The second generation cephalosporins, such as cefuroxime, cefuroxime, cefoxitin and cefmethoxythiophene.
The fourth generation cephalosporins, such as cefazolin.
Other β -lactam antibiotics, such as imithion. The main adverse reactions of quinolones are: 1, gastrointestinal reactions: mainly nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, etc. 2. Central nervous system reactions: mainly headache, insomnia, convulsions, etc. It is reported that the tongue and limbs are numb after using fleroxacin injection due to sore throat and fever, followed by severe convulsions of upper limbs and other mental symptoms. It is also reported that ofloxacin causes senile tremor. 3. Cardiotoxicity: mainly manifested as arrhythmia and ventricular tachycardia. It should be noted that when patients are treated with drugs that aggravate arrhythmia at the same time, the combination of sparfloxacin and sparfloxacin should be taboo to prevent serious cardiotoxicity. There are reports of torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation caused by sparfloxacin, and there are also reports of sudden cardiac death related to taking sparfloxacin. 4. Cartilage toxicity: Quinolones have effects on children's cartilage, which can make damaged chondrocytes have weak regeneration ability and cause joint deformity. But it has inhibitory effect on adult chondrocytes. 5. Phototoxic reaction: The clinical manifestation is that the patient's skin exposed to sunlight appears from moderate erythema to severe herpes, which usually occurs in spring. 6. Allergic reaction: Quinolones can be used directly without skin test, and the incidence of allergic reaction is low. However, allergic constitution should be used with caution, such as oral norfloxacin may cause laryngeal edema. 7, liver and kidney toxicity: can make biochemical indicators abnormal, sclera and skin yellow. Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin and ofloxacin should be used with caution in patients with hepatic and renal insufficiency. 8. Urinary toxicity: Crystalline urine, increased urea nitrogen, hematuria, low renal function, etc. are easy to form in alkaline urine, and even acute renal failure may occur. Others rarely have retrobulbar optic neuritis, hemolytic anemia, increased intracranial pressure, etc.