According to legend, tomatoes first grew in South America. Because of their delicate colors, people are very wary of them. It is regarded as "the fruit of the fox", also known as the wolf peach, which is only for viewing and dare not taste.
Nowadays, many people have delicious food on their dining tables. Tomatoes are rich in carotene, vitamin C and B vitamins, especially the content of vitamin P is the highest among vegetables.
The edible part of tomatoes is juicy berries. There are many varieties of it, which can be divided into round, oblate, rectangular and pointed round according to the shape of the fruit; According to the color of peel, there are red, pink, orange and yellow.
Red tomato, with fiery red fruit, generally slightly oblate, small navel, thick meat, sweet taste, refreshing juice and good flavor. They can be eaten raw or cooked, or processed into tomato sauce and tomato juice. Pink tomato, with pink fruit, nearly spherical shape, small navel, smooth fruit surface, moderate sweetness and sourness, good quality, yellow tomato, large orange fruit, spherical shape, thick pulp, sandy meat surface, and light taste when eaten raw, is suitable for cooked food.
Quality requirements of tomatoes: Generally, tomatoes are round in shape, with no cracks and insect bites, moderate maturity, sweet and sour taste, plenty of meat and small ventricles. Proper selection of tomatoes with moderate maturity not only tastes good, but also has high nutritional value.
Nutritional analysis of tomato;
Tomatoes contain vitamins and minerals that protect the cardiovascular system and can reduce heart attacks.
Lycopene has unique antioxidant capacity, which can scavenge free radicals, protect cells, prevent DNA and genes from being destroyed, and prevent the progress of cancer. Tomatoes can not only prevent prostate cancer, but also effectively reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer, rectal cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and other cancers.
Vitamin C in tomatoes has the effects of promoting fluid production to quench thirst, invigorating stomach and promoting digestion, cooling blood and calming liver, clearing away heat and toxic materials, and lowering blood pressure, and has a good auxiliary treatment effect on patients with hypertension and kidney. Eating more tomatoes has an anti-aging effect and can keep the skin fair.
Nicotinic acid can maintain the normal secretion of gastric juice, promote the formation of red blood cells, help maintain the elasticity of blood vessel wall and protect the skin. Therefore, eating tomatoes also helps to prevent arteriosclerosis, hypertension and coronary heart disease. Tomatoes are juicy and diuretic, and patients with nephritis should also eat them.
For patients with frequent gingival bleeding or subcutaneous bleeding, eating tomatoes is helpful to improve symptoms.
Malic acid or citric acid contained in tomatoes contributes to the digestion of fat and protein by gastric juice.
Tomatoes are suitable for people:
The general population can eat it.
1. Suitable for patients with fever, thirst, loss of appetite, habitual gingival bleeding, anemia, dizziness, palpitation, hypertension, acute and chronic hepatitis, acute and chronic nephritis, night blindness and myopia;
2. Patients with acute enteritis, bacillary dysentery and active ulcer should not eat.
Therapeutic effect of tomato:
Tomatoes are sweet, sour and slightly cold, and enter the liver, stomach and lungs;
Has the effects of promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, invigorating stomach, promoting digestion, clearing away heat and toxic materials, cooling blood, calming liver, nourishing blood and stimulating appetite.
It can cure thirst and loss of appetite.
Tomato food phase grams:
Tomatoes should not be eaten with pomegranate.
Guide to tomato practice:
1. Tomatoes are often used for raw food and cold dishes, and can be fried, stewed and made into soup when used for hot dishes. Dishes with it as raw materials include "scrambled eggs with tomatoes", "beef stew with tomatoes" and "tomato and egg soup".
2. green unripe tomatoes are not suitable for eating.
Do not cook for a long time.
Adding a little vinegar when cooking can destroy the harmful substance lycopene.
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Information about tomatoes
Tomato, the scientific name of tomato, is a kind of vegetation with ripe and juicy berries as its products. Tomatoes cultivated in China are imported from abroad, and the fruits are mostly red and shaped like persimmons, so they are commonly known as tomatoes and persimmons, and in ancient times they were also called June persimmons and Xiji ternary. Flower and fruit period, summer and autumn. Tomatoes not only contain rich and varied nutrition, but also have a beautiful and charming appearance; Not only the food is delicious, but also the fruit is beautiful. It has many functions and is called the magic fruit in dishes. Extended data:
Characteristics of tomatoes The fruits of tomatoes are juicy berries. The fruit consists of exocarp, mesocarp, next door, placenta and seeds. The tissues of mesocarp and placenta constitute the pulp. After fertilization, the gelatinous substance proliferated in the fetal seat fills the fruit cavity. The shape of fruit varies from variety to variety. The size, ventricular number and color of fruit are not only determined by the heredity of varieties, but also related to environmental conditions. Fruit shapes are spherical, oblate, oval, rectangular and pear-shaped. The color of tomato fruit is expressed by the contrast of peel color and pulp color. If the skin is yellow, the flesh is red and the fruit is orange-red; The skin is colorless, the flesh is red and the fruit is pink. When the peel and pulp are yellow, the fruit is dark yellow The yellow color of tomato fruit is caused by lutein and carotene; The red color of fruit is due to lycopene. The formation of lycopene is mainly controlled by temperature and also related to light. The formation of lutein and carotene is mainly related to light. Baidu encyclopedia-tomato
100 likes 7,015 browsing 20 19-06- 10.
Information about tomatoes?
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), also known as tomato, is used as a vegetable or fruit and is an important source of vitamin C for human beings. Tomato stems are prostrate or semi-erect, inflorescences are cymes or racemes, and mature 40 ~ 50 days after flowering. Tomatoes are warm crops and are not frost-tolerant. The suitable temperature for stem and leaf growth is 20 ~ 25℃, and the daytime temperature is 25 ~ 28℃ and the nighttime temperature is 16 ~ 20℃ in the fruiting period. The temperature below 15℃ or above 30℃ at night will hinder normal fertilization and cause flowering; Deformed fruit is formed when the flower bud stage is below 7℃; Tomato is not sensitive to the length of sunshine. If the temperature is suitable, it can be cultivated all year round. Tomatoes have extensive adaptability to soil. However, the waterlogging tolerance is weak, the soil is dry and wet, and it is easy to form cracked fruit. Tomatoes need to be transplanted after 60 ~ 90 days. The planting density is about 2000 ~ 4000 plants per mu. Tomato is one of the main vegetables cultivated in protected fields at present. Because tomatoes blossom and bear fruit while growing stems and leaves, the coordination of vegetative growth and reproductive growth is the key to high yield.
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Information about tomatoes
Tomatoes, also known as tomatoes and persimmons. In ancient times, it was called June persimmon, and the good news was three yuan. In Peru and Mexico, it was originally called "Wolf Peach". All raw mucus glands have a strong smell. The stem lodging easily. The leaves are pinnately compound or pinnately parted, and the leaflets are extremely irregular, oval or oblong in size, with irregular serrations or lobes at the edges. Calyx radial, lobes lanceolate, persistent when fruit; Corolla radial, yellow. Berries are oblate or nearly spherical, juicy, orange or bright red and smooth; The seeds are yellow. Flower and fruit period, summer and autumn. Tomato is a vegetable that likes warm and light, and the requirements for soil conditions are not strict. However, in order to obtain high yield and promote good root development, fertile loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich organic matter should be selected. Native to South America, it is widely cultivated in the north and south of China. Tomatoes are rich in nutrition and unique in flavor. Has effects in reducing weight, relieving fatigue, stimulating appetite, promoting protein digestion, and relieving abdominal distension and dyspepsia.
7 Zan 136 Browse 2016-10-16
Information and nutritional value of tomato.
Experts replied that tomatoes take ripe fruits as the main edible organs, which can be used as both fruits and vegetables. Tomato fruit is not only good in appearance and ornamental, but also rich in nutrition and unique in flavor. According to the determination, every 100g fresh tomato fruit contains about 94g of water, 3g of carbohydrates, 0g of protein, 20 ~ 30mg of vitamin C, and carotene, mineral salts, organic acids and so on. Vitamin C and carotenoids are free radical scavengers. The content of vitamin C in tomatoes is higher than that in apples, watermelons and other fruits. Regular consumption can meet the human body's demand for vitamin C, and has certain anti-cancer effect, especially for lung cancer. It can also strengthen the spleen, stimulate appetite and moisten dryness, because tomatoes contain more organic acids such as malic acid and citric acid, which can soften blood vessels, promote the absorption of calcium and iron, and help gastric juice digest fat and protein. Lycopene, which is unique to tomatoes, is a natural pigment in food and belongs to carotenoids in chemical structure. It has been found that it has many functions, such as anti-oxidation, inhibiting mutation, reducing nucleic acid damage, reducing cardiovascular diseases, preventing cancer and so on, and it has attracted more and more attention from the nutrition community. However, it should be noted that immature tomatoes contain a kind of solanine, which is a toxic substance harmful to human body. After eating it, it will make your mouth bitter and your stomach upset. If you eat too much, you will be poisoned and even die in severe cases! Solanine is high in immature tomatoes and low in mature tomatoes, which has no toxic effect on human body. Therefore, it is not advisable to eat too many immature tomatoes. Once eating immature tomatoes by mistake, you can drink some strong tea or light salt syrup to relieve it, and seek medical attention if necessary. If it is severe poisoning, it should be sent to the hospital immediately. It is suggested that tomato has high nutritional value, and reasonable eating methods can improve its application value, otherwise it will destroy vitamins and other nutritional components in tomato. Immature tomatoes are poisonous, so it is recommended to eat less or not.
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Information about planting tomatoes
Is it open field planting or facility planting? Production techniques of tomato cultivation in open field in spring (I) Seeding and seedling raising In open field tomato cultivation, hotbed seedling raising can be used, which can not only meet the requirements of tomato seedling raising on environmental conditions such as temperature and light, but also save costs. 1. Determine the seedling stage. To cultivate strong seedlings with big buds, the accumulated temperature at seedling stage should be 1 000 ~ 1 200℃. The suitable temperature for tomato seedling is 20℃, and it takes 50 ~ 60 days to reach the required accumulated temperature. In addition, with the number of days from sowing to emergence and the delay time of slow seedling transplanting, the seedling raising time needs about 70 days. Under normal circumstances, sowing in North China in the middle and late April requires 65438+1sowing from late October to early February; Planting in the south of the Yangtze River was carried out in late March, and sowing was carried out in mid-June at 5438+ 10. Planting in the northeast in the middle and late May and sowing in the middle of March. 2. The seedbed is ready for the cultivation of early-maturing tomatoes in spring. Sow in the greenhouse, transplant to a sunny bed, or add multiple layers of mulch and transplant to a plastic greenhouse. Due to the low temperature in early spring, hotbeds can be built in greenhouses to increase the ground temperature. Bed soil was prepared according to the ratio of horse manure: peat: furnace ash: field soil = 3: 3: 2: 2, and hydrazine 1 ~ 1.5 kg/m3 was added. In order to prevent seedling diseases, the seedbed soil was disinfected with five generations mixture or carbendazim. 3. Seed treatment: soak seeds 3-5 days before sowing to accelerate germination. In areas with severe virus diseases, seeds should be soaked in 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes before germination, and then soaked in warm water at 25 ~ 30℃ for 8 ~ 10h after cleaning the liquid medicine. Accelerating germination at 25 ~ 30℃. 4. Seeding can be about 15g per square meter of seedbed, and each gram contains about 300 seeds, so sowing 1 500 seeds per square meter, excluding loss, has an area of 2-3m2 per 667m2 of seedbed and a seed quantity of 30-50g. Sowing should be carried out in sunny and windless weather, and should end from 10 to 2 pm. When sowing, spray water on the bed with a watering can to soak the nutrient soil layer. After the water permeates, fine dry soil with a thickness of 0.2-0.3 cm is sprinkled first, and seeds are mixed with the fine soil for sowing. After sowing, cover the fine soil with the thickness of 1.5cm, and immediately cover it with plastic film. 5. Seedbed management (1) Generally, the temperature management at seedling stage is not ventilated from sowing to emergence, and the border temperature is kept at 30℃ during the day and not lower than 20℃ at night. Most of the seedlings should be cooled in time after they are unearthed, and the temperature should be 20℃ during the day and 12 ~ 15℃ at night. Uncover the film at noon on sunny days and evenly spread a layer of fine dry soil with a thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.3 cm after thinning. When seedlings 1 true leaves are exposed, the daytime temperature is 20 ~ 25℃ and the nighttime temperature is 13 ~ 15℃. Before transplanting seedlings, the bed temperature should be properly lowered for seedling exercise, which is 18 ~ 20℃ during the day and 12 ~ 15℃ at night. (2) Seedling Humidity Management The characteristic of tomato seedling humidity management is to control irrigation as much as possible on the premise of ensuring the normal growth of seedlings. Transplanting water should be fully watered, and seedling slowing water should be appropriate. In the future, water or soil should be covered according to the growth of seedlings. (3) 7 days after transplanting and sowing, transplanting seedlings after 1 true leaves appear. When transplanting, the nutrient area is 6 ~ 8 cm square, and it is best to transplant seedlings with a nutrient bowl with a diameter of 5 ~ 8 cm. (4) After transplanting, try to cover the transplanted seedlings with film, raise the temperature and promote seedling delay. The seedling temperature should be controlled at about 25℃ during the day and at 13 ~ 15℃ at night. Water every 5 ~ 7d 1 time. Water control and temperature control are started 8 ~ 10 days before planting, and the seedlings are kept and exercised at low temperature, that is, the temperature is controlled at 18 ~ 20℃ and the temperature at night is 10 ~ 13℃. If the seedlings grow vigorously, the temperature can be reduced to about 5℃ in a short time at night, which can improve the seedlings. (2) Site preparation and colonization 1. Soil preparation, fertilization and early-maturing cultivation are generally fertilized and ploughed before winter, and the ploughing depth is 25 ~ 30cm. In the northern region, deep ploughing can be carried out after the previous autumn harvest, and spring ploughing and harrowing can be carried out in the next spring to level the ground; In areas where there is no leisure time in winter, after harvesting winter vegetables and spring Chinese cabbage, we should seize the time to prepare the soil. Leveling, harrowing and ridging, with a width of 0.5 ~ 0.7m and a height of about 20cm. It can also be made into a flat bed with a width of 1.2m and planted in two rows; When ridge planting, cover the ridge with plastic film and bake the ground 5 ~ 7 days before planting to improve the ground temperature. Combined with soil preparation and base fertilizer application, 3500 ~ 5000 kg/667m2 decomposed organic compost, 80kg/667m2 cake fertilizer, 30kg/667m2 superphosphate and 40kg/667m2 high phosphorus compound fertilizer can be selected as base fertilizers. Among them, cake fertilizer and 50% ~ 60% organic compost are sprinkled into the soil before the final soil preparation, and the rest organic fertilizer is fully mixed with calcium superphosphate and compound fertilizer and then applied to the planting hole. 2. Planting period (1) The planting period is determined according to the local final frost period, generally 2-3 days after the final frost. The planting temperature index is that the local 10cm soil temperature is stable above 8℃ and the night temperature is not lower than 12℃. Sowing in the northern region in the middle and late May. (2) Early-maturing varieties should be planted closely, and the planting density should generally be no less than 4 000 plants per 667m2, that is, the row spacing is 60cm, and the row spacing is 25 ~ 30cm. The suitable row spacing for middle-late maturing varieties is 60×35cm. Trim the two stems a little thinner. (3) Planting methods Tomato planting should be carried out in the sunny morning just after the cold snap. Dig a planting hole or punch a hole with a hole punch, put the seedlings into the hole, cover them with soil, water each plant with 500g, and cover them with dry soil after the water permeates to avoid hardening of the air-dried soil surface. The following problems should be paid attention to when planting: ① It is best to choose sunny days, because the soil temperature is high on sunny days, which is conducive to rooting. Although planting in rainy days saves water and wilts less, it affects the speed of rooting and seedling growth in the future. ② Before planting, the seedbed should be sprayed with chemicals to prevent aphids, and "parent fertilizer" should be applied. ③ The whole seedlings should be equidistant according to the density, which is the basis of high yield. (4) When planting, oral fertilizer and water should be applied, and it should be sealed in time after water seepage, and it is best to topdressing without soil at one time. ⑤ It can be planted by shovel or ditch. In the case that slow seedling water can ensure irrigation, it can be planted in the ditch, and in the case that slow seedling water can't keep up, it should be planted in the ditch. ⑥ The lower leaves of seedlings with normal planting depth should be flush with the ground. If the seedlings are overgrown with weeds, they can be planted deeply or obliquely to reduce the ground height and enhance the resistance to adverse environment. (iii) Field management 1. Fertilizer and water management (1) topdressing combined with slow seedling water to raise seedling fertilizer, with urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 15 kg and diammonium phosphate 15kg per 667m2. Quick-acting compound fertilizer 10 ~ 25 kg/667 m2 should be lightly applied after the seedlings grow slowly and before flowering. After 1 panicle fruit setting is stable, topdressing 1 time to keep fruit, accelerating 1 panicle fruit setting, improving the fruit setting rate of the second and third panicles and promoting the vegetative growth of plants. After that, combined with the batch harvest of fruits, supplementary topdressing was carried out for 2 ~ 3 times. Thin manure or special compound fertilizer should be used for topdressing at the fruiting stage, and the topdressing amount should be flexibly controlled according to the plant growth status. General special compound fertilizer 10kg/667m2 or so. In the full fruit stage, in order to improve the fruit quality and high-quality fruit rate, 1% calcium superphosphate or 0. 1% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also be sprayed on the leaves. (2) When planting, fully water the "root water", water 1 ~ 2 times of "rooting water" according to the soil conditions in the slow seedling stage, and water 1 ~ 2 times of "seedling raising water" in due time from the slow seedling stage to the flowering stage. Water should be properly controlled from flowering to fruit setting without watering. When the first batch of fruits grow to about 3cm, 1 times of "fruit stabilizing water" should be poured to ensure the needs of fruit expansion. The irrigation time must be well grasped. Too early will easily lead to excessive growth and fruit drop, and too late will affect fruit development. After entering the full fruit stage, when each batch of fruits begins to swell, water 1 ~ 2 times with "fruit strengthening water", and the water amount can be increased appropriately. 2. The erection of plant regulation (1) usually begins when the plant grows to 30 ~ 40 cm high, and the main erection methods include scaffolding, fence scaffolding and tripod. Herringbone frames and hedge frames are usually used for open cultivation. You can insert a pole next to each plant, and every two adjacent ridges are tied together to form an adult shape. This is called a herringbone frame. Every four adjacent ridges are tied together, which is called quadrilateral frame (tapered frame). You can also insert a vertical pole every row at an interval of 1 ~ 2m, tie a horizontal pole to the vertical pole along the row direction, and then tie plants to the horizontal pole for scaffolding. Methods: The 1 inflorescence of the plant stood upright after fruiting to prevent the plant from lodging. Topdressing and watering should be carried out before installation. Insert a bamboo pole with a diameter of about 2cm and a height of about 1.7 ~ 2 m in the shed or herringbone frame, with the lower end of the bamboo pole about 5 ~ 10 cm away from the roots of tomato plants, and insert it outside the ridge and into the soil about 20 cm deep; Bamboo poles are vertical to the ground, and the upper end of each ridge is tied with a crossbar to form a shed. If the bamboo poles form a certain angle with the ridge surface, the bamboo poles corresponding to two adjacent ridges are bound together to form a herringbone frame; After the frame is set, the tomato stems will be placed on the frame along the frame surface, and vines will be tied under each ear in the future. (2) Tie the vines. Binding vines is to fix the stems and vines on the bracket, so that the plants can be arranged neatly and receive light evenly, and the growth of plants can be regulated, so that the growth potential is balanced, and the obtained parts are more consistent and easy to manage. Tendons should be bound in stages. Generally, vines are planted once under each ear, with the number 1 below the ear 1 below the leaves 1 vines. The above layers are the same. The materials for tying vines are often iris, hemp skin, plastic rope, cloth strip, waste shed film, etc. When tying vines, be careful not to touch stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, and tie the ear of fruit inside the bracket to avoid damaging the fruit and sunburn. Pay attention to adjust the tightness, and loosen the lower part to leave room for the main stem to thicken gradually. When topping the plant, the upper part should be tied tightly to prevent the stems and vines from falling off due to the increase of fruits. Plants with strong growth potential should be bent on the shelf and tied tightly to inhibit growth; Plants with weak growth potential should be placed upright on the shelf and loosely tied to promote their growth, so that they can play a role in restraining the strong and helping the weak by tying vines. The method of tying vines should be in the shape of "8", which is firm and can leave room for the growth of stems and vines (see Figure 5-2). (3) Pruning, that is, the early-maturing self-capping tomato varieties are generally capped with 2-3 ears, and pruning is not necessary; The middle and late maturing varieties with infinite growth mostly adopt single stem pruning, double stem pruning, improved single stem pruning (one and a half stem pruning) and continuous head-changing pruning. Depending on the cultivation method, variety and planting density. In actual production, in order to improve the early yield and total output, single stem pruning and improved single stem pruning are often used (see Figure 5-3). Single stem pruning: only keep the trunk, leave 3 ~ 4 ears of fruit on the trunk, and remove all the side branches. Double trunk pruning: except the trunk, keep the 1 side branch under the 1 inflorescence. Due to the top advantage, this side branch has a strong growth potential and soon grows parallel to the main branch, forming a double main branch. The trunk and 1 lateral branches each have 3 ~ 5 ears of fruit, and two leaves are left before the fruit is pitted, and all other lateral branches are removed. Improved single stem pruning (one stem and a half pruning): on the basis of single stem pruning, the 1 lateral branch under the 1 inflorescence, the main 3-4 ear fruit, the lateral branch 1-2 ear fruit are reserved, and two leaves are left before the fruit, and all other lateral branches are removed. Continuous head-changing and pruning: there are three main methods: one is to leave 3 ears of fruit on the trunk, leave strong lateral branches under it to replace the trunk, then leave 3 ears of fruit for coring, and * * * leave 6 ears of fruit. The second method is to change the head twice, leaving 9 ears of fruit. The method is basically the same as the first method. The third method is to change the head by continuous coring. When the second inflorescence of the main stem blooms, leave two leaves for coring, keep the 1 side branch under the 1 inflorescence, and remove all other side branches. 1 After the second inflorescence on the side branch blooms, the second inflorescence is also enucleated, leaving 1 side branch, and so on for 5 times, * * * leaving 5. Twisting branches should be carried out after each core removal, so that the fruit branches spread out 80 ~ 90 degrees. Later, with the fruit expanding and weight increasing, the fruit branches gradually drooped. By changing heads and twisting branches, the plant height is artificially reduced, which is beneficial to nutrient transportation. However, after twisting branches, the opening of plants is large, so it is necessary to reduce the planting density and increase the yield by increasing the number of ears and branches per plant. (4) Branches refer to other side branches except those that should be kept, which are called branches. Pruning should be done after the dew dries in a sunny morning, and the wound is easy to heal. Don't do it before or after the rain or when there is dew. By pushing and rubbing. (5) Picking kernel, also called pinching tip, refers to an infinitely growing variety. When it grows to a certain number of ears, clamp or cut off the growing point with hands, tweezers or scissors to remove the apical advantage, control the growth height and promote fruit ripening. Attention should be paid to the following matters: ① Picking should be based on the variety and growth period, and self-capping tomato varieties generally do not need to be picked. (2) During the coring period, when tomatoes are not self-capped, 3-4 ears are reserved for coring and 4-5 ears are reserved for middle frame cultivation. According to the local growth period, coring can be carried out 45-50 days before seedling pulling. (3) Leave 2 ~ 3 leaves on the top ear when removing the core, which is beneficial to the growth of the fruit, shading and preventing the fruit from being sunburned. (4) After the coring operation is completed, fungicides should be sprayed in time to prevent diseases and protect seedlings. (6) Number of flowers and fruits: large fruits (diameter > 200g/ fruit), with 2-3 fruits per ear; Medium-sized fruit (diameter 100 ~ 200g/ fruit), with 3 ~ 5 fruits per ear; Small fruit (diameter < 100g/ fruit), 5 ~ 10 fruit per ear. Before the inflorescence is treated with hormones, if there are too many flowers per panicle, the abnormal flowers and extra small flowers should be removed and 4 ~ 5 flowers per panicle should be kept. After hormone treatment, if there are too many fruit sets, it will often cause problems such as different fruit sizes, decreased weight of single fruit and affected fruit quality. Therefore, the fruit should be thinned as soon as possible. (7) In the late growth stage of tomato with basal leaves after a large number of fruits are picked, the lower leaves turn yellow and dry, losing photosynthetic function and affecting ventilation and light transmission. Yellow leaves, diseased leaves and dense leaves should be removed and then buried or burned. But leaves with normal functions can't be picked. The principle of picking leaves is "picking old leaves without picking green ones, and picking inside without picking outside". 3. In the process of tomato growth, due to the change of environmental conditions and improper management, a large number of flowers and fruits often fall after flowering, which has a great impact on the early maturity and high yield of tomatoes. One of the reasons for falling flowers and fruits is that reproductive growth is blocked, such as flower structure defects, too low or too high temperature, rainy flowering period, etc., which can affect pollen germination and growth and make fertilization poor; Second, malnutrition, insufficient supply of soil nutrients and water, poor root development, too low soil temperature, insufficient light, untimely pruning, too fast plant growth and other factors lead to unbalanced distribution of nutrients in plants, leading to falling flowers and fruits. Among them, too low or too high temperature (especially at night) is the most common reason for tomato flowering. Measures to prevent falling flowers and fruits: (1) Plant in time, avoid blindly rushing to seed in the early stage, and prevent low temperature in early spring from affecting the development of flower organs. After planting, the temperature is kept at 25℃ during the day and 65438 05℃ at night to promote flower bud differentiation. When the temperature of protected cultivation exceeds 30℃, outdoor air should be used to adjust the temperature. (2) Water in time in case of drought, drain water in case of water accumulation, ensure adequate nutrition of plants, and prune and harrow reasonably. (3) Treating florets in inflorescence 12 with plant growth regulators. Spraying the floret with 20 ~ 30 mg/L tomato alcohol or dipping the floret with 2,4-D of 10 ~ 20 mg/L can prevent the floret from falling off. 4. Pest control The main diseases of tomato are virus disease, early blight, leaf mold, gray mold, late blight, Fusarium wilt and anthracnose, and the main pests are black cutworm, aphid and cotton bollworm. Comprehensive control should be strengthened, such as selecting disease-resistant varieties; Do a good job in seed disinfection, strengthen cultivation management, implement crop rotation, and remove residual plants, fallen leaves and weeds in time. If necessary, carry out chemical control. 5. Prevention of Physiological Obstacles and Diseases of Tomato Fruit (1) Prevention of Physiological Obstacles of Tomato Fruit ① Under the conditions of low temperature, excessive fertilization (mainly excessive nitrogen fertilizer) and sufficient water, the nutrients of abnormal fruit tomatoes are excessively concentrated and transported to differentiated flower buds, which leads to excessive division of flower bud cells, increased number of carpels, uneven development of carpels after flowering and formation of multi-chamber abnormal fruits; Plants are aging, and nutrients are reduced, especially under the conditions of low temperature and insufficient light, flower organs and fruits can not fully develop, forming deformed fruits with spires; Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer at seedling stage, imbalance of crown and root ratio, will also produce deformed fruit; Improper use of plant growth regulators or failure to keep up with water and fertilizer will also increase the occurrence of deformed fruits. Preventive measures: strengthen management, especially before and after flower bud differentiation of 1 ear, to avoid continuous low temperature below 10; Prevent excessive nitrogen fertilizer at seedling stage; Pay attention to the selection of varieties that are not easy to deform fruit; Correct use of plant growth regulators. (2) The reason of hollow fruit is that in the process of flower bud differentiation and fruit development, due to high temperature, low temperature or insufficient light, pollen is often not full, resulting in incomplete fertilization and small seed formation, so that pectin produced in the process of seed formation is correspondingly reduced, resulting in hollow fruit; Secondly, it is too early to treat with plant growth regulators, and it may also produce empty fruits; In addition, for large varieties that need more fertilizer, in the middle and late growth period, because nutrition can't keep up, carbohydrates accumulate less, and empty fruits will also be formed. However, ordinary small fruit varieties have fewer empty fruits. Precautionary measures: pay attention to the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, ensure that fruit development obtains sufficient nutrition, and create suitable conditions for pollen development, pollination and fertilization to proceed normally; When using plant growth regulators, it is necessary to master the treatment time and concentration. (3) Fruit cracking is easy to occur in the later stage of fruit development, with different types of fruit cracking, some of which are concentric around sepals; Some split radially from sepals, and some have irregular lateral fissures. Generally, large fruit varieties crack more when they mature. The main reason is that in the early stage of fruit hypertrophy, high temperature, strong light and soil drying promote the hardening of fruit shoulder epidermis. Then, due to rainfall or large amount of irrigation, the growth of pericarp can't keep up with the expansion of pulp tissue, which suddenly increases the expansion pressure and produces cracked fruit. Preventive measures: select varieties with thick peel and strong crack resistance; After the fruit expands, water it evenly to prevent the soil from becoming dry and wet. The soil should not be too dry before the heavy rain, and it should be drained in time after the rain. Spraying 0. 1% calcium chloride solution or 0. 1% calcium sulfate solution before fruit harvesting/0/5 ~ 20 days can prevent fruit cracking to some extent. (2) Prevention of physiological diseases of fruits ① Top rot (navel rot and rot) belongs to physiological diseases. Water-stained dark green spots are mostly formed at the navel of young fruits and olives, and gradually become dark brown or black. In severe cases, the spots spread to half of the fruit surface, and the pulp tissue of the affected area collapsed and shrank. Under humid conditions, saprophytic bacteria will form black or red molds. Causes of disease: soil drought, biased application of nitrogen fertilizer or uneven water supply reduce the ability of plants to absorb calcium, and the disease will occur when the calcium content in fruits is lower than 0.2%; In addition, there will be fruit moisture deficiency and physiological dysfunction of pulp tissue at navel. Preventive measures: Deeply cultivate the soil, increase the application of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer, and avoid excessive application of chemical fertilizer; Using plastic film mulching to improve soil water retention capacity and improve the environmental conditions of root physiological activities; Irrigation in time, paying special attention to balanced water supply in the fruiting period, keeping the soil moist and preventing sudden dryness and wetness; At the early stage of fruit expansion, foliar spraying calcium fertilizer, such as 1% calcium superphosphate, 0.5% calcium chloride and 300 times calcium treasure, every 7 days 1 time, 2 ~ 3 times in a row. ② Stripe leaf blight (gluten rot) first occurred in tomato cultivation in greenhouse or greenhouse, and now a large number of tomatoes are cultivated in the open field. Tomato tendon rot is mainly characterized by uneven coloring and light color. After crosscutting, the vascular bundle tissue of pulp is dark brown, the placental tissue is underdeveloped, some fruits are accompanied by cavities, and the peel and pulp become hard. Pathogenic factors: too much nitrogen fertilizer (especially ammonium nitrogen), lack of potassium in plants, insufficient sunshine, high temperature and high humidity, and insufficient carbohydrates in plants, which leads to the decrease of carbon-nitrogen ratio and metabolic disorder, leading to browning and lignification of vascular bundles. Preventive measures: rational fertilization, avoiding excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer (especially ammonium nitrogen fertilizer) and increasing application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; The planting density should be moderate, the vegetative growth should be controlled, and the fruit should be exposed to light. When the plant grows too vigorously, it can be adjusted by cutting off half a leaf or cutting off leaves; Maintain appropriate soil moisture content, pay attention to drainage after rain in low-lying areas to avoid flooding in low-temperature seasons; If stripe disease is found, temporary remedial measures can be taken, and foliar spraying can be used.