42. Provitamin A: β -carotene can be converted into retinol by oxygenase in small intestine mucosa or liver, so it is also called Provitamin A..
43.* Trace elements: The content of elements in the body is very small, which is less than .1% of the body weight. ***14 elements are called trace elements.
44. Macro elements: The contents of seven elements, namely calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine, account for about 6%-8% of the total ash of human body, which are called macro elements.
42. Heme iron: It mainly exists in animal food and is iron combined with protoporphyrin of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
45. Restricted amino acids: in the amino acid model, the content of essential amino acids is relatively small compared with the human amino acid model. If the lack of lysine and tryptophan in cereal protein affects its nutritional value, these two are the restricted amino acids of cereal.
46. amino acid score: also known as protein chemical score, the essential amino acid score pattern of the protein of the tested food is compared with the recommended ideal pattern or reference protein pattern, and the amino acid with the lowest ratio is the first restricted amino acid, which is the amino acid score or chemical score of the tested food protein. Its score is the ratio of essential amino acids in food protein to corresponding essential amino acids in reference protein or ideal model.
= certain AA content (mg) per gram of tested protein/this AA content (mg) per gram of reference protein
47. Nutrition: refers to the biological process in which the human body ingests various foods, digests, absorbs and metabolizes them to maintain the growth, development and various physiological functions of the body.
48. Macronutrients: refer to carbohydrates, fats and protein with a large intake.
49. Lipid: refers to a kind of fat, including phospholipids and sterols.
5. Polyunsaturated fatty acids refer to fatty acids with more than two unsaturated bonds.
51. Essential fatty acids: refers to fatty acids that are indispensable to the human body and cannot be synthesized by itself, and must be supplied through food.
52. Carbohydrate: It consists of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and every two hydrogen atoms have an oxygen atom.
53. disaccharide: oligosaccharide composed of two monosaccharide molecules. Comprise sucrose, lactose, maltose and trehalose.
54. Dietary fiber: polysaccharide that cannot be digested by digestive enzymes in human gastrointestinal tract and is not absorbed and utilized by human body.
55. basal metabolism: it is the energy needed by the human body to maintain basic life activities. That is, the energy needed to maintain breathing, circulation, body temperature and cell function when the body is at constant temperature (generally 18~25℃), fasting, lying still and awake.
56. Heat production coefficient: namely energy coefficient, which is the energy generated by oxidation of fat, carbohydrate and protein per gram in the body.
57. Vitamins are a kind of nutrients necessary for maintaining human and animal health. They are low-molecular-weight organic compounds. They cannot be synthesized in the body, or the amount synthesized is difficult to meet the needs of the body, so they must be supplied by food.
58. Neutral fat: Neutral fat is an ester composed of one molecule of glycerol (C3H8O3) and three molecules of fatty acids
. Main forms of fat storage in animal and plant cells. Short for fat, scientific name triglyceride. Those that are solid at room temperature < P > (25℃) are called lipids; Oil is liquid at room temperature.
59. Sulfur reaction in abstinence: The general name of sulfur in abstinence is disulfiram, also known as disulfiram, which has been included in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, Japan and other countries as a drug for abstinence. After ethanol enters the body, it is first converted into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver, and then converted into acetic acid by aldose oxidoreductase (also known as acetaldehyde dehydrogenase or acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in literature). Acetic acid enters the citric acid cycle and finally is converted into water and carbon dioxide. Disulfiram can inhibit aldose oxidoreductase, so that acetaldehyde cannot be oxidized to acetic acid, which leads to the increase of acetaldehyde concentration in the body and discomfort. Facial flushing, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, garlic-like smell in the mouth and even shock will occur after drinking alcohol for a certain period of time after taking Disulfiram. In severe cases, it can cause respiratory depression, myocardial infarction, acute heart failure, convulsion and death. This is the sulfur-like reaction of abstinence from alcohol, also known as disulfiram-like reaction, disulfiram-alcohol reaction or disulfiram-like reaction.
6. Diagnostic diet (also called experimental diet) refers to assisting in the diagnosis of diseases through special adjustment of dietary contents in a specific period of time, which is an auxiliary means to cooperate with clinical examination and make a clear diagnosis. It is a special diet for disease diagnosis or auxiliary inspection or metabolic research.
61. therapeutic diet: a diet set by adjusting the nutritional components or preparation methods in the diet on the basis of conventional diet.
62. acidic food: any food (grain, animal food) with high content of sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, etc., which is oxidized and metabolized in the body to generate acid anion such as sulfate and chloride ion, so as to reduce the PH value of human body.
63. alkaline food: foods (vegetables, fruits, soybeans, potatoes) with high contents of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron and other elements generate cations such as calcium ions, potassium ions and sodium ions after oxidation and metabolism in the body.
64. enternal nutrition's modern concept refers to gastrointestinal dysfunction, functional failure, intestinal fistula and short bowel syndrome caused by disease or trauma, so that diet can't be ingested, digested and absorbed, so it is necessary to adopt an appropriate way to feed special nutrients through gastrointestinal intubation to achieve the purpose of nutritional treatment.
65. Recommended intake: RNI, which is equivalent to the traditional RDA (Dietary Nutrition Supply), is an intake level that can meet the needs of the vast majority (97-98%) of a certain gender, age and physiological status group.