Manchu people honor their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When they meet their elders on the road, they should bow sideways and bow their hands, waiting for them to pass by. Not only should the younger generation greet their elders, but also the younger generation should greet their elders. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands and greeting each other, some people also greet each other with a waist. During the Spring Festival, we should worship once every two years, once on the evening of the 3th to bid farewell to the old year, and once again on the first day of the New Year, which is called welcoming the new year.
Manchu traditional houses are generally divided into three rooms: the west, the middle and the east, with the gate facing south. The west room is called the west upper room, the middle room is called the hall, and the east room is called the east lower room. There are three kang in the west, namely, the south, the west and the north. The west kang is expensive, the north kang is big, and the south kang is small. Visitors live in the west kang, and the elders live in the north kang, while the younger generation lives in the south kang.
taboo: indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit and pile up sundries at will; Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Don't wear a dog skin hat, don't spread a dog skin mattress, and avoid guests wearing a dog skin hat or dog skin sleeves.
Marriage customs
Manchu weddings not only have the strong characteristics of their own nation, but also incorporate the customs and etiquette of many Han nationalities. Generally speaking, they have to go through the following procedures: engagement: there are two forms of engagement between young Manchu men and women. First, the parents of young men and women are acquaintances or friends. They know each other well and are interested in getting married, so they ask the matchmaker to promise their children a lifetime. Some men propose to the woman, and some women propose to the man. The other is that men and women don't know each other, and they entrust the matchmaker to get engaged for their children, and the matchmaker will hand them over to the "portal stickers" of both sides, and issue their flags, resumes, surnames and three generations. In addition, we should test birthdates with each other.
release: give a gift immediately. There are two kinds of amplification and amplification. Letting Xiaoding go is when the future daughter-in-law visits the relatives of the man's family, such as aunt, brother and sister-in-law, and gets property. Enlarging it is called "a big gift", commonly known as "a big dish", that is, choosing an auspicious day, the man will send the bride price to the woman's house. On the day before the wedding, people who send their families off should drink "windward wine". The bride leaves home to stay in a good apartment borrowed by the man, commonly known as "beating down". The next morning, the woman used a float to see her off and was escorted by her brother. When the float arrives at the groom's house, there is a brazier on the ground in front of the bridal chamber, which is commonly known as "going too far to ward off evil spirits". In order to drive away or kill the ghosts that come with the sedan chair, the groom should shoot three arrows at the sedan chair door; There are also real shots, but they are usually shot at the bottom of the sedan chair to avoid hurting the bride. Then, the bride was helped out of the sedan chair and came to heaven and earth, and kowtowed to the north three times with the groom, commonly known as "worship Beidou". After worshipping Beidou, the world-famous ceremony of "leaving the lamp" was held. That is, the bride and groom wearing red hijab face south and kneel in front of the god table in the courtyard. On the table, there is a pig elbow, three small cups of wine and a sharp knife. The shaman kneels in front of the table with one leg, while chanting in Manchu, he cuts the meat into pieces with a sharp knife and throws it into the air, while holding a small cup of wine and throwing it on the ground. The main purpose is to ask God to bless the newlyweds, so that their children and grandchildren will be full and grow old together. After these ceremonies, the bride was brought into the bridal chamber by a general practitioner (that is, a person with both parents and children). When the bride crosses the threshold, there is a saddle on the threshold, and the bride must cross it. The bed of the new house must be laid by all practitioners. After the bridal chamber is laid, music should be played in the room, which is called "ringing room". When the bride entered the bridal chamber, a little girl took a picture of the bride with two bronze mirrors in her hand, and then hung the bronze mirrors on the bride's chest and back. Then, another little girl handed two tin pots, which contained rice, money, etc. The bride either held them in her arms or put them in her armpits, commonly known as "Bao Bao Bottle" or "Bao Bao Media Pot". When the bride sits firmly on the bed, the groom uses a scale to remove the red cloth covering the bride's head, which is called "uncovering the veil". Next, the husband and wife drink a toast, eat happy noodles, longevity noodles or children's cakes.
food customs
Manchu folk eat three meals during busy farming hours and two meals during slack farming hours. The staple food is mostly millet and sorghum rice, japonica rice and dried rice. I like to add adzuki beans or baked beans to the rice, such as sorghum Mi Dou dried rice. In some areas, corn is the staple food and corn flour is fermented to make "sour soup". Manchu people in most parts of Northeast China also have the habit of eating rice by draft, that is, after cooking sorghum rice or corn prickly heat, they are washed with clear water, soaked in clear water, fished out when eating, and put into bowls, which are cool and delicious. This way of eating is mostly in summer.
Manchu treasures have a long history, and they became the staple food of the court in Qing dynasty. One of the most representative is the imperial meal "chestnut noodle Wowotou", also known as Xiaowotou. Manchu dim sum Saqima has also become a famous pastry in China. More famous are the cakes of the Qing Dongling, also known as the big cakes of the Qing Dongling, the cakes of Beijing snacks, the cakes of Chengde snacks in Hebei, and the cakes of lard in Jingzhou snacks in Hubei.
The weather in the north is cold in winter, and there are no fresh vegetables. Manchu people often take pickled Chinese cabbage (sauerkraut) as the main vegetable in autumn and winter. It is said that the method of preserving vegetables by pickling began in the period of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty. Boiling white meat and vermicelli with sauerkraut is a common dish for Manchu people after winter.
Manchu people love to eat pork, and they often cook it with boiled pork. The Manchu restaurant in Shenyang, Liaoning Province has a history of more than 1 years. The white meat and blood sausage it operates is known as the authentic Manchu flavor.
typical food: Manchu people live in scattered places, and there are representative typical foods everywhere, mainly including: ① white meat and blood sausage. ② Hot pot. Traditional Manchu dishes. 3 sour soup. Typical food of Manchu in Xiuyan, Liaoning. ④ Qing Dongling Pastry. Also known as the tomb of the Eastern Qing Dynasty.
Festivals
Traditional festivals mainly include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional sports activities such as "Pearl Ball", vault, camel jumping and skating are generally held during festivals. ?
Golden Festival: It is the day of Manchu "national celebration". On October 13th of the lunar calendar in 1635, Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the national name "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity. In October, 1989, at the "First Manchu Culture Symposium" in Dandong, December 3rd of each year was officially designated as the "Golden Festival". ?
Shangyuan Festival: the 15th day of the first month, commonly known as "Lantern Festival". Like the Han nationality, Manchu also has the custom of hanging lanterns and eating Yuanxiao. Hey? Walking away from all diseases: a festival for Manchu women. Usually on the sixteenth day of the first month. On that night, women in groups of three or five traveled far away, or walked in the sand and rolled ice, or had fun, which was called "Walking with All Diseases".
February 2nd: commonly known as "Dragon Head Up Day". On the morning of the same day, Manchu people scattered kitchen ashes in the courtyard, and the ash road was curved like a dragon, so it was called "attracting dragons". Then a ceremony was held in the courtyard to pray for good weather. The whole family will eat "Longxu Noodles" and "Long Lin Cake". Women can't do needlework this day.
Tomb-Sweeping Day: Unlike the Han people who put money on the top of the grave after making paper money, they put "Buddha flowers" on the grave to pay homage to their ancestors. "Foduo" is Manchu and translated into Chinese as "willow" or "willow branch". According to Manchu belief, willow is the ancestor of man, and man is the descendant of willow. In order to show that there are successors, willow should be inserted in the grave. ?
Dragon Boat Festival: Manchu people eat zongzi and row dragon boats during the Dragon Boat Festival, and their customs are the same as those of Han people. ?
Mid-Autumn Festival: The Manchu people take July 15th as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead. At that time, temples around the country will set up Dojo, burn lamps and chant Buddhist scriptures, and hold various ceremony of crossing over. ?
Mid-Autumn Festival: Manchu families also eat "reunion dinner" during the Mid-Autumn Festival. In addition, when the moon rises, there will be a moon. That is, a wooden screen is placed in the west side of the courtyard to the east, and cockscomb flowers, soybean branches and fresh lotus roots are hung on the screen for the use of moon rabbits. There is a square table in front of the screen, with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, women worship first, and men worship later. ?
Laba Festival: Manchu people want to soak "Laba vinegar" and cook "Laba meat" on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. Besides food for the whole family, it should be distributed to relatives and friends.
off-year: the custom of off-year for Manchu people is the same as that for Han people. The 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month is the "off-year". At that time, every household will sacrifice to the kitchen god, commonly known as "sending the kitchen god."
Clothing
history of manchu has a long history and developed culture. Its dress is elegant and gorgeous, which is unique in China's national dress culture and has had a great influence on the development of China's dress culture.
Due to the cold living environment and the need of hunting life, Manchu people, both men and women, used to wear "horseshoe sleeves" gowns. After Nurhachi established the Eight Banners system, the costume of the "flag bearer" became "cheongsam" (called "clothing interface" in Manchu).
in the early Qing dynasty, the style of cheongsam was generally collarless, broad-breasted, waist-tied, left-slit and four-sided slit. Dressing is not only fit, but also conducive to riding and shooting. When hunting, you can also put dry food into the front. This kind of cheongsam has two outstanding characteristics, one is collarless. Nurhachi, in order to unify the clothes, once decided on the clothes system, stipulating that "all the court clothes should use shawls and collars, and only robes should be used in the flat." That is, the uniform can't lead the child, and only the royal dress worn when entering the DPRK can be added with a large collar shaped like a shawl; Second, there is also a half-moon sleeve head with a long top and a short bottom at the narrow cuff, which looks like a horseshoe, commonly known as "horseshoe sleeve". It is also called "arrow sleeve" (called "wow-ha" in Manchu) because it is put down when hunting or fighting in winter to cover the back of the hand, which not only plays a warm role like gloves, but also does not affect archery. After the Manchu entered the Central Plains, "letting go of wow-ha" became a prescribed action in the etiquette of the Qing Dynasty. When officials entered the court to see the emperor or other princes and ministers, they had to bounce off their horseshoe sleeves first, and then bow down with their hands on their knees.
It is also customary to wear a short gown with a round neck, body length, umbilicus and elbow length on the outside of cheongsam. Because this short jacket was originally worn when riding and shooting, it is convenient for riding and can resist the cold, so it is named "jacket". At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, mandarin jacket was the "military uniform" of the Eight Banners soldiers, and later it became popular among the people, with the nature of formal clothes and uniforms, and its styles and fabrics were more diverse. Manchu people also like to wear waistcoats outside cheongsam. The waistcoat is generally divided into cotton, clip and leather for warmth. There are many styles, such as double lapel, pipa lapel and twist lapel.
As the "fashion" of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu women's cheongsam has developed a lot. At the beginning, in Beijing and other places, the practice of "eighteen inlays" prevailed, that is, eighteen hems were set to look good, and the style became wide robes and big sleeves; After the Revolution of 1911, the style of cheongsam changed from fat to thin. In the early 193s, influenced by western short skirts, the length was shortened, approaching the knee and the cuffs were narrowed. In the mid-193s, it was lengthened, with high slits on both sides, and highlighted the beauty of curves; In the 194 s, it was shortened, and short-sleeved or sleeveless cheongsam appeared, with a streamlined exterior. After that, the garment pieces were separated from each other, including shoulder seams and sleeved cheongsam skirts. Wide range of materials, cotton, wool, silk, hemp and various chemical fiber clothing materials can be used. In addition to long and short sleeves, cheongsam is also divided into leather, cotton, single and clip, which is convenient to wear in different seasons. After continuous improvement, the general style of cheongsam is as follows: straight collar, narrow sleeves, right-open big chest, buttoned and tripped, tight waist, length below the knee, split on both sides; Pay attention to workmanship and color matching, and most of them are embroidered with lace of various patterns on the neckline, cuffs and hem. This not only sets off the beauty of women's figure, but also looks elegant and generous. Cheongsam with oriental colors has now become a popular Chinese dress for women in China.
cheongsam, flag head, flag shoes, etc. together, constitute the typical traditional costume of Manchu women.
"flag head" refers to a hairstyle, also known as a crown. It is fan-shaped, with iron wire or bamboo rattan as the hat frame, and green satin, green velvet or green yarn as the surface, wrapped in a fan-shaped crown about 3 cm long and more than 1 cm wide. It can be fixed on the bun when it is worn. It is often embroidered with patterns, inlaid with jewels or decorated with various flowers and decorated with long tassels. The "flag head" is mostly used by Manchu upper-class women, and it is usually thought by ordinary women when they get married. Wearing this wide and long hair crown limits the twisting of the neck, makes the body straight, and looks particularly dignified and stable, suitable for grand occasions.
The "flag shoe" has a unique style and is a kind of embroidered shoes with high wooden soles, also known as "high-soled shoes", "flowerpot-soled shoes" and "horseshoe-soled shoes". Its wooden heel is generally about 5-1 cm high, some can reach 14-16 cm, and the highest can reach about 25 cm. Usually wrapped in white cloth, and then embedded in the middle of the sole of the foot. There are usually two shapes of heel bottom, one is open at the top and convergent at the bottom, which is in the shape of an inverted trapezoidal flowerpot. The other is thin at the top and wide at the bottom, flat at the front and round at the back, and its appearance and landing marks are like horseshoes. "flowerpot bottom" and "horseshoe bottom" shoes are named after this. In addition to the embroidered patterns or decorative pieces such as cicada butterflies on the upper, the parts where the wood can't follow the ground are often decorated with embroidery or beading. Some shoe tips are also decorated with ears woven with silk thread, which are as long as the ground. The high-heeled wooden sole of this kind of shoes is extremely strong, often the upper is broken, while the sole is still intact and can be reused. High-end flag shoes are mostly worn by aristocratic young and middle-aged women over the age of thirteen or fourteen. You walk gracefully in these high-soled shoes. The flag shoes of elderly women are mostly made of flat wood, which is called "flat shoes". The front end of the flag shoes is slightly cut to facilitate walking.
There are many kinds of Manchu hats, which are mainly divided into cool hats and warm hats. In the past, Manchu people often wore a small hat called "Guapi hat". Guapi hat, also known as "the head of the hat", has a sharp top and a wide bottom, and is formed by stitching six petals. The bottom edge is inlaid with a small eaves about 3 cm wide, and some even have no eaves, and only a piece of brocade satin is used for wrapping. Melanin satin is generally used as the surface in winter and spring, and black solid yarn is used as the surface in summer and autumn. The top of the hat is decorated with a velvet knot, which is different in black and red, commonly known as "abacus knot" There is a "sign" nailed in the middle below the brim, which is called "Hat Zheng". There are pearls, agates, small pieces of silver and glass. According to legend, this kind of hat first began in the early Ming Dynasty. Because it is a six-petal suture, it takes the meaning of "Liuhe", that is, the four sides of heaven and earth are "unified", so it is popular. After the Manchu people entered the customs, influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, they also took the meaning of "Liuhe unification" and began to wear this hat, which was quite popular. Now, we can still often see its shadow in TV and TV dramas about the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.
Early Manchu men often wore a kind of loafers called "big silly shoes" with double ridges. The vamp is mostly made of green cloth and green satin. The front face of the shoe is inlaid with double or single black thongs. The toe of the shoe is convex and upturned, and the side view is like a boat. In addition to "flag shoes" and flat shoes (the upper of flat shoes is embroidered with flower patterns, and the front face of shoes is embroidered with "cloud head"), there is also a kind of "thousand-layer shoes". "Thousand-layer shoes" are named because they use multiple layers of shoes as soles. The vamp is mostly made of cloth, and generally does not embroider flowers and other patterns, and is mostly worn in labor.
There is also a kind of shoes with special features, called Ura shoes, which are mostly worn by Manchu people in winter. Sewing with cowhide or pigskin, and wadding with grass, it is light and warm, suitable for hunting and ice running in winter.
housing
in the early days, Manchu people lived by mountains and rivers to facilitate and adapt to their production and living habits. The main rooms of Manchu rural houses are generally three or five rooms, facing south to facilitate lighting, and all of them open at the east end and south, shaped like pockets, commonly known as "pocket rooms", which are convenient for gathering warmth. East and west have their own wing rooms, which are equipped with concierges, which constitute what is usually called a quadrangle. Most of the houses are ridged brick houses, commonly known as "Haiqing House". The columns are inserted into the ground, and the door faces south, which is tall and spacious. The room is opposite to a hall, also known as an outhouse, with a kitchen stove, a pot and a water tank, and the stove is connected to the fire kang in the west room, which is called "tile" in Manchu. Opening the door from the west wall of the hall is the back room, which forms a "Wan Zi Hang" or a "Manzhi Kang" on the south, north and west sides. Manchu is still right, and the western wall is for ancestral tablets. The west kang is a narrow kang, which can't live in people and passes through the flue. Kang opposite the north and south. Spread kang mat, or paste kang paper to brush oil. A wardrobe is placed at the top of the kang, which contains clothes, and bedding and toiletries are stacked on the cabinet. At night, the elders live in the south kang of Westinghouse, and the north kang is separated from their brothers, sons and daughters. When you go to bed, your head is facing outside the kang and your feet are against the wall, which is quite suitable for cold protection and breathing fresh air. There are many paper paintings on the walls. Weiyu