Ephedra sinica is also known as ephedra sinica. It is a herbaceous shrub of Ephedraceae. Location: Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces. Use green stems, branches and roots as medicine. The whole plant contains a variety of alkaloids, mainly ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, in addition to trace amounts of methylephedrine, methyl pseudoephedrine, demethylpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, ephedrine, α-terpineol and basic benzyl methylamine. Pharmacological experiments show that ephedra can excite the central nervous system, and has exciting effects on the brain, midbrain and medulla oblongata, respiratory and circulatory centers; There is also an adrenaline-like effect. After oral administration of Herba Ephedrae preparation, the whole body is feverish, the heartbeat is accelerated, the peripheral blood vessels are contracted, and the blood pressure is increased. Increased secretion of sweat glands and salivary glands; Relieve bronchial and gastric spasm; Promote the tension or spasm of internal sphincter of bladder; Anti-allergic, can be used for urticaria, local action can make nasal mucosa blood vessels contract, so it can be used to treat rhinitis. Ephedra volatile oil has inhibitory effect on influenza virus (Asia A, AR8). Ephedra volatile oil emulsion has antipyretic, sedative and muscle paralysis effects, and has inhibitory effect on toad heart. Ephedrine can reduce blood pressure and increase the contraction of isolated uterus in guinea pigs and isolated intestine in rabbits. Pseudoephedrine has obvious diuretic effect. The aboveground part is pungent, slightly bitter and warm; Has sweating, antiasthmatic and diuretic effects; Indications: wind-cold, cold, fever, anhidrosis, cough, asthma and edema. Root: sweet, astringent and flat; It has antiperspirant effect; Indications: spontaneous sweating and night sweats.

It belongs to Equisetum, mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Sichuan and other provinces. Mainly produced in Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and other provinces, and can also be used as medicine.

I. Morphological characteristics

Plant height is 20-40 cm. Woody stems crawled in the soil, like a rhizome, with brown or red skin and fibrous roots. Branchlets are round, with shallow longitudinal grooves, opposite or whorled, straight or slightly curved, and obvious nodes. Leaf membrane sheath-shaped, born on nodes, connate at the lower part, 2-lobed at the upper part, and sharply triangular lobes. Flowers are unisexual, dioecious, and the male cones are yellow, usually several male inflorescences form spikes; The female cone has a solitary branch top with 4 pairs of bracts. When the female cone matures, the bracts expand, the flesh is red, berry-like, oblong or nearly round. Two seeds are ovoid (figure 16-33).

Fig.16-33 morphological diagram of Casuarina equisetifolia.

1. Female flower branch 2. Male flower 3. male flower

Second, biological characteristics.

Ephedra is wild in arid mountainous areas, mostly growing on overhanging cliffs, or on barren hills, dry slopes and sunny slopes. Cold and drought tolerant. The requirements for soil are not strict. Sandy loam, sandy soil and loam can grow, but low-lying land and clay with poor drainage are not suitable for planting.

The germination rate of seeds is about 80%. When the temperature is 17-23℃ and there is enough humidity, the seedlings emerge in about 10 days.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) land selection and preparation

Generally, soil can be used, but it must be a gently drained slope. Manure or compost is applied per mu: about 65,438+000 kg is used as base fertilizer, and after application, it is ploughed, harrowed, leveled and ditched.

(2) Breeding methods

Reproduce with seeds and ramets.

1. Seed propagation

Due to incomplete pollination, many seeds of ephedra cannot mature, so attention should be paid to harvesting mature and full seeds when collecting seeds. Sowing adopts strip sowing or hole sowing. Drill, row spacing is about 30cm, shallow ditch is opened, and seeds are evenly scattered in the ditch; Sow in holes, the hole spacing is about 30cm, each hole is sown with 20-30 seeds, covered with 0.3—0.6cm fine soil, watered after sowing, and the seedlings emerge for about 15 days. There is no need for thinning seedlings after emergence, but attention should be paid to loosening the soil and weeding frequently.

2. ramet propagation

Dig out the plants in autumn or early spring, then divide them into 5- 10 seedlings according to the size of the plant cluster, and then ditch at the row spacing of 30cm, and plant 1 seedling every 30cm. After planting, the soil covers the roots and buds, and the surrounding soil is compacted and watered.

(3) Site management

Proper watering should be done at seedling stage to promote its survival. After the seedling height is 6-7 cm, it is not advisable to water it too much, but attention should be paid to weeding frequently. Generally, before turning green every spring, manure or compost 1500-2000 kg per mu is applied. According to their growth status, harvesting and utilization, planned replanting, loosening soil and weeding in spring and autumn rainy season, and proper fertilization can make natural colonies grow vigorously, increase resource reserves and increase output per unit area.

(4) harvesting and processing

Before freezing in autumn from September to June165438+1October, cut off the aboveground parts (uprooted), remove the soil, separate the roots from the stems, cut them into sections, and sun them flat.

purple perilla

According to (Xu)

Perilla frutescens var。 Aguta Benser. Hands. -Maz. ] Also known as Hongsu, Hongsu and Xiangsu. It's panicum miliaceum of Labiatae. Widely cultivated in the whole country, there are wild areas south of the Yangtze River; Location: Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places. Use twigs, leaves or seeds as medicine. The content of volatile oil in stems and leaves is 0. 1-0.2%, and the main component is L- perillaldehyde, which has a special aroma, accounting for 40-55%. Followed by levolimonene (about 20%), pinene, elemene and perilla red pigment. And adenine and arginine. Pharmacological experiments show that perilla leaf can promote the secretion of digestive juice and gastrointestinal peristalsis, and can relieve bronchospasm. Oral administration of perilla seed oil or perilla aldehyde 12 hours in hungry rabbits can increase blood sugar. The decoction can inhibit a variety of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus. Perilla frutescens has a special flavor from perillaldehyde. The whole plant of perilla is named Su Quan, which is pungent and warm. It has the functions of dispelling cold, relieving exterior syndrome, regulating qi and broadening chest; Treat common cold, cough, headache, chest and abdominal distension. Its stalk is called Su Stalk, which has the same effect as the whole Su Stalk. It can be used for treating qi stagnation, abdominal distension, pregnancy vomiting, and fetal movement disorder. The name of the leaf is Su Ye, and its effect is the same as that of Su Quan. The fruit is called perilla, which has the function of moistening lung and resolving phlegm; Treat asthma, cough with excessive phlegm, chest tightness and hiccup.

I. Morphological characteristics

Plant height 1— 1.5m, quadrangular stems, erect fine hairs, purple or greenish purple, and many branches. Leaves opposite, with long stalks; The leaves are ovoid to broadly ovoid, 7-2 1 cm long and 4.5- 16 cm wide, with sharp or acuminate apex, serrated edges, purple on both sides, or blue on the top and purple on the bottom, and pilose on both sides. Cymes form a terminal or axillary raceme leaning to one side, each flower has bracts, which are ovoid and the apex is acuminate; Calyx campanulate, apex 5-lobed; Corolla 2-lipped purplish red or pink; 4 stamens, two strong; Ovary 4-lobed, stigma 2-lobed. Nutlets are nearly spherical and grayish brown (Figure 16-34).

Fig.16-34 morphological diagram of perilla frutescens.

1. Fruit branch 2. Flowers 3. Corolla incision 4. fruit

In addition to the above species, perilla frutescens [P. frutescens (L.) Britt, var.crispa(Thunb.) hand. -Mazz is also used as perilla. The main difference is that the leaves are wrinkled, all dark purple, with tassels or stripes on the edge, which looks like a rooster, so it is named Wei Zizisu, but the plant is short and the yield is not as good as Wei Zizisu.

And perilla. Kudo (Agkistrodon acutus) and perilla. The whole plant of Perilla frutescens is densely covered with white hair, with light green stems and leaves, white corolla and brown or gray nuts, which are larger than Perilla frutescens. Perilla leaves are small and oval, 4.5-7.5 cm long and 2.8-5 cm wide. The seeds of these two kinds are used as medicine in some provinces.

Second, biological characteristics.

Perilla frutescens has strong adaptability to climatic conditions, but it grows vigorously and has high yield in warm and humid environment. The soil should be loose, fertile and convenient for irrigation and drainage. It is not suitable for growing in sticky or dry barren sand. Wheat and vegetables were the best in the previous season. Perilla frutescens needs plenty of sunshine, which can be planted in the corner of the field or on the ridge of the field to make full use of the land and light. The optimum temperature for seed germination is about 25℃, and it can germinate in 3-4 days at suitable temperature and humidity. Perilla frutescens seeds can germinate at15-18℃. Perilla frutescens is a short-lived seed. After storage at room temperature for 1-2 years, the germination rate decreased sharply, and the seeds should be stored at low temperature after harvesting. Perilla frutescens needs high temperature to grow, so it grows slowly in the early stage. After June, the temperature is high, the light is strong, and the growth is vigorous. When the plant height is 15-20 cm, the first pair of leaf axils at the base germinate and the lateral branches begin to grow. After the end of July, flowers bloom one after another, and it takes about one month from flowering to seed maturity. The flowering period is July-August and the fruiting period is August-September.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) land selection and preparation

Choose sunny, convenient irrigation and drainage, loose and fertile loam for planting. Soil preparation in early April, 2000-3000 kg manure or compost per mu as base fertilizer, ploughing about 25 cm deep, trimming and raking.

(2) Breeding methods

Breeding with seeds, direct seeding, seedling raising and transplanting can all be done. Direct seeding can grow fast and harvest early, and it can also save transplanting labor. However, attention should be paid to the timely thinning of seedlings and the mastery of plant spacing, which will affect the yield. Perilla frutescens can be transplanted to rape or wheat stubble, or planted in immature corn rows. As long as management is strengthened, the rate of return is also high.

1. alive

The sowing period is in the middle and late April in the north and in the late March in the south. Drill sowing and hole sowing can be used. The row spacing of drilling is 50 cm, and the shallow ditch is 0.5- 1 cm. After sowing, the covering soil is thin and slightly compacted, which is beneficial to seedling emergence. With about 0.75kg of seeds per mu, dig holes at 30×50cm row spacing, and cover them with thin soil after sowing. After sowing in the south, apply thin human and animal manure in the hole, about 1500kg per mu. Or use about150g of seeds,150kg of plant ash and 30-40kg of human and animal manure per mu, and mix them into seeds and plant ash mixed fertilizer. When sowing, apply a handful of mixture to each hole without covering the soil. Keeping the soil moist, the seedling emergence speed is related to the temperature, and the seedling emergence is slow when the temperature is low at the initial stage of sowing, and fast when it is opposite. At a suitable temperature (about 25℃), seedlings can emerge in about 5 days.

2. Seedling raising and transplanting

In arid areas, there are no irrigation conditions or lack of seeds, or the previous crops have not been harvested. And the seedling transplanting method can be used. The seedbed should be selected in a sunny and warm place, and manure or compost should be fully applied to the bed soil, and an appropriate amount of calcium superphosphate or plant ash should be added. The seedling raising period is March in the south and April in the north. Soak in water before sowing, and turn over the soil to make a seedbed when cultivating. Seeds are evenly spread on the bed surface, which can be covered with 0.5cm fine soil to keep the bed surface moist. It usually takes 7-8 days to emerge. When the temperature is low in early spring, plastic film can be covered on the seedbed, and the film can be removed after the seedlings are covered with soil. By taking such measures, they can be transplanted in early May. When the seedling height is 15-20 cm, it can be transplanted in rainy or sunny afternoon. The day before digging seedlings, thoroughly water the seedbed to ensure that the roots are not damaged when digging seedlings. Seedlings should be planted by digging. On the whole ground, first ditch, the row spacing is 50cm, and the depth is about 15cm. Arrange the seedlings at a distance of 30cm on one side of the ditch, and then cover the soil and water them. 1-2 days later, loosen the soil to preserve moisture, and water it for 2-3 times in drought to survive. In the future, it is necessary to reduce watering and make the roots penetrate deep into the soil, which is conducive to absorbing deep fertilizer and water and promoting growth and development.

(3) Site management

1. Sparse and replenish seedlings

When the seedling height is about 15cm, the drill seeder fixes the seedlings at a spacing of 30cm, and the hole seeder keeps 2-3 seedlings per hole. If there are any missing plants, they should be replenished. Seedling transplanters, about a week after planting, should replant in time if they die.

2. intertillage weeding

Weeding must be done frequently before closing the ridge, especially direct seeding is easy to breed weeds, and weeds should be removed as soon as possible. After watering or raining, the soil is easy to harden, so loosen the soil in time, but not too deep to prevent root injury, or combine intertillage fertilization.

fertilize the soil or land

Perilla is rich in leaves. If the soil is poor or base fertilizer is not applied, chemical fertilizer can be applied once every other week after emergence, with the application rate of13-20kg per mu and100-13-20kg in the whole growth period, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be complete, and calculated by components, the whole growth period is n1. If human and animal manure is used for topdressing, it should be applied once a month from June to August, and the dosage is about 1.500 kg each time. The first fertilization should be light because the seedlings are tender, and the soil should be cultivated after the last topdressing.

4. Drainage and irrigation

Perilla frutescens needs more water at seedling stage and flowering stage, so it should be watered in time during drought and drained in rainy season to avoid the death of rotten roots.

(4) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Perilla leaf blight

(Perilla House in Septolia)

It started to happen after June. Brown or dark brown spots appeared on the leaves at the initial stage, which gradually expanded into a nearly round lesion, and the lesion dried up to form a perforation. Wet planting at high temperature, too dense light transmission and poor ventilation are easy to get this disease. Prevention and control methods: Don't plant too densely, pay attention to drainage in rainy season, and don't use diseased seeds. At the beginning of the disease, mancozeb 70% gel suspension dry powder was used for prevention and control, every other week 1 time, 2-3 times, or 1: 1: 200 times Bordeaux solution was used for prevention and control, and it was stopped 20 days before harvesting.

Step 2 rust

It happened after July (Sichuan). At the beginning, yellow spots appeared on the back of the leaves at the base of the plant. The higher the humidity, the faster it spreads. In severe cases, the diseased leaves wither and fall off. Prevention and control methods: pay attention to drainage and the planting density is appropriate; At the beginning of the disease, 25% triadimefon 1000 times liquid spray can be used for prevention and treatment.

3. Cuscuta europaea

(Cuscuta australis)

Also known as southern dodder and golden vine, it is a higher parasitic seed plant. Parasitic time on the stem of perilla frutescens is from June to September, and the most serious damage is from July to August. Prevention and control methods: No parasitic plants can be unearthed by paddy-upland rotation or deep ploughing. Spray 1 00 kg of water and 0. 1 kg of soap with 0.25-0.4 kg of industrial products or 0.75- 1 kg of local biological agent "Lubao1No.".

4. Little Black Tiger

(Little Tiger)

April-May damage, biting off seedlings from the ground. See ginseng for prevention and control methods.

5. Spodoptera argentea

(Plusia sp .)

From July to September, the larvae bite the leaves of Perilla frutescens, and it can be controlled by spraying 90% crystal trichlorfon with 100 times solution.

6. Perilla borer

(Pilous Tower Phoenicia Aris Hebner)

Larvae bite leaves and branches, often causing branches to break. Beijing was damaged from July to September. Three generations a year, with mature larvae diapause and overwinter in residual leaves or soil cracks. Prevention and control methods: clear the garden and treat the residual plants; Plough the land after harvest to reduce the source of overwintering insects.

Others are Zhang et al.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

The harvest time of perilla varies with the use and climate. It is generally believed that the content of volatile oil is high when the branches and leaves are luxuriant, that is, the oil content is the highest when the ear is just pulled out 1.5-3 cm. Therefore, the whole perilla herb used to extract perilla oil in Shanghai is harvested when the inflorescence appears in August-early September. The leaves and stems of medicinal perilla are mostly harvested when the branches and leaves are lush. July-August in the south and August-September in the north. Generally, the whole plant of perilla leaves, perilla stems and perilla seeds will be cut off and transported back for processing in sunny days from September to 65438+10.

(2) Processing

After perilla is recovered, spread it on the ground or hang it in a ventilated place to dry in the shade. After drying, it is tied with leaves and called Su Quan. If you pick the leaves and pick out the broken branches and sundries, it is Su Ye; Shaking off the seeds to obtain perilla; The remaining stems and branches become Sue's stems. In some areas, when fresh leaves or twigs with leaves are harvested before the flowering of Perilla frutescens, the whole plant is cut off and the thick stems at the lower part are used as medicine, which is called Nensujing; After the perilla seeds are harvested, the leafless thick stems at the lower part of the plant are used as medicine, which is called the old perilla stems. After harvesting the whole grass, remove the leafless stems, spread the branches and leaves for one day and put them into the pot for distillation. Generally, 0.2-0.25 kg of perilla oil can be obtained by drying 225 kg of branches and leaves in the sun for one day.

Five, seeds.

Perilla frutescens should be planted thinly with a row spacing of 0.5m, and water and fertilizer management should be strengthened to make it grow healthily. When the calyx in the lower 2/3 part of the ear has turned brown, it can be harvested. Because of the short life of seeds, they should be stored in a dry and low temperature place.