1. Common knowledge of Chinese classical literature
Literary knowledge Common knowledge of ancient Chinese literature Tao Yuanming, named Qian, courtesy name Yuanming, world name Mr. Jingjie, self-proclaimed Mr. Wuliu, poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, my country The first pastoral poet.
The proses include "The Peach Blossom Spring" and "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", and the poems include "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" and "Drinking". Qianbao, named Lingsheng.
A historian and writer of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he wrote my country's first collection of mythological (spiritual and strange) novels, "Sou Shen Ji". Fan Ye, courtesy name Weizong, was a historian and essayist in the Southern Song Dynasty.
"Le Yangzi's Wife" and "Zhang Heng's Biography" are selected from his "Book of the Later Han". "Later Han" means "Eastern Han". "A man with lofty ideals will not drink from a stolen spring, and an honest man will not be fed by someone who complains about it" comes from his "Book of the Later Han Dynasty?" "Biography of Women".
Liu Yiqing, a novelist in the Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, is the author of my country's first collection of note-taking novels, "Shishuoxinyu". This is a notebook novel that records the anecdotes of people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Many stories in the book have become allusions and themes in poems, novels and dramas, and some have become commonly used idioms, such as "looking at the plum blossoms to quench thirst", "devotedly passionate", "eloquent words" "wait.
Liu Xie, courtesy name Yanhe, was a literary theorist in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty. He wrote 50 articles on my country's first literary theory monograph, "The Literary Mind and the Diaolong", which dealt with many issues in creation. Li Daoyuan, courtesy name Shanchang, was a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Compiled into 40 volumes of "Shui Jing Zhu", it is a geography full of literary value. Zhong Rong, courtesy name Zhongwei, was a literary critic in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty. He wrote my country's first monograph on poetry theory, Shi Pin.
4. Works by writers of the Tang Dynasty Wang Bo, courtesy name Zian, one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, a litterateur of the Tang Dynasty, including the lyric poem "Send Du Shaofu to Shuzhou" (five lines); the famous article "Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng" 》. He is the author of "The Collection of Prince An".
Yang Jiong, the first of the Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty, is famous for his famous works "On the Military March". Lu Zhaolin, one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by "The Ancient Meaning of Chang'an".
King Luo Bin, one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by "Singing Cicadas in Prison", as well as the famous "Quest for War", and his collection of works is "Linhai Collection". He Zhizhang, also known as Jizhen, also known as Siming Kuangke, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty.
The "Odd Book on Returning Hometown" (Qijue) is a famous piece of poetry. Wang Zhihuan, courtesy name Jiling, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty.
His "Liangzhou Ci" and "Climbing the Stork and Magpie Tower" are treasures of quatrains in the Tang Dynasty. Meng Haoran, a landscape pastoral poet in the Tang Dynasty.
"Passing the Village of My Old Friend" (Five Rhythms) depicts the pastoral scenery of green water and green mountains and the farmhouse atmosphere of "talking over wine and mulberry trees", reflecting the true feelings between the poet and the villagers. "Spring Dawn" (Wujue) describes the scene of spring dawn and the feelings of early spring, and has become a good poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Wang Changling, also known as Shaobo, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. He was good at Qijue and wrote mostly about the military life in the frontier fortress at that time. He was vigorous and high-spirited, including seven poems in "March from the Army", "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower" and "Going out of the fortress". 》Both capitals are very famous. Wang Wei, whose courtesy name was Mojie, rose to the rank of Shangshu Youcheng, and was known as Wang Youcheng in the world.
A landscape and pastoral poet of the Tang Dynasty, his famous works include "Birdsong Stream" (five unique styles), "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi" (seven unique styles), and "Watching Hunting" (five unique styles). "Wei Mojie's poems, there are paintings in the poems, and poems in the paintings" are Su Shi's words of praise for Wang Wei.
Li Bai, also known as Taibai and Qinglian Jushi, was a romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty. Officials worship Hanlin.
Because of his arrogant character and not being tolerated by the powerful, he deepened his understanding of the corrupt society and wrote poems that criticized the debauchery and luxury of the emperors and powerful people and complained about the darkness of real politics. Wujue's "Quiet Night Thoughts", "Qiupu Song", Qijue's "Looking at Tianmen Mountain", Wulu's "Farewell to a Friend", Qigu's "Sleepwalking Tianmu's Song of Farewell" and "Difficulty on the Road".
Author of "The Complete Works of Li Taibai". Gao Shi, courtesy name Dafu, was a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems reflected the border situation and the suffering of the soldiers at that time. His representative works are "Yan Ge Xing" and "Farewell to Dong Da" (Qijue).
Cui Hao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a Jinshi in Kaiyuan, and was an official to the rank of Si Xun Yuan Wai Lang. His frontier fortress poems are generous and heroic.
"Yellow Crane Tower" (Seven Rhymes) is highly praised by Li Bai. Du Fu, also known as Zimei, once lived in the south of Chang'an City and west of Shaoling. He called himself Shaoling Yelao and was known as Du Shaoling in the world. He was born in Gong County (Henan) and was a realist poet in the Tang Dynasty.
He traveled around various places and lived in Chang'an for ten years. He was captured during the "Anshi Rebellion". After escaping, he served as Zuo Shiyi. Later, he abandoned his official position and moved to Chengdu. He built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River, which was known as Huanhua Cottage in the world. He was once appointed as the governor of Jiannan. Jiedu joined the army and was a member of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Wailang, known as the Ministry of Industry and Commerce in the world. His works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and are known as the "history of poetry", including "Collection of Poems by Du Gongbu".
His representative works are "Five Hundred Words of Ode to My Heart from Beijing to Fengxian County" and the poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Cen Shen, a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a native of Jiazhou and served as the governor of Jiazhou.
Having served in the army for many years, he has a profound experience of life in the frontier fortress and has "Cen Jiazhou Poetry Collection". The representative work "Bai Xuege Sends Judge Wu Back to the Capital" (Qi Gu).
Zhang Zhihe, courtesy name Zitong, was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. He wrote mostly about seclusion and leisurely life. He is the author of "Xuan Zhenzi" and his representative work "Yu Gezi" (ci). Han Yu, whose courtesy name was Tuizhi, was from Heyang (Henan). He called himself Junwang (a distinguished family in the county) Changli, and was known as Han Changli in the world. His posthumous title was Wen, also known as Han Wengong. From his official position to the official minister, he was also known as Han Li. department.
An essayist and poet in the Tang Dynasty, he was an advocate of the "Ancient Prose Movement" together with Liu Zongyuan. He was listed as the first of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" and the author of "Collected Works of Mr. Chang Li".
2. Literary common sense and cultural common sense
1. Three religions: Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. "Yanhuang" respectively refers to the leaders of two different tribes in China's primitive society, Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang. Lord Xinling of Wei State was named Wuji and was called Lord Xinling; Lord Mengchang of Qi State was named Lord Mengchang; Lord Pingyuan of Zhao State was named Pingyuan Lord; Zhao Sheng was named Lord of Pingyuan; Lord Chunshen of Chu State and Huang Xie was called Lord Chunshen
2. Characteristics of the author Qu Yuan 1. Speaking in a poetic style, displaying and exaggerating, and rich in imagination are the unique characteristics of Chu Ci. For example, "Li Sao" is full of fantasy and unrestrained imagination, expressing true feelings repeatedly.
2. From the perspective of style, compared with the Book of Songs, the length of Chu Ci has been greatly increased, and the sentence structure has also changed from four characters to more irregular and uneven.
3. In terms of language, Chu Ci mostly uses Chu language and Chu sounds, and a large number of Chu dialect words have emerged. In addition, the characters "xi" and "some" have become a distinctive feature of Chu Ci as function words and interjections. logo.
3. Classification of ancient poetry
Ancient poetry includes poems, lyrics and music.
1. From the form of poetry, it can be divided into:
① Ancient poetry, including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Ci, and Yuefu poetry. Note that poems in ancient poetry genres such as "ge", "gexing", "yin", "qu", and "瀬" also belong to ancient poetry. Ancient poetry does not focus on antithesis and rhymes more freely. The development trajectory of ancient poetry: "The Book of Songs" → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty folk songs → Jian'an poetry → Tao Shi and other literati five-character poems → the ancient style and new Yuefu of the Tang Dynasty.
② Modern poetry, including rhymed verses and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as poetry, long and short sentences, tunes, tune lyrics, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tune has a definite pattern, the sentences have a definite number, and the words have a definite tone. Depending on the number of words, it can be divided into long tune (more than 91 words), middle tune (59-90 words), and small tune (within 58 words). Words can be divided into monotonic and bimodal. Bimodal is divided into two paragraphs. The two paragraphs are equal or roughly equal in number of words. Monotonous only has one paragraph. A section of a word is called a que or a piece. The first section is called the front que, the upper que, and the upper piece. The second section is called the back que, the lower que, and the lower piece.
④ Qu, also known as Ciyu and Yuefu. Yuan opera includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu originated in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style is similar to the lyrics. Features: You can add lining words to the fixed number of words, and mostly use spoken language. Sanqu includes two types: Xiaoling and Taoshu (set of songs). A set is a continuous set of songs, at least two songs, and as many as dozens of songs. Each set uses the tune of the first song as the name of the complete set, and the whole set must be of the same tune. It has no guest introduction and is only for a cappella singing.
2. The subject matter of poetry can be divided into:
① Scenery lyric poetry, lyric poetry that sings about landscapes and scenic spots and describes natural scenery. In ancient times, some poets were dissatisfied with reality and often expressed their feelings in mountains and rivers. They expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing rivers, lakes and natural scenery. This type of poetry often embodies the emotions to be expressed in the scenery described later. This is what people often call embedding emotions in the scenery. Its style is fresh and natural.
② In poetry that chants about objects, the poet describes the appearance, characteristics, charm, and character of the object he is chanting, so as to express the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality, or ideals.
③ Poems about immediate emotions, which cause the poet to express emotions for a certain reason, such as missing relatives, homesickness, missing friends, etc.
④ Nostalgia for the past and chanting epic poems, using historical allusions as themes, to express one's own opinions, to use the past to satirize the present, or to express feelings about the vicissitudes of life.
⑤ Frontier fortress poems describe the scenery of the frontier fortress and the military life of the soldiers guarding the border, or express their optimism and heroism or their feelings of longing and separation. The style is tragic and grand, and the writing style is bold and unrestrained.
Modern poetry includes verses and quatrains
3. Common knowledge of Chinese culture
Honor words 1. "Ling": used before nouns or adjectives to express respect for other people's relatives Respect means "beautiful".
For example: Your Majesty and Your Majesty: the honorific titles for other people’s parents. Your brother and your sister: the honorific titles for other people’s brothers and sisters. Your Majesty, your love: the honorific titles for other people’s children. Linghuan: the honorific titles for other people’s wives. Lingqin: the honorific titles for others. Relatives 2. "Hui": a respectful speech, used for the other party's actions towards oneself. For example: Huilin, patronage: refers to the other person coming to you. Huicun: asking others to keep your gifts. 3. "Chui": a respectful speech, used for other people's actions towards you.
For example: Asking questions, consulting: refers to the other party asking about oneself. Missing: refers to others missing oneself. 4. "Gift": a respectful speech, referring to the gift received. For example: Give a lesson: someone else teaches you. Give a meal: someone else treats you with a meal. Give a reply: Ask others to write a reply to you. 5. "Please": A respectful speech, used to ask the other party to do something.
For example: Please ask: I hope others will answer. Ask: I hope others will give me advice. 6. "Gao": Respectful words, referring to other people's things. For example: Gao Jian: refers to other people's opinions and remarks; other people's wise opinions. Gao Zu: a respectful address to other people's students. Gaoshou: used to ask the age of an old person. Gao Lai: used to refer to an old person's age. Gao Jie: refers to a person who leaves his original position and takes up a new position. High position 7. "Hua": respectful words, referring to things related to the other party.
For example: Hua Han: calling someone else's letter Hua Birthday: someone else's birthday Hua Xia: someone else's house 8. "Xian": addressing the other person, mostly used for peers or juniors. Such as: good brother, good nephew, etc. 9. "Feng" respectful words are used when one's own behavior involves the other party.
For example: to give away: to give away; to return: to return; to advise: to advise; to accompany: to accompany.
4. Common knowledge about ancient Chinese literature and culture in junior middle schools
Collection of common knowledge about ancient Chinese literature and culture 1. Classics of literature and history: "Four Books": refers to "The Analects", "Mencius", "The Great Learning" and "Moderate".
"Five Classics": refers to "The Book of Songs", "Book of Changes", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes", "Spring and Autumn", referred to as "Poems, Books, Rites, Yi, and Spring and Autumn". In fact, it should be There are six classics, and there is also a "Yue Jing", collectively known as "Poems, Books, Rites, Music, Yi, Spring and Autumn", but it later died in the war of the late Qin Dynasty, leaving only the Five Classics. "Four Histories": "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Later Hanshu", and "Three Kingdoms".
"Four libraries": Jing, Shi, Zi, Ji "The Book of Songs" Six Meanings: Feng, Ya, Song, Fu, Bi, Xing Two, dynasty legends: "Three Dynasties": Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty , "Three Emperors" of the Zhou Dynasty: one of the legends is "Fuxi, Nuwa, and Shennong" "Five Emperors": According to "Historical Records", they are: Huangdi, Zhuanxu (zhuānxū), Emperor Ku (kù), Tang Yao, and Yushun. , Geography: "Three Mountains": The mountains where the gods are said to live: Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou. "Five Mountains": Dongyue Taishan (now Shandong Province), Xiyue Huashan (now Shaanxi Province), Nanyue Hengshan (now Hengyang City, Hunan Province), Beiyue Hengshan (located in Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province), the main peak Tianfengling, altitude 2017 meters, known as "the first mountain outside the Great Wall"
Hengshan is a famous Taoist holy land and tourist attraction. It is now one of the first batch of national key scenic spots and one of the top ten tourist attractions in Shanxi Province. ), Zhongyue Songshan (now northwest of Dengfeng City, Henan Province).
"Jiuzhou": the legendary ancient administrative division of my country, which later became another name for China. Generally speaking, "Jiuzhou" refers to China.
For example: Kyushu relies on wind and thunder to get angry, but it is sad that thousands of horses are silent. (Miscellaneous Poems of Ji Hai by Gong Zizhen of the Qing Dynasty) Hai Nei: According to ancient legend, my country’s territory is surrounded by the sea, so the territory within the country is called Hai Nei.
Sihai: refers to the world and the whole country. Rivers: In ancient articles, they specifically refer to "Yangtze River and Yellow River".
Three Kingdoms: refers to the division of Wei, Shu and Wu after the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sanqin: refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan.
The yin and yang of mountains and rivers: In ancient times, the south of mountains and the north of water were regarded as yang, and the north of mountains and south of water were regarded as yang. 4. Others: 1. Five elements: refers to metal, wood, water, fire, and earth 2. Grains: the collective name for food crops in ancient times. (p> Sheep, pig (hog), dog (dog), chicken 5. The four treasures of the study: pen, ink, paper, inkstone 6. The four friends of the scholar: piano, chess, calligraphy, and painting 7. The four gentlemen of flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum 8. The three friends of Suihan: pine, bamboo, and plum. The four gentlemen of traditional Chinese painting: plum, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum. 9. Six books: pictograms, understanding, referring to things, describing things, transferring notes, and borrowing. 10. "Three Yuan" in the series: everything is in Those who win the first place consecutively in the provincial examination, joint examination, and palace examination will be successful. Jieyuan (first place in the provincial examination), Huiyuan (first place in the national examination), Zhuangyuan (first place in the palace examination).
11. Three elders: rural officials in charge of education in ancient times. 12. Passing: refers to being selected in the imperial examination. Failure to pass in the examination is called failing or lowering the rank.
13. Imperial examination: The formal imperial examination is divided into three levels: rural examination, general examination and palace examination. Provincial examination: (called Qiuwei or Dabi) is held every three years in the province. Only scholars are eligible to participate in the examination and be awarded the title of Juren.
The first name is Jie Yuan. The examination: held at the Ministry of Rites in the capital in the spring of the second year after the provincial examination (called Chunwei or Liwei). Participants must be Juren, and those who pass the examination will be called Gongshi.
The first name is Huiyuan. Palace examination: presided over by the emperor, tribute scholars are eligible to participate, and those who pass the examination will be called Jinshi.
The first place is the top pick, the second place is the second place, and the third place is the top pick. Collectively known as the Sanjia Ding.
In the 30th year of Guangxu (1905), due to the implementation of school education in various places, the imperial examination system was abolished. 14. "Erya": my country's earliest word interpretation monograph and the world's first systematic dictionary.
15. "***" refers to the national style in "The Book of Songs" and "Li Sao" in "Chu Ci". It is often used to refer to literary talent. 16. "The Book of Songs": It is the earliest poem in my country: a total of 305 poems, divided into three categories according to the nature of music: "wind, elegance, and song".
17. Wu Gu: In ancient my country, the night was divided into five periods, and drums were used to tell the time, also called "Five Drums" or Five Nights. The first update is from 19:00 to 21:00, the second update is from 21:00 to 23:00, the third update is from 23:00 to 1:00, and the fifth update is from 3:00 to 5:00.
18. Four seasons: refers to the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. Spring in the first, second, and third months are called Mengchun, Zhongchun, and Jichun (three springs) respectively; summers in April, May, and June are called Mengxia, midsummer, and Jixia (three summers), autumn, and winter, and so on.
19. Constellations (xiu): In ancient times, constellations were called stars. 20. "Three Religions and Nine Streams": "Three Religions" refers to Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism; "Nine Streams" refers to Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang School, Legalism, Famous Schools, Mohists, Politicians, Miscellaneous Schools, and Farmers.
It used to refer to various schools in religion or academia, as well as people from all walks of life in society. "Three religions and nine streams" often have derogatory connotations.
21. Don’t go to the Three Treasures Palace for nothing: As the saying goes. That is to say, it means not daring to cause trouble if there is nothing important.
"Three Treasures" is a Buddhist term, referring to Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. 22. Sheji: "She" is the god of earth, and "Ji" is the god of grain.
In ancient times, it was customary to regard the sheji as a symbol of the country. 23. Posthumous title: After the death of a minister, the court gives him a title based on his life deeds and deeds to show praise and blame for good and evil.
For example, Fan Zhongyan's posthumous title is Wen Zhenggong. 5. Ancient nicknames: 1. Sangzi: refers to hometown 2. Women: refers to women 3. Men: refers to men 4. Hongyan: refers to letters 5. Sheji: refers to the country 6. History: refers to the annals of history.
For example: "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" by Wen Tianxiang of the Southern Song Dynasty: Since ancient times, no one has died, leaving a loyal heart to illuminate history. 7. Xuanyuan: refers to the motherland.
For example: I would like to express my gratitude to Han Xing, but I will recommend Xuanyuan with my blood. ——Lu Xun 8. "Three feet": refers to the law 9. Modesty title: ① Self-proclaimed: stupid, mean, humble, humble, thief, minister, servant ② Emperor calls himself: lonely, widowed, not good enough ③ Scholar calls himself: niche, late student , Late Learning ④Others: Your Majesty, Xiao Ke, Lao Chan, Concubine, Lao Na (Lao Na), etc. 10. Honorific titles: ① Calling the Emperor: Long live, Holy Emperor, Holy Driver, Emperor, His Majesty, etc. ② Calling the Crown Prince, Prince, Princess: Your Highness ③ Calling the general: his subordinates ④ Calling the other party or the other party's relatives: Ling, Zun, Xian, Ren.
Ling means good and is used to address each other’s relatives. For example, your father (the other party's father), your father-in-law (the other party's mother), your lord (kǔn) (the other party's wife), your brother (the other party's brother), your son (the other party's son), your love (the other party's daughter); , used to refer to people or things related to the other party.
Such as respecting the superior (referring to the other person’s parents), respecting the public, respecting the monarch, and respecting the mansion (referring to each other as the father).