Some scholars think that gymnosperms are also "flowers", while most people think that angiosperms have real flowers, so angiosperms are also called flowering plants. All parts of flowers are not easily influenced by the external environment and change little, so people have long regarded the morphological structure of flowers as the main basis for the classification, identification and systematic evolution of angiosperms (see Angiosperma). 3, Buddhism common vocabulary
One of the six offerings of flowers is a solemn Buddha's fruit, which represents ten thousand achievements. Many plants will produce bright and fragrant flowers. These flowers are the sexual reproductive organs of plant seeds and can reproduce offspring for plants. Flowers attract insects with their colors and smells to spread pollen.
In nature, some plants only have small and lifeless flowers, but they use brightly colored leaves or sepals instead of petals to attract insects.
★ Life of Flowers: Plants of the genus Papaver grow very fast, flowering and dying within one year, which is called "annual plants." . A single poppy flower can form hundreds of seeds. But not all plants are like this. More plants can live for several years. Such plants are called "perennials."
★ Blooming of flowers: The bud of flowers is a kind of "small suitcase" that is filled. It is covered with a tough skin, which can prevent it from being hurt. Inside, different parts of the flowers are tightly wrapped, so they only take up a small space. When the bud grows, the flowers spread out inside. Soon, the flowers began to grow so big that the buds could no longer hold them, and then they began to bloom.
★ Pollen allergy: In summer, the air contains a lot of pollen, and some people sneeze after breathing such air because they are allergic to pollen.
★ Epiphyllum only blooms at night, and the flowering time is very short, so there is a saying that it is a flash in the pan.
★ The biggest flower in the world is "Dawanghua". A king flower is about one meter in diameter. Unlike other flowers, Dawanghua stinks. The king flower depends on flies to pollinate.
★ Color of flowers: Flowers attract insects with their colors. When a bee or butterfly sees a bright flower, it will fly towards it. Colors are like road signs, showing where to find delicious nectar.
★ About pollen: A plant does not develop seeds until two kinds of pollen sacs are combined. One kind of pollen sac is called ovule, which is formed at the bottom of the flower and protected by ovary. Another kind of pollen sac is called pollen grains. Pollen grains need to be combined with ovules from other flowers, so pollen must be moved from one flower to another.
★ When you see insects flying among flowers, it is that they are spreading pollen. When a bee comes to a flower, it will get pollen. When it flies to another flower, it scatters some of the pollen and then gets more. The reward of bee's hard work is that it can get sugary nectar as "salary"
★ Birds of Paradise spread pollen through birds and bats. It is big and gorgeous, and produces a lot of sweet nectar. Bird flower of paradise (crane orchid)
structure
Regarding the essence of flower structure, the consistent view tends to regard the flower as a short abnormal branch with shortened internodes, and all parts of the flower have the general properties of leaves in terms of morphology and structure. Goethe (Goethe 1749- 1832), a German poet, playwright and naturalist, first put forward this view. He thought that flowers were abnormal branches suitable for reproduction. This view is supported by fossil records and many evidences of phylogeny and individual development, and can explain the structure of most angiosperm flowers well, so it has been extended to this day.
A complete flower includes six basic parts, namely, pedicel, receptacle, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Among them, the pedicel and receptacle are equivalent to branches, and the other four parts are equivalent to abnormal leaves on branches, which are often collectively called flower parts. A flower with all four parts is called a complete flower, and the lack of any part of it is called an incomplete flower.
Various parts of flowers (such as calyx, corolla, stamens and pistils, etc.) and inflorescences have produced various adaptive variations in the long-term evolution process, thus forming various types.
Morphological structure, flower shapes vary, about 250 thousand species of angiosperms, there are 250 thousand species of flower patterns.
kind
Commonly used woody flowers: plum blossom, peach, peony, begonia, magnolia, wooden pen, bauhinia, forsythia, Admiralty, clove, wisteria, cuckoo, pomegranate flower, smiling flower, white orchid, jasmine flower, gardenia flower, sweet-scented osmanthus, hibiscus mutabilis, wintersweet, toothless red, silver bud willow, camellia, and winter jasmine.
Commonly used herbaceous flowers: Cymbidium, Corydalis, Sagittaria sagittata, hyacinthus orientalis, tulip, violet, snapdragon, Changchun chrysanthemum, Guayeju, sweet pea, Xia Lan, Dianthus chinensis, Lycoris radiata, lotus, Cuiju, water lily, peony, phlox, tuberose, marigold, amaranth, gladiolus, tuberose and lily of the valley. Cosmos, calendula, impatiens africana, chrysanthemum, gerbera jamesonii, ornamental pineapples, belamcanda chinensis, African violets, birds of paradise, fireworks red, chrysanthemums, carnations, candles, gypsophila paniculata, gerbera jamesonii and star flowers.
vegetation process
The period and mode of flower formation (or flower bud differentiation) are determined by the inherent genetic genes of plants. Plants can only become flowers when they complete vegetative growth and reach a certain reproductive stage in some external environment. In most cases, whether plants can become flowers after growing to a certain stage is determined by environmental factors such as light and temperature. Many plants have a certain range of needs for the change of relative length of day and night (photoperiod) and temperature, and under the comprehensive influence of these two factors, they enter the reproductive period (see photoperiod phenomenon).
The meristem cells at the top of the original vegetative stem changed greatly when flowers were induced at the top. At this time, the cytoplasm obviously became thick, and the original large vacuoles dispersed into many small vacuoles. The number of other organelles, especially mitochondria, is greatly increased, and the respiration of cells is enhanced. After that, the number of vesicles increased significantly, accompanied by the enlargement of the nucleus, and the volume of nucleoli also increased significantly. In this enlarged nucleus, the ratio of scattered chromosomes to concentrated chromatin is higher in the induced meristem than in the vegetative stem tip. At this time, RNA synthesis is accelerated in the cells of apical meristem, and with the formation of new ribosomes, the total number of protein also increases. In addition, with the stimulation of flowering factors in the early stage, the cell division of apical meristem is very vigorous, and the mitotic index suddenly rises.
After the induction period, DNA synthesis and further mitosis were also aroused. In this way, the number of cells is greatly increased, thus producing flower primordium. The above-mentioned occurrence process is also commonly referred to as the flower morphogenesis period. The occurrence of floral meristem has obvious morphological changes after the apical meristem enters the reproductive period. These changes are closely related to the cessation of infinite growth in vegetative stage and the production of lateral appendages in various ways. During the vegetative growth period, the apical meristem grows upward and widens before the new leaf interval begins. On the contrary, during flower development, the area of apical meristem gradually decreases with the continuous occurrence of floral organs. Some flowers still have some apical meristem after carpels occur, but they stop moving, while others produce carpels from the top part of apical meristem. According to different types of flowers, floral organs can occur in a spiral order to the top; Or a certain organ (such as petals) forms one or two rounds at the same level, and then another organ, such as stamens, follows.
Male and female subdivision
A flower has only stamens or pistils: a unisexual flower.
There are only stamens in a flower: male flower.
There is only pistil in a flower: female flower.
There are pistils and stamens in a flower: bisexual flowers.
Female flowers and male peanuts are on the same plant: male and female somatic plants.
Female flowers and male flowers are born on two plants: dioecious plants.
Flower culture
December makes flowers and flower gods.
Flowers are the bell of the exquisite beauty of heaven and earth. Appreciating flowers lies in knowing their beauty and bones, so that we can roam in the unique charm of each flower and win the interest. As the ancients said: "Mei Biao clears the bones, Lan Ting's delicate and fragrant tea is elegant, Li Xie makes up, apricot is delicate and beautiful, chrysanthemum is proud and frosty, narcissus is ice-skinned and jade-skinned, peony is beautiful and fragrant, Yushu is built, Jinlian Ran Ran pond, Dangui fragrance moon cave, Furong Leng Yan Hanjiang."
There are countless legends about flowers, among which the legend of the representative flower of the twelfth lunar month and the flower god in charge of the twelfth lunar month is the most fascinating. The flowers and flower gods of this December season are somewhat different due to different regions and personal preferences. Twelve-month flower gods each have a beautiful story.
Plum blossom in the first month
There is a saying that Lin Bu, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, lived in seclusion in the lonely mountain of the West Lake, and remained an official all his life. He was always with Mei He, and was called "Mei's wife and crane". Yongmei's poem "The thin shadow is horizontal and the water is shallow, and the faint fragrance floats in the dusk of the moon" is like a rock-breaking, and it has become a masterpiece of plum blossom that has been left behind for ages, so that the words "thin shadow" and "faint fragrance" have become the names for future generations to fill in plum ci.
There is also a saying that plum blossoms are the representative flowers of the first month of the lunar calendar in the cold and early spring when snowflakes are fluttering. Its ice and jade are clean and proud, especially for the world. According to legend, the flower god of plum blossom is Song Wudi's daughter Princess Shouyang. On the seventh day of the first month of a certain year, Princess Shouyang went to the plum blossom grove in the palace to enjoy the plum blossoms. She was sleepy for a while, so she took a nap under the eaves of the temple. It happened that a plum blossom fluttered gently on her forehead, leaving five petals of light red. When Princess Shouyang woke up, the ladies-in-waiting felt that she was originally very beautiful and added a little beauty because of the plum petals, so they followed suit and printed it on her forehead, known as "plum blossom makeup", and the world said that the princess was.
February apricot flower god
In some places, it is said that Suiren teaches people to cook with the fire of dates and apricots. In other places, Yang Yuhuan, one of the four beauties, is the god of apricot blossoms. After the An Lushan Rebellion subsided, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty wanted to move and bury Yang Guifei, and saw a forest of apricot flowers under Mawei Slope. Therefore, later generations called Yang Yuhuan the god of apricot flowers.
March Peach Blossom God
Yang Yanzhao, one of Yang Jiajiang in the Northern Song Dynasty, defended the frontier for 20 years and defeated the Khitan army many times. It may be that he resisted foreign invaders just like mahogany can drive away fierce disasters, so he was named the Peach Blossom God.
Cui Hu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, has been passed down through the ages because he once wrote a famous sentence "Peach blossoms still smile at the spring breeze, even though people don't know where to go".
April peony flower god
It is said to be Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty who wrote many peony poems.
Peony bloomed in April of the lunar calendar. People in the Tang Dynasty regarded it as the "flower king" because of its rich fragrance and colorful branches. Until today, the world still loves its national beauty and fragrance. There are many legends about peony flower gods, or Diao Chan, or Lijuan (the favorite concubine of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), but Li Bai is the most famous. On one occasion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, together with Yang Guifei, enjoyed the peony in the Aquilaria Pavilion. On a whim, he and Li Bai entered the palace to write three chapters of "Qing Ping Le":
"The cloud wants clothes and flowers, and the spring breeze blows Revlon. If it weren't for the head of Yushan Mountain, it would meet Yaotai under the moon. "
"A red dew NingXiang, sex Wushan waste heartbroken. I'd like to ask who looks like the Han Palace. Poor Feiyan leans on her new makeup. "
"Famous flowers pour out the country and enjoy each other, and they are often laughed at by kings. Explain that the spring breeze is infinitely hateful, and the agarwood pavilion is leaning on the north. "
May pomegranate flower god
It is commonly known that the May of the lunar calendar is the pomegranate month, and the pomegranate flowers that bloom in May are as bright as red and have the brilliance of fire. Therefore, many women like to wear pomegranate flowers on the temples to add charm. The legend of the flower god of pomegranate flower is Zhong Zhen, and May is the most popular season for diseases. Therefore, the "ghost king" in folklore has become the main object of people's belief. Zhong Dao, who was very violent and upright before his death, vowed to rid the world of monsters after his death. Its fire-like character of hating evil is just like pomegranate's strong character of facing fire, so everyone regards Zhong Zhen, which can exorcise evil spirits, as the flower god of pomegranate.
When it comes to Zhang Qian, who retrieved pomegranate from the Western Regions, people praised Zhang Qian for this contribution, so they honored him as the pomegranate flower god.
June lotus flower god
June of the lunar calendar is commonly known as the lotus moon, and the lotus is both lotus. Lotus peanuts are among the blue waves, known as "out of the mud but not stained" and have big leaves and fragrant flowers, so they have been loved by people since ancient times. It is said that the lotus flower god is Xi Shi, and she once left a trail of picking lotus flowers in Jinfanjing, Suzhou. It is also said that after Xi Shi helped the State of Yue defeat the State of Wu, the King of Yue took Xi Shi back to the State of Yue, but the queen was so jealous of Xi Shi's beauty that she caught him by the river and tied him to a boulder and sank to the bottom of the river. The common people don't believe that Xi Shi will die. It is said that she became a lotus god and lived on an island. She can be seen among the girls picking lotus by the lake every year during the Lotus Festival.
July hollyhock flower god
Abelmoschus manihot, with slender and erect plants, blooms in late summer and early autumn, with large and charming flowers and colorful colors. Among them, Abelmoschus manihot is also called Okra, and it was mentioned in the Book of Songs that "Uncle July" was eaten, and the sunflower refers to Abelmoschus manihot. Okra is a kind of flower that blooms in the morning and falls in the evening. What most people say is "yesterday's yellow flower", which is based on okra. According to legend, the flower god of sunflower is Li Furen, the favored concubine of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Li Furen's elder brother Li Yannian once wrote an extremely touching song for him, that is, "There are beautiful women in the north, who are peerless and independent. If you care about the city, you will care about the country, and the whole city and the country will be lost." Because Li Furen died very early, and her short and gorgeous life was like okra, people regarded her as the flower god of July hollyhock.
Osmanthus fragrans in August
Osmanthus fragrans, also known as osmanthus fragrans and osmanthus fragrans, is born in the rock collar, with flowers blooming in the axils of leaves, yellow or yellow-white, and has a strong aroma. Eight laurels are fragrant, so the eighth month of the lunar calendar is also called Gui Yue.
Dou Yujun of the Five Dynasties. He taught his children well, and his five sons were all dignitaries and ministers, so their father and son were known as "an old spirit tree, beside the five branches of Dangui".
The other is Lvzhu, the beloved wife of Shi Chong in the Western Jin Dynasty. She is beautiful in appearance and good at playing the flute. Sun Xiu, the colleague of Zhao Wang Sima Lun, tried to take Lvzhu as his wife, which led to Shi Chong being killed by Zhao Wang, so Lvzhu fell to the building and fell to the ground. People compare the scattering of osmanthus to green beads and call her the goddess of osmanthus flowers.
September chrysanthemum flower god
In the late autumn of the lunar calendar in September, it is the time when chrysanthemums bloom most brightly, so it is also called Chrysanthemum Moon. In this splendid fragrant country of chrysanthemums, some are elegant and generous, some are flying like dragons, some are magnificent like rainbows, and some are as white as frost and snow, which is quite charming. It is said to be Tao Yuanming. The pastoral poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty took chrysanthemums as his friends and wrote many poems about chrysanthemums.
Manglietia in October
Muhibiscus, also known as Manglietia, is named after its flowers are "as bright as lotus", and another kind of flowers with white and red colors is called drunken hibiscus. Hibiscus mutabilis is a deciduous shrub. After it blooms in first frost, it can be seen by the river in October of the lunar calendar, with its beautiful face and elegant appearance. It is said that Qu Yuan, a great poet of Chu State in the Warring States Period, used Lan Hui as a metaphor in Li Sao.
November daffodil
Narcissus is also known as golden lamp and silver platform. Narcissus blooms after Chimonanthus praecox and before Jiangmei, which is a winter flower. As the name suggests, the flowers are green skirts and ribbons, graceful and graceful above the clear waves, and the flowers like plain and clean jasper bloom in the rain, which is super dust and refined, just like fairies in the water. Because daffodils are born at the water's edge, their posture is elegant and elegant, just like Lingbo fairy, so people regard Luoshen as the daffodil flower god.
December wintersweet flower god
It is said to be Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian in the Song Dynasty. Because they proposed to change Huangmei to "wintersweet".
There are the following statements about December flowers and flower gods:
Plum blossom in the first month-Princess Shouyang, apricot blossom in February-Yang Guifei, peach blossom in March, peony in April-Li Bai, pomegranate in May-Zhong Dao, lotus in June-Xi Shi, marshmallow in July-Li Furen, osmanthus fragrans in August-Xu Hui, chrysanthemum in September-Tao Yuanming, hibiscus in October-Shi Manqing, camellia in November.
In January, orchids are Qu Yuan, plum blossoms are Lin Bu in February, peach blossoms in March-Pi Rixiu, peony in April-Ouyang Xiu, peony in May-Su Dongpo, pomegranate in June-Jiang Yan, lotus in July-Zhou Dunyi, crape myrtle in August-Yang Wanli, osmanthus in September-Hong Shi, hibiscus in October-Fan Chengda, chrysanthemum in November- [Edit this paragraph] Second, the hall number-Dongping County of the Han Dynasty-now Dongping County of Shandong Province [Edit this paragraph] Third, the surname source-Hua According to the "A Survey of Surnames", there were only Chinese characters in ancient times. In the early years of the Han Dynasty, some people abbreviated Hua as Hua, and some people surnamed Hua changed their surnames to Hua.
celebrity
Hua Mulan: an ancient heroine in China, who was famous for defeating the invading nations in the north on behalf of her father and had a far-reaching influence in later generations. His deeds are represented by various literary and artistic works, especially movies and TV series, which have been remake many times, even affecting the United States and the whole world. The northern Korean folk song Mulan recorded the magnificent epic of this female hero.
Hua Jingding: Tang Dynasty, a brave man, killed the tooth general of Yin Cui Guangyuan in Chengdu. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Duan Zizhang rebelled in Sichuan, and Hua Jingding led an army to conquer the people, which was overwhelming and put down the rebellion. Du Fu presented Hua Qing's song "Chengdu Warrior has Hua Qing", which means Hua Jingding.
Hua Rong: Tian Yingxing, Li Guang, Xiao Hua Rong, ranked ninth among heroes in Liangshanpo, and was the first member of Ma Jun's Eight Tiger Riding and Pioneer Ambassador. Originally, it was Qingfeng Village's deputy knowledge village. He made a steel gun with one shot, and his archery was superb. He had the kung fu of piercing Yang with a hundred paces. Qingfeng Village knew that Gao Liu had framed Sung River, but Hua Rong rebelled after learning about it, and fought Huang Xin and Qin Ming to save Sung River. Hua Rong used archery for many times to make great achievements. Sung River hit the village of Zhujiazhuang three times, and Hua Rong shot down the command light of Zhujiazhuang, which made the village of Zhujiazhuang chaotic. After being embraced, Hua Rong was put under the control of Tianfu military forces. After Song Jiang was poisoned, Hua Rong visited Chuzhou and hanged himself with Wu Yong. After that, they were buried next to the tombs of Song Jiang and likui jy. [Edit this paragraph] Fourth, the game of the same name: Flower
English name: FLOWER
Manufacturer: thatgamecompany
Agency distribution: SCEI
Game type: action class
Carrier capacity: BD DVD× 1
Corresponding host: PS3
Language version: American version
Issue date: February 2009 12.
Introduction to the game:
SCE announced that the new novel "Flower" of PS3 will be downloaded and sold through PSN in the United States on February 12, 2009.
This work is the latest work of the production team of flOw. The game mode of Flower is very simple, but the simplicity is full of inspiration and creativity of the producer. The first impression of the game is clear. At the beginning of the game, a withered flower stood on the windowsill, and the lens was slightly zoomed out. The flower market was in a dark brown building, a gloomy city, and there was no vitality. Then the camera moved to the vast field, and the flower still stood on the mountainous mountains, symbolizing the flower's dream of leaving the city and coming to nature.