I. Overview

Lentinus edodes is one of the specialties of China and has been exported for many years. 199 The output of Lentinus edodes in China has reached 65.438+0.000 million tons, ranking first in the world. Lentinus edodes is also a mushroom eaten all over the world. Most mushrooms in China are sold in the form of dried products, and some fresh products have been exported in recent years.

2. Cultivation methods, techniques and varieties

1. Cultivation methods and techniques

There are three basic methods of mushroom cultivation, artificial cultivation and ground cultivation. With the continuous improvement of alternative cultivation techniques and the enhancement of people's awareness of forest protection, alternative cultivation has been rare in recent years. In China, Lentinus edodes mainly comes from substitute cultivation, and its basic technology is one bag of ingredients, one sterilization, one inoculation and one fruiting.

2. Cultivation Committee Festival

There are mainly two seasons: spring sowing and autumn sowing, including early spring sowing, late spring and summer sowing, summer and spring sowing, autumn and winter and spring sowing.

3. Variety type

There are many varieties of Lentinus edodes, which can be divided into cultivation medium, fruiting time, sales type, size, fruiting temperature and other varieties according to needs.

(1) According to the cultivation method. Mushrooms can be cultivated by cutting wood instead of material, which can be divided into sawdust, bagasse, corncob, straw and so on. Therefore, it can be divided into five types: wood segment species, sawdust species (substitute species), fungus species and wood segment dual-purpose species.

(2) Press mushrooms in the morning and evening. According to this classification, it can be divided into early species (bearing fruit 70-80 days after inoculation) and late species (bearing fruit more than 120 days after inoculation). ③ According to the appropriate product type. This is mainly divided into dry seeds and fresh seeds. Dry seeds are compact, low in water content and fast in drying, which is suitable for drying. Fresh-sold mushrooms are loose and have high water content.

4 according to the size. It can be divided into three categories: big leaf species, middle and big leaf species and small leaf species. The former is mostly 5- 15 cm, and the latter is 4-6 cm, among which middle and large leaf species are also included.

⑤ According to the fruiting temperature. It can be divided into four categories: low temperature species, medium temperature species, high temperature species and wide temperature species.

Low temperature species: the central temperature of fruiting is about 5-65438 05℃.

Medium temperature species: the central temperature of fruiting is about 10-20℃

High temperature species: the central temperature of fruiting is about 15-25℃.

Wide-temperature variety: the fruiting temperature is between 5 and 28℃, but the fruiting temperature of 10-20℃ is the highest and the quality is the best. Growers should choose suitable varieties according to their actual needs.

Third, the main varieties of alternative cultivation

In recent years, the substitution cultivation of Lentinus edodes in China has accounted for more than 90% of the total output, and subsection cultivation has always been a cultivation method that restricts production. Therefore, this paper does not introduce segment species and cultivation techniques, but only introduces the varieties cultivated by substitute species. In order to facilitate the cultivators to understand the varieties and their rational use, this paper introduces the varieties according to the cultivation season.

1. Late-growing varieties planted in spring

At present, there are three main strains used as substitute mushrooms: 24 1-4, Qingyuan 90 15 (Guhua 939) and Guhua 135.

(1) Name, source and basic characters

① 24 1-424 1-4 Lentinus edodes strain is the first spring-sown late-maturing variety in China, with the cumulative application amount of about 2.5 billion bags since 1988. This variety was successfully selected by qingyuan county Edible Fungi Research Institute. It is a legal promotion variety in Zhejiang Province. Strain 24 1-4 is a new strain with natural variation obtained from the fruiting body of strain 24 1. Its fruiting body has large leaves, round flowers and thick meat. The true diameter of mushroom cover is 6- 10 cm, the meat thickness is 1.8-2.2 cm, and the stalk is short and thin, with excellent quality. Foreign countries call it "bionic mushroom", which belongs to the type of low temperature. Results The temperature was between 6-20℃ and 12-650℃. The strain has strong stress resistance and wide adaptability, and has been popularized and applied in mushroom producing areas all over the country. During the fruiting period, low shed moisturizing and bagging are the main methods, and wet and dry stimulation is the best in a certain temperature difference range. It is the variety with the best sense and quality, and also the variety with the largest export volume. (2) Qingyuan 90 15 (Flower Mushroom 939) This variety was successfully selected by Wu Qing, Edible Fungi Research Institute of qingyuan county, Zhejiang Province, and passed the certification. It is one of the three mushroom varieties legally popularized in Zhejiang Province, which belongs to a new strain of natural variation and is the main variety of mushroom cultivation at present. 90 15 (Pleurotus ostreatus 939) accounts for about 75% of the total area of Pleurotus ostreatus. Its flower shape is round, its cover is thick and its yield is high. The cover is 4- 14 cm in diameter and the handle is 3.5-5.5 cm in length. It is difficult to open the film and it is easy to form Pleurotus ostreatus. It belongs to mesophilic type, and the fruiting temperature is 8-20 cm. The biggest advantage of this strain is that it can be inoculated during the inoculation period from March to August. The yield of Lentinus edodes in different inoculation periods is the same, but the flower shape of Lentinus edodes inoculated in May-July is the most uniform. The strain has strong stress resistance and is the best variety with high temperature resistance among all strains replacing mushrooms. The fruiting period is from September to May of the following year. This strain is an excellent variety of mushroom cultivation, and it is also a high-yield and high-quality variety of low-shed moisturizing bagging. ③ Lentinus edodes variety 135 cultivated by Duanmu has become one of the cultivated Lentinus edodes varieties after being domesticated by substitute cultivation. Its mushroom cover is big, the meat is thick, the mushroom handle is short and the mushroom quality is high. The diameter of mushroom cap is 5- 13 cm, and the length of stalk is 3-4 cm, which is easy to form flower mushroom. It belongs to the medium-low temperature type, the fruiting temperature ranges from 6- 18, and the optimum temperature is 9- 13℃. The fungus age is more than 200 days, the inoculation period is February-April, and the fruiting period is 10- March of the following year. This variety has poor stress resistance, and high temperature in summer will affect the quality of mushroom wood in the growth and development stage of mycelium, from local mildew to pests and diseases. The light of the culture environment inoculated with mushroom wood should be weak, so as to avoid the film color being too deep and the film thickness being too thick to produce mushrooms.

(2) Key cultivation techniques. ① Scientifically arrange the inoculation period. There is a long process of mycelium growth and development from inoculation to fruiting of spring sowing autumn varieties. Early inoculation will affect the late yield of Lentinus edodes. Inoculation period is too late, which will lead to less nutrient accumulation in mushroom mycelium and more deformed mushrooms in the first to second tide. According to the climate conditions in southern China, the inoculation period of autumn type planted in spring is: 241-42-May, Qingyuan 90 15 (mushroom 939) April-July, and mushroom135 February-April. The temperature in the north of China is low, and the suitable temperature for fruiting in autumn is earlier than that in the south, and the inoculation period can be slightly advanced, but it should be noted that the inoculation period must be arranged after the temperature of 5℃.

② Reasonable proportion of culture materials. The above strains are suitable for the conventional formula of sawdust 78%, wheat bran 20%, sugar 1% and gypsum 60%, respectively, and the medium of mushroom variety 135 has better water content.

③ Puncture ventilation in time. Perforation tools generally use 1.5 inch nails, and the total number of perforations in each section of mushroom wood shall be carried out separately according to mushroom wood drawings. The firmer the mushroom, the more holes there are, and the deeper the hole is for the mushroom with high water content. Each section of mushroom wood is generally about 100, and the depth is 1.5 cm. In the process of mycelium growth, holes are usually pierced three times. The diameter of the mushroom mycelium circle in the first inoculation hole is 6-7 cm, the mushroom mycelium is spread to about 50% of the culture material for the second time, and the mushroom mycelium is bagged for the third time. 1-2 puncture was made at the mycelium circle of Lentinus edodes 1.5 cm, and the third puncture was made at the back of the inoculation hole. For the second and third times, there must be a white tumor the size of a corn grain on the wall of the culture bag. ④ Adjust the pile shape of mushroom and wood, and adjust the material temperature. Inoculated mushroom wood is arranged in a straight line, with a pile height of 8- 10. Mushroom wood with secondary perforation and ventilation has two horizontal directions and three vertical layers, with a pile height of 8. Mushroom wood with secondary perforation is arranged in a hexagonal shape, with a pile height of 5-6. There should be gaps between piles, and there should be 40 cm passages between rows. Indoor culture should strengthen ventilation.

⑤ Mushroom and wood are transformed in time. Strong scattering light is needed to promote the discoloration of mushroom wood and form a uniform film. 24 1-4 and 90 15 (huagu 939) mushroom trees began to transition about 2 months after the mycelium filled the whole bag, and at the latest 30 days before fruiting; 135 mushroom wood should not be transferred after it is completely discolored, because the discoloration is too deep and the film is too thick, and mushroom buds are not easy to appear. Therefore, it should be cultivated in dark for a long time, and the mushrooms should be turned in the mushroom season, and the mushrooms should be turned while growing. ⑥ Promote the uniform appearance of mushroom buds. Lentinus edodes 24 1-4 and Qingyuan 90 15 (huagu 939) are varieties with multiple mushroom buds. When the mycelium of Lentinus edodes reaches physiological maturity and the temperature season suitable for fruiting comes, it is appropriate to stimulate fruiting with temperature difference. If mushroom buds (vibrating mushrooms) are stimulated by shaking and tapping wood, a large number of mushroom buds will affect the quality of mushrooms; Mushroom strain 135 must have certain vibration or wood shock (mushroom shock) stimulation, otherwise the mushroom will be uneven.

(3) Prevention measures of miscellaneous bacteria and pests

For late-maturing varieties planted in spring, the key is to prevent miscellaneous bacteria and pests, which is the management stage in summer. The main technical measures are: careful management, evacuation of mushroom trees as far as possible, timely ventilation and cooling, good shade in mushroom shed and good environmental sanitation. Locally polluted mushroom wood can be coated with penicillin and propafenone, and mushroom mosquitoes can be controlled with special mosquito-repellent incense and dichlorvos.

2. Summer varieties planted in spring

(1) Name, source and basic characters

① Wuxiang 1 is the variety with the highest fruiting temperature. This variety has large leaves, fleshy bacteria, black fungus cover and rough long stems. Its biggest advantages are high fruiting temperature, which can reach 34℃ at 28℃, the range of fruiting temperature is 10-34℃, the optimum temperature is 20-26℃, the fungus age is 60 days, and the suitable inoculation period is 3 days. Generally, areas with strong stress resistance can be the first choice for mushroom production in summer, which is mainly suitable for fresh food sales and fresh-keeping sales.

②CR04 is a medium-high temperature variety successfully bred by the Institute of Fungi in Sanming City, Fujian Province. The fruiting body has big leaves, round flowers, fleshy, dark brown cap with scales, and sometimes the cap has a slightly prominent spire, and the handle is medium thick and slightly long. The fruiting temperature range is 10-28℃, the optimum temperature is 18-23℃, the age of the fungus is 70 days, and the suitable inoculation period is 18-. Strong resistance and wide adaptability, suitable for use in middle and high altitude areas, mainly used for preservation, dehydration, drying and sales.

(3) Guangxiang 47 is a high-temperature variety bred by Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, with round fruiting body, thick fleshy cap, yellowish brown cap, medium thick and slightly long stalk, fruiting temperature range of 14-28℃, optimum fruiting temperature range of 14-24℃, fungus age of 60 days, suitable inoculation period of 2-5 months and fruiting period of 5 days. It can be used in middle and high altitude areas and is mainly suitable for dehydration, drying and fresh-keeping sales.

④800 1 is a medium-high temperature variety selected by the Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Its fruiting body is solitary, with round flowers, medium-large leaves, thick meat, dark brown or dark brown lid, thick and long stalks, fruiting temperature 14-26℃, optimum temperature 18-23℃ and mushroom age of 60.

(2) Key cultivation techniques

① Choose a reasonable medium formula, which requires adequate nutrition and appropriate ratio of carbon to nitrogen. In some areas, 15%-20% cottonseed hull and 2%-3% corn flour were added to the formula.

(2) punching holes in the mycelium growth stage. When the mushroom inoculation port is not sealed with paraffin or gummed paper, the holes are punched and ventilated twice, and the total number of holes is 50-60, with less first and more later. Puncture holes combined with scattered piles to strengthen ventilation and cool down.

(3) Before the suitable fruiting temperature is about 10 days, the weather changes around the daily maximum temperature of 25℃, the mushroom wood partially changes color, the mushroom wood in hand is elastic, and the bag is removed when the white tumor is soft and redundant.

(4) Moisturizing and promoting discoloration after bag removal, and then widening the temperature difference to promote germination.

(3) Prevention of miscellaneous bacteria and pests

Summer is hot and humid, and miscellaneous bacteria pests mainly occur in the management stage of fruit after bagging. The specific measures are: do a good job in environmental sanitation, disinfection and insecticidal work in mushroom shed, master the appropriate bagging time, reduce the temperature of mushroom shed, and strengthen ventilation and heat dissipation. When mixed bacteria pollution is found, penicillin and fenpropathrin can be sprayed or brushed when mushrooms are not growing, and pyrethroid pesticides can be used to control pests.

3. Planting early-maturing varieties in autumn

(1) Name, source and basic characters

At present, the main varieties used in production are: L82-2, 856, L96 12, 133, L62, L66, L26, Ct02, Shenxiang No.2 and so on. ① 1.82-2 is an early-maturing and high-yielding variety selected by the Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences and qingyuan county Institute of Edible Fungi. Its fruiting body is round, with medium and large leaves, solitary or rarely fir-growing, with dark brown cover, thin stalk, medium length, few deformed mushrooms and good mushroom quality. The fruiting temperature is 8-22℃, and the optimum temperature is 14. The mycelium has strong stress resistance, and is suitable for application at different altitudes, dehydration, drying and sales of fresh mushrooms.

②865 is an early-maturing and high-yielding variety introduced and screened by Sanming Institute of Food Industry, Fujian Province. It has round flowers, middle leaves, solitary or rare Abies, brown to yellowish brown mushroom cover, plump meat and slightly long and thin stems. The fruiting temperature is 8-22℃, the optimum temperature is 14- 18℃, the age of the fungus is 55 days, the suitable inoculation period is July-September, the fruiting period is September-May of the following year, 9-165438+1October and March-May of the following year. It can be cultivated in general areas, especially in high altitude areas, and is suitable for fresh mushrooms and dehydrated dried products. ③ L96 12 introduced and screened by Qingyuan Edible Fungi Research Institute has round flowers, large leaves, thick mushroom meat, dark brown to dark brown mushroom lid, sparse mushroom folds, short and thin mushroom stalks, high mushroom quality and high and stable yield; The fruiting temperature is 12-25℃, the optimum temperature is 17-22℃, and the mushroom age is 55 days. However, when the mycelium is not mature enough, there are more deformed mushrooms, and the suitable inoculation period is June-September, and the fruiting period is September-May of the following year, with the most fruiting in autumn and spring. This variety has strong stress resistance and can be used in general areas. Suitable for fresh sales and dehydration and drying sales. ④ 133 is an early-maturing and high-yield variety successfully bred by Sanming Institute of Fungi, with large leaves, round flowers, thick meat, deep cap, short and thin stalks, high yield and excellent mushroom quality; The fruiting temperature is 10-25℃, the optimum temperature is 15-22℃, the fungus age is 60 days, the suitable inoculation period is June-September, the fruiting period is September-May of the following year, and there is a fruiting peak in autumn and spring, which can be cultivated and applied in general areas. Mainly suitable for ordinary fresh mushrooms or dehydrated and dried for sale. ⑤L62 is a high-yield and early-maturing variety bred by Sanming Institute of Fungi, with medium-sized fruiting body, round, flat-topped, yellowish brown or yellowish brown flowers and short and thin stalks. The fruiting temperature is 9-23℃, and the optimum temperature is 14-20℃. The age of the fungus is 65 days, the suitable inoculation period is from June to September, and the fruiting period is from September to April of the following year. Autumn and spring are perennial, which can adapt to the general cultivation environment, suitable for cultivating ordinary mushrooms, and also an ideal variety for cultivating flower mushrooms, suitable for dehydration, drying, preservation and sales. ⑥L66 is an early-maturing and stable variety bred by Sanming Institute of Fungi through hybridization. Its fruiting body has large leaves, round flowers, plump and compact meat, dark brown to dark brown mushroom lid, medium and rough handle and good mushroom quality. The fruiting temperature is 10-23℃, the optimum temperature is 14-20℃, the fungus age is 65 days, the suitable inoculation period is from June to September, and the fruiting period is from September to April of the following year, which belongs to autumn and spring fruiting type. This variety has strong adaptability, can be cultivated and applied in general areas, and is suitable for preservation and sale, as well as dehydration and drying.

(2) Key cultivation techniques

① The production of early-growing varieties of autumn mushroom is in hot summer, so we should always pay attention to the cleanliness of the cultivation environment, do a good job of sterilization and inoculation according to the operating rules, and improve the inoculation yield. (2) Pay attention to the temperature of the culture site when ventilating mushrooms. In the weather with the highest temperature of 30℃, puncture ventilation is not allowed. ③ Mushroom-wood transition is arranged in the weather when the maximum daily temperature is lower than 25℃ after the mushroom mycelium is completely covered. When the mushroom wood is taken out of the bag, some colors change, the mushroom wood is elastic in the hand, the tumor-like process becomes soft, and some mushroom wood appears mushroom buds. (4) Covering the bagged mushroom wood with a film, keeping moisture, promoting the germination of aerial hyphae, then turning over the film, reducing the humidity, promoting the lodging of hyphae, spraying clear water, promoting discoloration, increasing the temperature and humidity difference and promoting germination. Try to raise the temperature in the shed in winter. After each mushroom tide, the mushroom should be cultured reasonably according to the situation of the mushroom sticks and replenished in time.

(3) prevent miscellaneous bacteria and pests

The prevention and control of mixed bacteria pests focuses on the pollution of mixed bacteria (mainly Streptomyces, Trichoderma and Mucor) during inoculation, smoldering bacteria during cultivation, the pollution of Trichoderma and Penicillium after unpacking and mushroom mosquitoes in the next spring. Preventive measures include: doing a good job in environmental sanitation, using the new technology of "warming agent" to make mushroom wood, strictly inoculating aseptic operation, adding external bags, strengthening ventilation after bag removal, and dealing with serious pollution in time. Trichoderma contamination after bag removal can be sprayed or smeared with penicillin or propafenone, and mushrooms and mosquitoes can also be fumigated with special mosquito-repellent incense.

4. Varieties planted on the ground

At present, the main varieties used in production are Cr04, L33, L26 and CrO2.

(1) Name, source and basic characters

(1) ①Cr04 (see spring and summer varieties).

②L33 (see early autumn variety).

③L26 was introduced and screened by Sanming Institute of Fungi, Fujian Province, with round fruiting body, medium and large leaf shape, thick mushroom flesh, dark brown or brown cap, few scales or cilia, short and thin stipe, high yield and good quality. The fruiting temperature is 10-25℃, the optimum temperature is 18-22℃, the fungus age is 70 days, the suitable inoculation period is1-April, and the fruiting period is 4-65438+February. This variety has strong stress resistance and wide adaptability, and is suitable for cultivation and application in various mushroom areas, especially in middle and high altitude areas. It is an excellent variety planted in plastic film mulching field and also used for autumn cultivation, which is mainly suitable for fresh mushroom sales and dehydration and drying.

CrO2 is an early-maturing and high-yielding variety bred by the Institute of Fungi in Sanming City, Fujian Province. The middle leaves of its fruiting body are round, solitary or rarely fir-growing, the thickness of mushroom meat is medium, the mushroom cover is yellow-brown to yellow-brown, the stalk is short and thin, the mushroom shape is small in the later stage, the meat is thin, the fruiting temperature is 10-28℃, the optimum temperature is 14-20℃, and the mushroom meat is thick. Strong stress resistance, wide adaptability, can be cultivated and applied everywhere, and is suitable for fresh mushrooms, dehydration, drying and sales, and can also be canned.

(2) Key cultivation techniques

① Prepare reasonable culture materials, generally add 3%-5% corn flour, appropriate amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium sulfate, and appropriately increase wheat bran.

(2) Choose a good mushroom farm and build a cool and best mushroom shed. The site requires sufficient water, less sunshine, low water temperature, convenient irrigation and drainage, no termites and no direct sunlight in the shed.

(3) 7- 10 days before soil covering, the border surface and soil covering shall be disinfected, sterilized and sterilized. Disinfection methods include spraying lime, spraying formalin and fumigation in aerosol disinfection box. Generally, dichlorvos are sprayed and fumigated to kill insects.

(4) During the culture period, 50-60 holes need to be punched 1-2 according to the growth of fungi.

⑤ Take out the bag and cover the soil in time, and the period of taking out the bag and cover the soil is 50- 100 days after inoculation (the early inoculation is slow and the growth is long). When the mushroom has partially changed color, the grip is elastic and the tumor-like protrusion has softened, it is the right time to take off the bag and cover the soil. In the case that a large number of mushroom buds have appeared, it is absolutely impossible to cover the soil.

⑥ Scientific mushroom production management: The key is cooling, ventilation, water spraying and moisturizing. After covering the soil for 2-3 days, cover the film to moisturize and promote discoloration, and then leave it uncovered. However, it is forbidden to drench the mushroom wood during the whole fruiting period, and stop spraying water after each mushroom tide.

A week later, raise the water level in the side ditch and replenish water to the mushroom wood in time.

(3) prevent miscellaneous bacteria and pests

The prevention and control of miscellaneous bacteria and pests is focused on Trichoderma after bagging, while the pests are mushroom mosquitoes, jumping insects, slugs and so on. Preventive measures: cover some polluted mushroom wood separately from good mushroom wood to prevent infection, do a good job in environmental sanitation of mushroom shed, carry out comprehensive and thorough disinfection and insect prevention work on the side and covering soil, improve shading and ventilation around mushroom shed, and prevent mushroom wood from getting wet. When it is found that there is mixed bacteria pollution, penicillin and propafenone can be sprayed or brushed, and pyrethroid pesticides can be sprayed on the whole mushroom shed and its surroundings for pests.