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I found two beads on the old abacus and five beads on the bottom. Why do some abacus have four beads below and one bead above?
There are generally two kinds of old-fashioned abacus, one is upper two and lower five, and the other is upper four.

In the abacus of upper two and lower five, the upper bead represents 5 and the lower five beads represent 10, so the lower five beads add up to 50 and the upper bead represents 5, which adds up to 55, so this abacus is used to calculate numbers within 55.

The upper and lower four abacus, the upper bead represents 10 and the lower four beads represent 100, so the lower four beads add up to 400, and the upper bead represents 10, which adds up to 4 10, so this abacus is used to calculate numbers within 4 10.

Therefore, the number of beads under different abacus is different to adapt to different numerical ranges.

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