1, do a good job in health promotion.
For those who are about to enter and live in the plateau, medical staff have the responsibility to educate them on plateau health, explain the characteristics of plateau environment and the adaptation process of human body, and relieve their worries about the plateau; Tension and fear will help us overcome altitude sickness and altitude sickness. Medical staff should also teach medical staff the knowledge of self-protection, master the self-defined methods of acute altitude sickness, and learn the knowledge of primary rescue.
Step 2 have a physical examination
A healthy body has a strong adaptability to the plateau, while people with certain diseases are prone to altitude sickness. Therefore, people who enter the plateau should have a physical examination first, so as to find out their adaptability after entering the plateau area as early as possible. Patients with various organic heart diseases, obvious hypertension, bronchiectasis, asthma, emphysema, severe tuberculosis, epilepsy, anemia, severe ulcer, liver, kidney, spleen, endocrine diseases, diabetes and obesity.
3. Follow the steps to adapt.
The purpose of stepwise adaptation is that the body has enough time to gradually adapt to the altitude hypoxia environment, fully mobilize a series of physiological adjustment mechanisms in the body, and achieve a new unity with the external environment, thus reducing the occurrence of altitude sickness. Generally speaking; In the process of entering the plateau, it is best to adapt to the altitude of 1500-2000m for about 2 weeks, and then adapt to the altitude of 3000m 1 week. If the situation is urgent, you should stay at 2000m and 3000m for at least 3 days, and then slowly adapt from 4000m to 5000m.
4. Carry out physical exercise
In order to improve the tolerance to hypoxia, shorten the adaptation time and enhance the adaptation effect, physical exercise is an active and effective measure. There are two ways: one is general physical exercise, doing long-distance running, ball games, gymnastics, swimming and other sports before entering the plateau; The other is a highly adaptable sport, such as mountain climbing or mountain climbing with load. After reaching the platform period, you should still keep exercising, but pay attention to step by step. The elderly and infirm can carry out activities such as radio exercises and simple Tai Ji Chuan.
5. Strengthen warmth and cold protection.
The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature, the greater the temperature difference between day and night, and the increase of human oxygen consumption, which is easy to induce altitude sickness and frostbite. Therefore, people who enter the plateau should be educated in cold and antifreeze, and equipped with cold-proof items, such as cotton-padded clothes, leather hats, cotton shoes and gloves. When marching or traveling on the plateau, wash feet in Qin Ying, change underwear frequently, bake insoles, treat sweaty feet, and grease hands and feet to reduce contact with metal and snow.
6. Pay attention to diet and nutrition
Nutrition can affect substance metabolism and oxygen utilization. Sugar can improve hypoxia tolerance and increase alveolar oxygen and blood oxygen content. Therefore, when you first arrive at the plateau, you should adopt the principle of high sugar and low fat and appropriate nutrition in protein. It is suggested that the ratio of the three is 4:0.8: 1. Many vitamins are coenzymes of tissue respiration, such as vitamin B 1, B2:, and vitamin C is a hydrogen transporter in biological oxidation.
The plateau air pressure is low and the boiling point of water is low. Cooking with pressure cooker, so that employees can eat hot rice and cooked rice. Pay attention to improving the variety of main and non-staple foods, and make good use of condiments to make dishes delicious and stimulate appetite.
7, reasonable arrangement of labor force
When doing manual labor, the oxygen consumption of human body increases obviously with the large consumption of energy. Physical labor at the plateau, especially for those who have not yet adapted, although the cardiopulmonary function compensation is enhanced, it is far from meeting the human body's demand for oxygen and is easy to form. Quot "oxygen debt" increases, hypoxia intensifies, and altitude sickness is promoted. Therefore, for people who have just arrived at the plateau, there are no special circumstances, so try not to arrange heavy physical labor. After general labor, we should also give them proper rest time. Even those who have adapted to the plateau should pay attention to the combination of work and rest. The general principle is that the labor intensity should be light to heavy, and the working hours should be longer.
8. Cooperate with drug control
The advantage of drug prevention and treatment is that it is convenient to use, not limited by time, and suitable for first aid and collective use. But at present, the effect is not very ideal, and there is no specific medicine. Its function is only to assist and promote the adaptation of the human body to the plateau. Commonly used drugs include drugs that regulate the excitement and inhibition of the central nervous system (such as bromine additives and amphetamines). ), drugs that regulate substance metabolism (acidic drugs, acetanilide), drugs that act on cell respiration (cytochrome C, adenosine triphosphate, etc.). )
Some Chinese and Tibetan drugs have good adaptability, commonly known as "anti-hypoxia drugs". In fact, drugs themselves can not fight hypoxia, but improve the function and metabolism of human body through regulation, so as to improve physiological function to adapt to altitude hypoxia. There are many drugs in this field, such as ginseng, dangshen, astragalus, angelica and so on. Drugs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, such as salvia miltiorrhiza, tonics, such as Cordyceps sinensis and Rhodiola, etc. And five drugs such as sedatives.
9, improve the rescue equipment
Hospitals, health centers and first aid stations in plateau areas should improve all kinds of equipment for treating altitude sickness, such as medicines, oxygen and sputum aspirators. The most important thing is oxygen, including oxygen inhalation accessories (catheter, mask, etc.). ), this must be fully prepared. First aid kits for high altitude pulmonary edema and brain edema can be established in case of emergency.
At present, several kinds of pressurized oxygen-increasing medical equipment are very effective in improving hypoxia and preventing altitude sickness.
(1) hyperbaric oxygen chamber: By adding an atmospheric pressure to the atmosphere in the chamber and inhaling high-concentration oxygen, the oxygen content in the human body can be rapidly increased, the anoxic state can be improved, and severe acute altitude diseases such as high altitude pulmonary edema and high altitude cerebral edema can be treated quickly and accurately. It has many functions and a wide range of applications. It can be used not only for compression therapy, but also for surgery, radiotherapy, resuscitation and rehabilitation in this hyperoxia environment. Medical care, etc. Many hospitals have small high-pressure rooms. Qinghai Institute of Plateau Medicine has the largest, most functional and excellent integrated high and low pressure oxygen chamber in China, which can treat 22 people at a time. The environment is beautiful and safe, and it will serve road builders.
(2) Pressure bag: It looks like a sleeping bag. After the patient enters the bag, the bag body is sealed. Through manual pressurization or electric automatic pressurization, the local small ambient gas in the bag is pressurized, so as to increase the oxygen partial pressure of the syringe, and it becomes a portable small high-voltage ballast, which can treat patients on the spot in the mountains, or improve the condition before transportation to gain time. But the quality must be guaranteed and the price is relatively expensive.
(3) Oxygen-enriched room: special devices are used to make air enter the room through the oxygen-enriched membrane, so that the oxygen in it is enriched and the concentration is increased. Usually, oxygen accounts for 2 1% of the atmosphere. If you increase 1%, it will become 22% of the atmosphere, which is equivalent to a drop of 300 meters. Then if it is increased to 25% by oxygen enrichment at an altitude of 4500 meters, it is equivalent to falling to that altitude.