niú xī
2 English Referenceachyranthes [朗道汉英字典]]///p>
radix achyranthis bidentatae [朗道汉英字典]///p>
bidentate achyranthes [Xiangya Medical Professional Dictionary]
achyranthis radix [Xiangya Medical Professional Dictionary]
Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae(la) [Nomenclature Review Committee of Chinese Medicine. Chinese Medicine Nomenclature (2004)]
otoothed achyranthes root [Chinese Medicine Nomenclature Validation Committee. Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine (2004)]
3 OverviewOx Knee is the name of a Chinese medicine from Shennong's Classic of the Materia Medica [1]. It is the dried root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. of Amaranthaceae[2].
The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China*** and the State Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition) recorded the pharmacopoeial standard of this Chinese medicine.
4 Latin nameRadix Achyranthis Bidentatae (拉) ("Nomenclature of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)")
5 English nameotoothed achyranthes root ("Nomenclature of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)")
6 Alias of Achyranthis Bidentatae (牛膝)怀牛藤 [1]
7 Source and originRoot of Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Amaranthaceae[1]. Mainly produced in Henan [1].
8 Sexual flavor and attributionBitter, sour, flat [1]. It enters the liver and kidney meridians[1].
9 Functions and IndicationsNiu Knee is used in raw form to activate blood circulation, remove blood stasis, and eliminate swelling, treating menstrual amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, obstruction in the abdomen, post-partum abdominal pain with stasis, gonorrhea, blood in urine, hypertension, laryngeal paralysis, carbuncle and swelling [1]. It is used to tonify the liver and kidney, strengthen the muscles and bones, treat cold and damp impotence, lumbar and spinal pain, and weakness of the feet and knees [1].
The cow's knee is commonly used in ophthalmology to promote blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis, with the effect of promoting blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis, attracting blood downward, tonifying the liver and brightening the eyes:
(1) used in the fundus of the eye for stagnant veins and channels, the blood flow is not smooth, bleeding in the eye for a long time, difficult to dissipate, often with peach kernels, safflower, hedgehog, such as the Blood Palace and chase blood stasis soup.
(2) used for liver yang over-exuberance, yin deficiency and fire, blood heat caused by overflow of blood in the white eyes, blood irrigation of the pupil, hemorrhage in the fundus. This product can lead blood downward, often combined with Bai Mao Gen, Pu Huang, lotus root and so on.
(3) It is used for the lack of vision caused by insufficiency of the liver and kidneys, and can be near and timid to the distance, and can be far and timid to the near. It is often used in combination with Cuscuta chinensis, Broussonetia kasinoki and Lycium barbarum.
10 Usage and dosageDecoction: 9~15g[1].
11 Notes on UseNot to be taken by pregnant women[1].
Contraindicated in pregnant women and those with excessive menstruation.
12 UsesStem and leaves of Cow's Knee: decoction for treating cold and damp impotence, lumbar and knee pain, prolonged malaria, gonorrhea[1].
13 Chemical compositionThis product contains triterpenoid saponins (one of the glycosides is oleanolic acid), a large amount of potassium salts, ecdysterone, hyssop steroidone (Inokosterol), but also contains β-sitosterol, soy sterol, β-syringosterol, amino acids, succinic acid, etc. [1].
14 Pharmacological effectsThe total saponin or benzene extract of this product has obvious antifertility effects. Alcoholic extract has inhibitory effect on experimental arthritis in rats[1]. It has some relieving effect on experimental pain (torsion reaction) in mice[1]. The fluid infusion has an excitatory effect on the uterus of many animals, and a few are inhibitory (depending on the animal species) [1]. The flowing ointment has a transient hypotensive and mild diuretic effect on dogs and rabbits, and can inhibit the contraction of the heart and intestinal tubes [1].
15 Pharmacopoeial Standard of Achyranthes bidentata 15.1 NameAchyranthes bidentata
Niuxi
ACHYRANTHIS BIDENTATAE RADIX
15.2 SourceThis is the dried root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. of the Amaranthaceae family. It is collected in winter when the stems and leaves are withered, remove the fibrous roots and sediment, bundle into small handfuls, sunbathe until it is wrinkled, cut the top and dry in the sun.
15.3 PropertiesThe product is slender cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 15-70cm long, 0.4-1cm in diameter, gray-yellow or light brown surface, with slightly twisted fine longitudinal wrinkles, sparsely arranged lateral root scars and transverse long lenticel-like protrusions. The texture is hard and brittle, easy to break, softened by moisture, the section is flat, light brown, slightly horny-like Li oil, the center of the vascular bundles of the xylem is larger, yellowish-white, and its periphery is scattered with most of the yellowish-white dotted vascular bundles, which are arranged intermittently into 2 to 4 rounds. Gas slightly, taste slightly sweet and slightly bitter astringent.
15.4 Identification(1) Cross-section of the product: the cork layer is several rows of flat cells, tangential extension. The inner layer of the cork is narrower. Heteromorphic vascular bundles outer tough type,[3] intermittently arranged into 2 to 4 rounds, the outermost round of the vascular bundles smaller, some only 1 to several conduits, bundles between the formation of a few layers connected to form a ring, inward vascular bundles are larger; xylem is mainly composed of conduits and small wood fibers, the root center of the xylem integration of 2 to 3 groups. Thin-walled maenads contain calcium oxalate sand crystals.
(2) take the powder 4g, add 80% methanol 50ml, heating reflux 3 hours, filtration, filtrate evaporation, residue add water 15ml, slightly heat to make dissolved, add in Dl01-type large pore adsorption resin column (inner diameter of 1.5cm, column height of 15cm) on the elution of 100ml of water, discarding the water, and then 20% ethanol 100ml, discarding the eluent. Then elute with 80% ethanol 100ml, collect the eluent, evaporate to dryness, add 80% methanol 1ml to dissolve the residue, as the test solution. Another 4g of hyssop control herb, the same method
into the control herb solution. And then take ecdysterone control, ginsenoside Ro control, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography (2010 version of the Pharmacopoeia, Appendix VI B) test, absorb the test solution 4 ~ 8μl, the control solution and the control solution of 4μl, respectively, were spotted on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, trichloromethane methanol, water and formic acid (7: 3: 0.5: 0.05) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, sprayed with 5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, and heated at 105 ℃ until the spot color is clear. The spots showed clear color. In the chromatogram of the test article, in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control herb and the chromatogram of the control article, the spots of the same color.
15.5 Inspection 15.5.1 MoistureNot more than 15.0% (2010 version of the Pharmacopoeia I Appendix IXH first method).
15.5.2 Total ashnot more than 9.0% (2010 version of the Pharmacopoeia, Appendix IXK).
15.5.3 Sulfur dioxide residueAccording to the determination of sulfur dioxide residue method (2010 version of the Pharmacopoeia, Appendix IX U), shall not be more than 400mg/kg.[4]
15.6 LeachateAccording to the determination of alcohol-soluble leachate (2010 version of the Pharmacopoeia, Appendix X A) under the item of the hot leachate method, with water-saturated butanol as the solvent, shall not be less than 6.5%,
The total ash content shall not exceed 9.0%. 6.5%,
15.7 Determination of contentDetermined by high performance liquid chromatography (2010 version of the Pharmacopoeia I Appendix VI D).
15.7.1 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability testOctadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as filler; acetonitrile, water and formic acid (16:84:0.1) as mobile phase; the detection wavelength is 250 nm; the theoretical number of plates calculated according to the peak of β-ecdyssterone should be not less than 4000.
15.7.2 Preparation of the control solutionTake the appropriate amount of β-ecdyssterone control, weigh it precisely, add methanol.
Take the appropriate amount of β-ecdysterone control product, weigh it precisely, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml, it is obtained.
15.7.3 Preparation of the test solutionTake the powder (sieve No. 3) about lg, precision weighing, placed in a stoppered conical flask, add water saturated n-butanol 30 ml, tightly stoppered, immersed overnight, ultrasonication (power of 300W, frequency of 40kHz) for 30 minutes, filtration, with methanol 10 ml of several times to wash the container and the residue, combined with filtrate and washed, evaporation, and residue plus methanol to dissolve, transferred to the methanol, and then transferred to a new container. Methanol to dissolve, transfer to a 5ml measuring flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, that is obtained.
15.7.4 DeterminationPrecisely absorb the control solution and test solution 10μ1 each, injected into the liquid chromatograph, measurement, it is obtained.
This product is calculated according to the dry product, containing β ecdysterone (C27H4407) shall not be less than 0.030%.
15.8 Ox Knee Drinking Tablets 15.8.1 Concoction 15.8.1.1 Ox KneeRemove impurities, wash, moisten, remove residual reeds, cut and dry.
The product is in the form of cylindrical segments. The outer skin is gray-yellow or light brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles and long transverse lenticels. The texture is hard and brittle, easy to break, softened by moisture. The cut surface is flat, light brown or brown, slightly horny and oily, the center of the vascular bundles of wood is larger, yellow-white, and its periphery scattered most of the yellow-white dotted vascular bundles, intermittently arranged into 2 to 4 rounds. Gas faint, taste slightly sweet and slightly bitter astringent.
15.8.1.1.1 LeachateSame as the herb, not less than 5.0%.
15.8.1.1.2 Identification, examination, content determinationSame as the herb.
15.8.1.2 Hyssop in wineTake clean hyssop segments, and stir-fry them according to the method of wine-roasting (2010 version of Pharmacopoeia I, Appendix II D).
This product is in the shape of hyssop, with slightly darker color and occasional scorched spots on the surface. Slightly wine aroma.
15.8.1.2.1 LeachateSame as herbs, not less than 4.0%.
15.8.1.2.2 Identification, examination, content determinationSame as the herb.
15.8.2 Flavor and attributionBitter, sweet, sour, flat. Attributed to the liver and kidney meridians.
15.8.3 Functions and IndicationsExpelling blood stasis and clearing up menstruation, tonifying the liver and kidney, strengthening muscles and bones, inducing diuresis and diuresis, and inducing blood to flow downward. It is used for menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, lumbar and knee pain, weakness of muscles and bones, gonorrhea, edema, headache, dizziness, toothache, day sores, vomiting blood, epistaxis.
15.8.4 Method of Use and Dosage5～12g.
15.8.5 CautionUse with caution in pregnancy.
15.8.6 StorageKeep in a cool and dry place, moisture-proof.
15.9 Provenance