case of oil pollution. What measures should we take to prevent them? Once polluted, what measures will we take to minimize the loss?
6. The release time of Stichopus japonicus is very important. Generally, it is more suitable to release Stichopus japonicus when the water temperature is around 8℃ in spring and autumn. At this time, there are fewer enemy organisms and it is not suitable to cause losses.
7. Once the culture is successful, how to solve the sales problem, or how to develop our own deep processing enterprise of sea cucumber to create higher value.
8. How to carry out factory farming, use greenhouse to control temperature, prolong the growth period, shorten the breeding cycle and reduce risks.