Fritillaria hupehensis C.hsia is also called plate shell and kiln shell. It is a perennial herb of Liliaceae. Location: Lichuan, Enshi, Hefeng, Xuanen and other counties in Hubei Province. Use bulbs as medicine. Taste sweet and sour, slightly cold. It has antitussive and expectorant effects. Treat acute and chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, whooping cough, influenza and other diseases.

I. Morphological characteristics

Stems erect, 20-60 cm high. Bulb white, fleshy, diameter 1-3.5 cm. The outer layer consists of two layers of scales, which are oblate, concave at the top and round at the bottom, with slender tufted fibrous roots and 4-5 fleshy thick roots. Leaves usually have 3-7 whorls, which are long and round-lanceolate, 7- 13 cm long, and the upper leaves are sometimes curled at the top. 1-3 peanuts are at the top of the stem, drooping, purple and with small brown squares. Six pieces of perianth are nearly rectangular, 4.2-4.5cm long and1.5-1.8cm wide, while the other three pieces are slightly narrower. There are many seeds in the capsule (fig. 14-87).

Fig. 14—87 morphological diagram of Fritillaria cirrhosa.

1. Plant 2. Pistil and stamen 3. Electric light bulb; Bulb ball

Second, biological characteristics.

(1) growth and development

Most bulbs reproduce asexually. They are sown from late June to early July, and can take root and sprout after one month. About two months later, the newly grown bulblets are the size of beans, and some are bigger, which mainly depends on the size of the original mother bulblet, which has shrunk and attached to the newly grown bulblet. In winter, the temperature gradually decreases, and Fritillaria enters a dormant period. In the second spring, Fritillaria mainly grows by absorbing soil from its roots. The aboveground growth period is very short. In early spring, seedlings began to emerge at the end of February and bloomed in early March. April and May are the peak season for Fritillaria, and the bulbs also increase rapidly. In late May, the aboveground part withered, and the growing season after emergence was less than three months.

(b) Requirements of growth and development on environmental conditions

1. Topography

Seashells are generally grown in mountainous areas with an altitude of 1 0,000-1700 m, and the slopes are gentle within 10, so they are not suitable for planting.

2. Climate

Like cool and humid, not afraid of frost and snow, avoid high temperature and dryness, especially during planting period, which will lead to mildew of bulbs. The annual average temperature of producing area 14- 16℃, the minimum temperature 1 -5℃, the average temperature of Fritillaria growing season in May 20-25℃, and the annual rainfall 1300-65.

3. Soil fertilizer

Fritillaria northeast is not strict with soil and has shallow roots. It mainly grows in artificial humus soil layer, and raw, secondary and mature soil can be planted, but the newly reclaimed humus soil layer is deep and the topsoil texture is loose. Sharp seashells have strong fertility resistance. Although the growth season of aboveground parts is less than three months after emergence, new roots have grown before they are unearthed after planting, which can absorb some nutrients in the soil. Therefore, in order to obtain high yield, it is necessary to fertilize the soles of feet and strengthen the management of topdressing.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) land selection and preparation

1. Pinctada acuminata is cultivated by the guest soil method, which is not strict with the soil, but the old forest land with loose surface soil and firm bottom soil is better, and douban mud, lime soaked soil and red oil sandy soil are the first choice for planting in the production area. Pests and diseases are so serious that continuous cropping cannot be carried out. The rotation will take 3-5 years. It's getting cold. It should be planted in the semi-cloudy and semi-sunny mountain areas in the northwest or northeast. Yangshan is better than Yangshan at night, because it is exposed to the hot sun in the morning and easy to get sick in the afternoon. The terrain should be flat and well drained. In short, we should choose loam with good drainage, no water accumulation, leeward and loose soil for planting.

From February 65438 to February of the following year, the thatched trees were cut down and the wood was transported out. The remaining weeds are burned on the flat ground with a depth of 25-30cm. Adopt the method of layered excavation, without disturbing the soil layer, harrow the roots and bamboo roots. Dig twice before planting 10 days, and the depth is10-65438+20-25cm. Rake the flat slope into a high ridge with a width of 1.2- 1.3 m, a trench width of 20-25 cm and a depth of 3-5 cm. If the second wasteland is mature, dig it again in winter, plant it after the second dig, and then ditch it as a box (high ridge).

After soil preparation and ridging, apply 50- 100 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer per mu, rake it flat and mix it with soil. Then spread the fermented cow and horse manure on the border with a thickness of1.5-2-3 cm, and cover it with fire-smoked humus soil for 2-3 cm to plant.

(2) Reproduction

Sharp shellfish can reproduce sexually and asexually.

1. Asexual reproduction

The production of Sharpe shellfish mostly adopts the method of vegetative propagation by dividing bulbs, and there are three kinds of bulbs (table 14-79).

Table 14—79 Comparison Table of Bulb Size and Clones of Pinctada fucata

But there are also very big and small people, all called inferior. After the bulbs are harvested, they are screened into three grades: large, medium and small through different sieve holes. Generally, large and medium bulbs are used as planting materials, and small bulbs are processed into medicine. Sometimes the small ones are used as seeds, and most of them can't be divided into petals, while the large ones and neutrons propagate in petals.

On the day of planting, cut the bulb into 2-4 petals longitudinally with fingers or bamboo knives (as shown in Table 14-79), and the width of each petal should be above 1cm. Straight cutting cannot be cross-cutting, and the endothelium must be preserved, otherwise it will not germinate easily (Figure 14-88). It should be planted in separate plants at the same time, and it is not advisable to store it after separating plants.

Fig. 14—88 schematic diagram of bulb cutting method of Pinctada.

After harvesting in the middle and late June, scallops can be planted, no later than mid-September, and it is best to plant them together with harvesting. Before planting, seeds must be carefully selected and bulbs infected with diseases and insect pests must be removed. The planting amount per mu is 170-230 kg, and the split bulbs should be placed on the edge of the border with a row spacing of 3cm, with the split wound facing down to prevent rot after water accumulation. Immediately after planting, cover humus soil with a thickness of 5-6 cm and spread it evenly by hand. After planting, cover the border with a layer of thatched bamboo branches to play a role in drought resistance and moisture retention.

2. Sexual reproduction

After several generations of asexual reproduction, Fritillaria will have a sexual reproduction. Fritillaria grows vigorously and its reproductive coefficient can be improved, but sexual reproduction is rarely used in production because of its slow growth and long life.

Choose an old mountain forest with fertile leeward, dig it and apply base fertilizer to make a high border. In late June, extra-large bulbs with a diameter of more than 3cm were selected and planted by hole sowing, with a hole distance of 30cm and a hole depth of 100g- 12 cm, and decomposed cow manure 1 kg and cake fertilizer 1kg were applied to each hole. A small amount of seeds can be collected in mid-May. You can't turn over the seeds after picking, and you can receive many full seeds 2-3 years after planting. Pay attention to topdressing and weeding in time when planting, and strengthen field management.

The seeds of Pinctada fuciformis belong to the post-embryonic mature type, and the embryos are not fully developed after seed collection, so they should be sown immediately and moisturized, and should not be stored for a long time. After more than two months of low temperature of 5- 10℃ in autumn and winter, the seeds can mature and differentiate, and they can emerge in March of the following year. The seedlings have 1-2 leaflets, slender bulbs like beans, which can be harvested in the third to fourth years after sowing, and most of them are Fritillaria parviflora, which can reproduce asexually.

(3) Intercropping

Sharp shellfish did not emerge in the same year after planting, so some drug farmers spread vegetables on the border in autumn, but it is not suitable for planting deep radish vegetables. In the spring of the following year, corn can be planted on both sides of the border with a spacing of 0.5- 1m, which should not be too dense, and can also play a role in shielding the sharp shellfish.

(4) Site management

1. Weeding

After planting Fritillaria in June and July, if vegetables are not interplanted, the fertile border surface is the easiest to grow grass, so it should be pulled out in time to avoid weeds consuming soil nutrients. Sharp shellfish are densely planted, so it is difficult to loosen the soil and weed among plants after the seedlings are unearthed. Therefore, it takes two months to pull weeds by hand from late March to late May. Because the seedlings are young, be careful when pulling out the seeds to prevent pulling out the small Fritillaria seedlings. In short, in the growing season and autumn of Fritillaria, the border should be kept grass-free.

Step 2: Topdressing

From August to September after sowing, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers can be applied 1 time. In June+10, 5438, the thatch covered on the border was burned out, and the border was gently raked with a bamboo rake, and 1000- 1500 kg of human excrement and urine could be sprayed per mu. From late February to mid-April, it can be drenched twice with human excrement and urine, or fermented with 50- 100 kg cake fertilizer and urine for more than 10 days, and then mixed with humus and sprinkled on the border.

(5) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Nematodes

(Diptera. )

The pathogen is the stem nematode of round animals. The bulbous disc was damaged after the appearance of pointed shellfish in March. During the period from harvest in mid-June to storage before planting, the symptoms are most obvious and often cause bulb rot. Those who are slightly infected will continue to suffer after planting and will not emerge in the next spring. In severe cases, the incidence rate is over 90%. In some years, some areas will cause devastating damage, and the production reduction is very serious.

2. uropoda mite

The damaged position and time are the same as nematodiasis, which causes serious damage, decay and yield reduction of bulbs.

Comprehensive control methods should be adopted for the above two diseases and insect pests; (1) Strict seed selection. Before planting, strictly select seeds. When selecting seeds, break bulb petals and check bulb discs. If about 5% bulbs are found to be damaged, they should be treated with chemicals.

(2) The cultivation should be dispersed and should not be stored centrally. The experience of drug farmers often grows hundreds of kilograms of Fritillaria per household, which can increase production every year. Once the number reaches several thousand kilograms, devastating diseases will occur. We found that this is mainly due to the large amount of planting, the harvested Fritillaria can not be planted and stored in time, and uropoda mites infect and spread each other, leading to rot and serious yield reduction. Therefore, it is necessary to store them separately and plant them while harvesting. It is not advisable to store them for too long.

(3) Inflated air holes in the border often cause diseases when the amount of fertilizer applied by the shellfish is large and the water content rises in early spring. During March-May, bamboo poles were used to drill holes 15-20 cm deep 1-2 times between border plants, which could reduce soil temperature and humidity and alleviate diseases.

(4) If a diseased plant is found in the boundary, the diseased plant, healthy plants in a certain range around it and the soil should be dug out. The diseased spot was disinfected with quicklime or 10% formalin.

(5) The humus soil for planting Fritillaria should be smoked thoroughly in advance, and it should be screened when it is used, so as to remove the uncorrupted branches, otherwise it will ferment in spring and the ground temperature will rise, leading to diseases.

(6) When it is found that more than 5% bulbs are damaged by nematodes and uropoda mites during seed selection, chemical control should be applied. The specific method is to soak the seeds 1 hour with 5% formalin (content 37%), and then cover them 1 hour with sacks, which can achieve better control effect.

3. Flammulina velutipes

(red snapper. )

Mostly in March-May, the surname eats bulbs. See ginseng for prevention and control methods.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

In the first ten days of June, the sharp shellfish can be harvested after the seedlings are inverted, and the seedlings are dug with a shovel to remove pests and diseases. Generally, young ones are used for processing, while large ones and neutron ones are used for breeding. The yield is generally twice that of planting. After the cubs are washed, soak them in lime water for several hours, then take them out and mix them with lime powder, and put them on the kang to dry. When it is half dry, rub off the ash shell by hand, sieve out the ash powder, wash off the remaining ash with water, heat the kang until it is completely dry, and weigh the wool fabric. Soak the wool fabric in the solution of rice washing water and alum, talcum powder and camphor powder for several hours, take it out of the kang until it is half dry, smoke it with sulfur, and the scallops will become clean and white, and then dry it in the hot sun.