Three-needle bunch of loblolly pine distributed in the Qinling Mountains, Guanshan forest area of the white pine, Sichuan and Yunnan region of Yunnan pine, Simao pine, Central China and South China introduced wetland pines, torch pines and so on. Four-needle a bunch of pine species are few, only the United States California has distribution. In addition, ovipositor pine, Ravenson pine is four-needle or five-needle bundle. Five-needle bunch of pine tree species, widely distributed, there are red pines in the northeast, northwest and southwest provinces of Huashan pine, and Joe pine, Guangdong pine, Anhui five-needle pine, five-needle pine in the Dabie Mountains, laying pine, Taiwan fruit pine, etc..
Pine tree not only ancient longevity, but also some peculiar form, Anhui Jiuhua Mountain, there is an ancient pine, in the main trunk at 3 meters, out of three branches, in the branch was curved upward, the side of the branch of the side of the slightly curved and gently down, the other side of the branch diagonally and slightly up, the whole pine like a phoenix wings, people called "Phoenix Pine". Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, there is a strange pine on the Yuntai Mountain, the trunk length of about 15 meters, the trunk thickness of more than 1 meter, the main trunk is more than 8 meters is lying on the ground growth, such as the shape of the crouching dragon, a few degrees of distortion and then rise, become a spectacle. Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province is famous for having strange pines, such as Yuping Peak Wenshu Yuan near the Welcome Pine, the Tang Dynasty that has been documented, there are more than 1,500 years old, the middle of the trunk stretched out 7.6 meters long two large side branches, such as the arm of the show to welcome the guests. Many pines are born in the stone cracks, the tree body and branches in strange shapes. Needles and leaves are extremely short, these are the Yellow Mountain Pine. Often the shape of its shape and name; such as upside down pine, flying dragon pine, dragon claw pine, pine, bushy pine
Open later, the first born for the primary leaves, solitary, spiral arrangement, linear lanceolate, leaf edge with teeth. Primary leaves exercise the function of leaves for 1 to 3 years before the emergence of needles, usually 2, 3, 5 in bundles, bearing the tip of short branches. Each bundle of needles has a leaf sheath at the base, which is shed or persistent at an early stage. The position of the resin tracts in the leaf tissue is relatively constant in adult plants and can be divided into three types: exogenous, mesophytic, and endophytic.
The most obvious characteristic of pine trees is that the leaves are needle-like, often 2-, 3-, or 5-needle bundles. Such as oil pine, horse tail pine, yellow mountain pine leaves 2 needles in a bundle, white pine leaves 3 needles in a bundle, red pine, Huashan pine, five-needle pine leaves 5 needles in a bundle. Pine for monoecious plants, and the sporophyte into a spherical arrangement, the formation of female and male flowers. The female flowers are single or 2 or 4 at the top of the new branches, and the male flowers are mostly gathered in the lower part of the new branches. The ball flower of the pine tree is usually open in the spring and summer, but pollen to the female ball flower, until early summer of the next year to sprout, so that the female flower fertilization, the development of the ball fruit (commonly known as the pine tower or pine ball, not the fruit). The cones ripen in the fall with open seed scales, each with two seeds.
Most species in the pine genus are tall trees, and the material is good, there is no shortage of building blocks. Northeast China's "king of wood" - red pine, the western North America widely distributed species (up to 75 meters high) - Western Yellow Pine, native to the United States, the fastest-growing coastal California pine tree -radiation pine, native to the southeastern United States, wetland pine, the Caribbean region of the Americas native to the Caribbean pine, widely distributed in western and northern Eurasia, European red pine and so on, are well-known timber species.
The pine tree can grow on a variety of different soils. Because of the low ash content of the needles, can tolerate poor soil, but planted in loose fertile soil on the high productivity. Most pines in moist areas are suitable for acidic soils. And some pines, such as white pine and greasewood, can adapt to more calcium and high pH soil. Pine root systems have mycorrhizal fungi***growth. The mycelium of the predominantly ectomycorrhizal mycorrhiza forms a sheath that surrounds short lateral roots, favoring water and nutrient uptake by the root system. Thus, inducing mycorrhizal development is critical to the success or failure of some pine afforestation.
Most pines can't grow on salty soils and therefore can't grow near the beach. But some pines, such as Pinus nigra, which was introduced to China from Japan, have a strong resistance to salt.
Most pines, especially two-needle pines, are light-loving trees, and are weak in shade tolerance. Its appearance is characterized by a sparse crown and high natural rectification; physiologically, it is characterized by a low compensation point; and in terms of foresting characteristics, it is mostly a pioneer species. When the original forest is destroyed or after fire, they can easily develop and occupy the bare space. For example, after the destruction of broad-leaved evergreen forests in southern China, they can easily be replaced by pi?on pines or Yunnan pines. But these pine forests are not stable, when they form a suitable forest environment, and then for some of the more shade-tolerant basic forest species appear mainly broad-leaved trees such as poplar and birch, and only after the emergence of the red pine, and because of the red pine has the characteristics of shade-tolerance and longevity, and finally restored its dominant position.
In addition to the red pine and mountain poplar, birch and each other, there is the Mongolian oak (Quercus serrata) and red pine each other.
Pine trees are well adapted to the terrestrial environment. They can withstand low temperatures of -60℃ or high temperatures of 50℃, can grow in bare mineral soil, sandy soil, volcanic ash, calcareous soil, limestone soil and all kinds of soils from ashed soil to red loam, tolerate drought, barren, and like sunshine, so they are famous pioneer tree species.
China is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of species of gymnosperms, only from the point of view of the pine family, can fully demonstrate that the Chinese land is a veritable "gymnosperm homeland". In China's vast mountains and forests in the wilderness, not only the growth of lush pine, larch, spruce, fir forests, but also in some of the deep forests also hides a number of extremely valuable and rare species of pine.
In the first batch of rare and endangered plants announced by the state, there are 39 species of pine plants, accounting for 1/10 of the total number (389 species), of which the silver fir is classified as a first-grade plant, 17 species of fir and money pine are classified as second-grade plants, and 21 species of yellow oil fir and Zhangzi pine are classified as third-grade plants.
In addition to its economic uses, the pine tree also has important ornamental value due to its majestic and vigorous posture, and its tall and long-lived body. It is an important landscape component of many scenic areas in China. Such as Liaoning Qianshan, Shandong Taishan, Jiangxi Lushan are famous for the pine tree scenery. Especially in Anhui, Huangshan, pine, cloud, stone known as the "three greats", and the pine for the first. Many ancient pines and China's long history and culture are closely linked. Such as Beijing Beihai Tuan Cheng has a 800-year-old pine, legend has been Qing Qianlong sealed as "shade marquis"; Taishan "five great pines," the legend is that the Qin Shi Huangshan in this rain and was sealed with the official title. Chinese people take the pine tree as a symbol of firmness, chastity, longevity. Pine, bamboo, plum world known as the "three friends", a metaphor for adversity, to overcome the difficult spirit of resilience.
According to the structural characteristics and timber properties, the pine tree is generally divided into softwood pine and hardwood pine. Softwood pine (i.e., single vascular bundle subgenus) is relatively light and soft, texture uniformity, strength, processing is easy, early to late wood gradual change, less wing crack. Hardwood pine (i.e., double vascular bundle subgenus) is more heavy hard, uneven texture, greater strength, processing is more difficult, early to late wood to change sharply, high turpentine content. But belongs to the softwood pine in Hainan five-needle pine and South China five-needle pine in the strength and weight close to the hardwood pine. Pine wood can be used for construction, poles, sleepers, mine columns, bridges, agricultural tools, appliances, furniture and other uses. Various pine wood cellulose content of about 50 to 60%, lignin 25 to 30%, for the pulp and paper industry is one of the important raw materials. Pine can also be used as fuelwood.
From the pine tree trunk cut turpentine can be extracted rosin and turpentine. Pine tree seeds are rich in protein and oil, oil content are more than 30%, of which there are 20 kinds of food value, such as produced in China have red pine, pine, Huashan pine. Red pine seeds can also be used as medicine, medicine name "sea pine", is a kind of nourishing strong agent. Pine bark, seed coat rich in tannins, can be soaked in water to extract extracts. Bark after crushing, mixed with other raw materials, pressure can be made of hard fiberboard. In addition can also be extracted from the pine tree needles and leaves in the pine needle volatile oil. Needles and leaves are rich in carotene, vitamins, fat, protein and calcium, phosphorus and other mineral elements, can be processed into feed additives, used to feed poultry, livestock. The use of pine boughs and roots in the kiln for incomplete combustion, can be made of pine smoke (see wood dry distillation), for the manufacture of ink, ink and black paint. Pine boughs and roots are also raw materials for cultivating the valuable herb Poria.
In summary, pine needles, with their little-known amazing effects and rich resources covering the whole country, will surely become a landmark product of the health care industry revolution.
Pine needles, the leaves of the Mawei pine, have great medicinal value, first discovered by Sun Simiao, mainly for removing free radicals from the body, preventing motion sickness, and prolonging life by simmering in water and soaking in wine.
The pine tree is a treasure, the trunk is a very wide range of timber, but also high-quality paper raw materials, pine tree resin can be made of rosin, turpentine, pine needles in the past in the logging process is basically allowed to rot or burn, not only a waste of forest resources, but also prone to cause forest fires, resulting in acidification of the soil, and incurring pests and diseases. Although there is turpentine in the bark of pine trees, but the collection of turpentine will pay a heavy price and little gain, a pine tree can only be harvested once a year turpentine, turpentine collected after the bark ring cut can only be sold for 2 yuan yuan, ten years **** sales of 20 yuan yuan, the cut bark of the pine tree can not be a timber, 8-10 years will be due to the lack of nutrient pathways and die, so destructive harvesting can only result in the depletion of resources and waste. While the collection of pine needles is non-destructive collection (only 1/3-1/4 once a season, or in pieces), which does not have any impact on the growth of pine trees and can be turned into treasure.
Pine leaves not only have medicinal value for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, but also health care efficacy, pine needles are rich in amino acids, a variety of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, more than 40 kinds of macronutrients and a variety of micronutrients and crude fibers, and can be developed in a variety of immune-enhancing, hair, fat, tranquility. It can be used to develop a variety of immune-enhancing, hair growth, lipid-lowering, tranquilizing, and aging-delaying health foods, beverages and wines, as well as skin care products, shampoos, bath products, sleeping pillows and other daily necessities. Cooking process is pollution-free, no chemical additives residue is also a treasure, can be used as feed additives, organic fertilizers, can also be cultivated mushroom, activate a series of industry chain, revitalize the pharmaceutical, health care, breeding, chemical beverage industry, play a science and technology to drive the development of industry.