An annual herb of the genus Soybean, family Leguminosae. Important oil, edible and feed crops. Ancient Chinese name beans. Often called soybeans, black beans, black skin green beans, green kernel wudou. Small grain type in southern China called mud beans, horse material beans, in the northeast called fodder beans and so on.
Origin and Evolution Soybean originated in China, and most Chinese scholars believe that the origin is around the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Cultivated soybean is now grown from the wild soybean through long-term directional selection, improvement and domestication.
Distribution The world's major producers and exporters are the United States, Brazil and Argentina, Paraguay, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, the former Soviet Union and Romania and other countries produce small amounts. The main importers are Japan and the European economy **** the same countries. China's main production areas are in the north-central Songliao Plain, the Sanjiang Plain, the Huanghuai Plain, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Heilongjiang province's production ranks first in the country.
Classification Cultivated soybeans are mainly classified according to their fertility period. China categorizes representative varieties within the 22° to 50° north latitude area into 12 classes according to their fertility length, with 10 days as the first class, from the earliest ripe to the latest ripe. China also divided into more than 6,000 kinds of soybeans: ① northern spring soybean area, ② Huanghuaihai Basin summer soybean area, ③ Yangtze River Basin summer soybean area, ④ autumn soybean area, etc.. Each type of skin color, according to the actual number of days of local growth and seed grain size, medium, small, etc. are divided into different groups. Each group is further divided into different types according to ~3 traits such as limited, sub-limited or unlimited podding habit, gray or brown hairs, purple or white flowers.
Morphology and Characteristics The roots of soybean are divided into main and lateral roots, which can enter the soil to a depth of 1.5 meters, showing a bell-shaped root system. In the surface to 20 cm or so of the soil root rhizoma, rhizobacteria can be soybean nitrogen requirements of 1/3 to 1/2. main stem 60 to 100 cm high, 15 to 24 sections, pods are born in the section, the section of soybean is often high yield. The unlimited podding habit is adapted to planting under poor fertilization conditions. The limited podding habit is suitable for planting in areas with good fertilization. The subfinite podding habit falls somewhere in between (see figure). Soybean leaves are ternately compound. Flowers are butterfly-shaped. Pods are yellow, black, or brown, curved sickle-shaped or straight gourd-shaped. Soybean is a short-day crop, and the sensitivity to short days varies greatly between varieties. Need sufficient sunlight, require more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrients. Soybean seed water absorption reached 5% to germinate, sowing soil moisture must be sufficient, field water holding capacity can not be less than 60%.
Soybean like well-drained, rich in organic matter, pH 6.2 ~ 6.8 soil. It is advisable to sow early at the right time, strip sowing is the main. Fertilizer needs more, nitrogen requirements than the same yield level of cereals 4 to 5 times more. The podding period attention to timely irrigation and flooding.
Soybean is a self-pollinating crop, some areas still use pure line breeding method. The backcrossing method is good for improving the disease resistance of varieties. Chinese soybean breeding to hybridization between varieties as the main method. The genealogy method is used to select and breed the offspring.
Diseases and pests Soybean diseases: ① fungal diseases. There are dark leaf blight, gray spot disease, downy mildew and rust, etc., of which downy mildew everywhere; for the roots and stems of the epidemic rot, botrytis and anthracnose. Epidemic rot to disease-resistant breeding, the other by crop rotation method of control. For the damage to the seeds of the purple spot disease and black spot disease, pharmaceutical seed mixing control. ② bacterial diseases are spotted disease and spotted disease, some can be used to prevent and control disease-resistant breeding. ③ Virus diseases. There are many types, China's Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River and Huaihe Plain to the foliage virus is widely popular, the damage is heavy. The use of virus-free seeds, eliminate vector insects and disease-resistant breeding control. Soybean cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes. Use reasonable crop rotation and disease-resistant breeding control. The main insect pests are heartworm, grass borer, pod borer, bean stalk fly, bean stalk black fly, red spider and aphids, etc., with pharmaceutical control. Cuscuta in the Huanghuai Plain is very strong, the use of seed cleaning, biological control and crop rotation control.
Soybean is an annual legume whose seeds are also known as soybeans. It is the most important legume in the world. The origin of the soybean is still unclear, and many botanists believe it evolved from the Ussuri soybean, which is native to China. Soybeans have been cultivated and used as food and medicine in China for 5,000 years, were introduced to the United States in 1804, and became an important crop in the southern and midwestern United States in the mid-20th century. Soybeans are the most nutritious and easily digestible food in the legume family and are the richest and cheapest source of protein. It is a staple food for people and animals in many parts of the world today. The seeds of soybeans contain 17% oil and 63% crude flour, 50% of which is protein. Because soybeans contain no starch, they are suitable for diabetics. In East Asia, soybeans are widely used to make soymilk and tofu; they are also baked and used as a snack. Soybean sprouts are used in salads and as a vegetable. Soybeans and wheat grains crushed, add mold, add brine fermentation, after 6 months to more than a year, made of brown liquid called soy sauce, commonly used in Eastern cooking. Soybean plants are erect and branched, ranging in height from a few centimeters to more than 2 meters. Self-pollinating, the flowers are white or purplish. The seeds are yellow, green, brown, black or bicolored. Each pod contains one to four seeds. Soybeans can be cultivated in all types of soil, but thrive in warm, fertile, well-drained sandy loam. Seeds are sown after a late frost and mature in September or October. Soybeans are generally harvested when the water content of the seeds drops to less than 13% after leaf fall for storage.In the early 1980s, the United States became the world's leading producer of soybeans, followed by Brazil and China. Modern process technology has made the use of soybeans more diverse. Soybean oil can be processed into margarine and margarine cheese, and it can be made into a component of paints, adhesives, fertilizers, sizing agents, linoleum, pesticides, and fire extinguishers. Soy flour, on the other hand, is a high-protein food that replaces meat and can be made into a variety of foods, including baby food. Because of its diverse uses, high nutritional value, widespread cultivation, and ease of export, soybeans have played an important role in alleviating world hunger.
Soybean diseases (soybean diseases)
More than 30 kinds of diseases have been found, including the most fungal diseases, viruses are mainly soybean mosaic virus, nematodes are mainly cysticercus nematodes and root-knot nematodes.
Soybean rust, anthracnose, bacterial mottle disease, etc., occurring more heavily in the south. Northern spring soybean area downy mildew, gray spot disease, bacterial spotting disease, cyst nematodes occur commonly. Soybean virus disease occurs in all soybean cultivation areas.
Harming soybean pods are mainly: purple spot disease Cercospora kikuchii, whorl disease Ascochyta glycines, Fusarium avenacearum (Fusarium roseum, Fusarium semitectum), pod wilt disease Macrophoma mame, anthracnose Colletotrichum glycines, black pox Sphaceloma glycines.
The main foliar diseases are: downy mildew Peronospora manshurica, gray spot Cercospora sojina, brown spot Septoria glycines, black spot Alternaria brassicae var. phaseoli Alternaria fasciculata Alernaria tenuissima, rust Phakopsora pachyrhizi, powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni, bacterial mottle disease Pseudomonas glycinea, bacterial mottle disease Xanthomonas phaseoli var. sojense, soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and so on.
The stalk diseases are: mycosphaerella sclerotinia sclerotiorum, black spot disease Phomopsis sojac (Diaporthe phaseolorum), and stripe blight Pellicularia sasakii.
The root diseases are: standing blight Rhizoctonia solani, Sudden collapse disease Pythium debaryanum, Wilt Fusarium bulbigenum (F.oxysporum).
There is also the sporocarp nematode Heterodera glycines mainly occurs in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other provinces (autonomous regions). Root disease Phytophthora magasperma var. sojae is the main disease in the United States, China has not been found. It is a quarantine object.
The prevention and control of soybean diseases is based on integrated control measures of disease-resistant varieties. Pharmaceutical control: in more than 30 kinds of soybean disease, by the seed with bacteria for the initial source of infection accounted for about 60%, pharmaceutical seed mixing can reduce the source of infestation, but also on the seedling disease also has the effect of prevention and control. Such as fumexuan 0.3% seed mixing, can control soybean downy mildew and gray spot disease. Leaf diseases such as downy mildew, gray spot disease, root diseases such as cyst nematodes, etc., can be effectively prevented and treated with pharmaceuticals; agricultural measures to prevent and control, take a reasonable crop rotation, such as the prevention and control of soybean cyst nematodes, the implementation of soybean and cereal crops or non-parasitic crops 3-5 years of crop rotation, to reduce the source of insects. Before planting, through the selection of seeds, the establishment of disease-free seed field, the prevention and control of downy mildew, purple spot disease, gray spot disease, soybean mosaic virus effect is better. Plowing and weeding, removing water from the field can reduce the occurrence of soybean dissatisfaction and root diseases. Increase the application of organic fertilizer, timely irrigation, can reduce the damage of cyst nematodes. Clear the field weeds, can also reduce soybean mosaic virus and other diseases.