Also known as almond, it is rich in vegetable oil, protein and many trace elements, and is mainly used to treat diseases such as neurasthenia, skin allergy, tracheitis and rickets in children.
Xinjiang almonds are mainly produced in Yengisar, Kashgar, Shufu, Yecheng and shache county, among which Yengisar is more famous.
It is said that there are "five families" and more than 40 varieties. There are bitter and sweet kernels, among which there is a thin-skinned variety whose skin can be peeled off with fingers, and the kernel tastes more fragrant.
Because the skin is thin and easy to peel, people in * * * call it "Kakazi Badanmu", which means "paper-skinned Badanmu".
Because of its flat shape, it is also called flat peach.
It is a precious dried fruit for eating nuts.
Location: Kashgar, Xinjiang.
The fruit is oval, easy to crack when ripe, and the stone is smooth and concave.
Its meat is bitter and inedible, and its nucleolus is sweet.
Almond originated in ancient Persia, and it is called "Podan Tree". There are more than 30 varieties, which are divided into three strains: soft-shell sweet almond strain, which matures earlier; Generally, in early August, the fruit type is small and the kernel rate of core-shell is high.
There are many excellent varieties in the strain, including small soft shell, Shuang Ren soft shell, flat-billed brown and so on.
Shache, Yengisar, Shufu and other counties are cultivated.
The sweet almond strain matures earlier, usually in early August.
The fruit type is large, and the core-shell is thin. The excellent varieties are precocious thin shell, Shuang Ren thin shell and white thin shell.
It is cultivated in all counties in Kashgar.
The strain of sweet almond with thick shell has a late maturity, usually in late August, large fruit shape, hard core-shell and low economic value.
The main varieties are Dabadan, Shitou Badan and Shuang Ren Shitou Badan, which are distributed in Kashgar and Aksu.
In addition, there are1.2000 mu of native almond forests along the Bulgan River in Baluke Mountain, Yumin County, Tacheng District. It is an ancient tree species left over from Tertiary.
Xinjiang almond cultivation history has been 1300 years.
Almonds have high economic value; Kernel contains vegetable oil, protein, starch, sugar,' and vitamins AI, B1; B2, digestive enzymes, almond enzymes, amygdalin, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, barium, silicon, etc., are important raw materials for making high-grade food and valuable medicinal materials.
Among the ethnic medicinal materials, it is often regarded as ginseng as a tonic to prolong life.
According to modern medical research, almond has the effects of invigorating qi, strengthening the body, relieving cough and asthma, improving intelligence and calming the mind, and can treat physical weakness; Waist and knee pain, vascular malacia, hypertension, neurasthenia, cough due to lung deficiency, gastropathy, rickets in children and many other diseases.
In recent years, Xinjiang almond has been introduced to some provinces and cities.
American almond (Almond, Almond, Almond) is a very important dried fruit oil and medicinal tree species.
Its annual output in the world is about1200,000 tons, ranking first among the four dried fruits in the world.
The oil content of American almond is generally 55%-68%, which is a kind of green vegetable oil with stable oil quality, fragrant taste and easy digestion. Contain protein 20%-35%; Sugar 3%-10%; 50%-65% fat; 2.5%-3,5% of crude fiber; Rich in vitamins A 1, B 1, B2, C, E, A and rich in trace elements.
Almond contains 800mg of potassium, 380mg of calcium, 200mg of magnesium and 450 p per100g, which has extremely high nourishing and nutritional value.
American almond shell can be used to make activated carbon, which is a first-class industrial raw material. American almond wood has hard texture and clear and detailed texture, and is suitable for processing high-end appliances.
American almond tree is cold-resistant, drought-resistant, barren-resistant and adaptable, and it is the preferred tree species for returning farmland to forests and building high efficiency and economy in the west.
Almond is the most important tree species of nuts in international fruit trade, with high economic benefits.
In the international market, the price of raw almonds is about 4000 dollars /t, and the price of finished almonds is more than twice its price.
In the United States, the cultivation and production of almond has become an industry.
Almonds develop rapidly and bear fruit early. 3-4-year-old trees enter the fruit-bearing period, and10-25 years is the fruit-bearing period. Its economic life is as long as 50 years, and the yield in the fruit-bearing period can reach150-300 kg/667 m2. In addition, almonds are fast-growing trees, so they are the best choice for returning farmland to forests.
1 Garden Site Selection
Almond is barren, drought-resistant, cold-resistant, and has strong adaptability, but it is best to choose loam and sandy loam plots with deep soil layer and good ventilation in production.
Because almonds are vulnerable to late frost, it is necessary to choose the middle of the hillside, the open flat land, the valley and the south mountain slope to avoid the wind and the sun, and not to build the garden on the windward side of the main wind direction.
2 Seedling colonization
The plant spacing should be 3m×4m or 4m×5m, and the planting density should be 33 ~ 35 plants /667m2.
In order to achieve early high yield and high efficiency, 83 ~11plant /667m2 can be planted in the planned dense planting garden, but attention should be paid to thinning in time.
Both finished seedlings and bud seedlings can be used for planting seedlings.
Using bud seedlings can save 1 year seedling time, which is convenient for early plastic surgery, but some preparatory seedlings need to be reserved for replanting at any time.
Before planting, dig a planting pit with a depth and a diameter of 60cm. When the planting density is high, it can be directly dug into a planting belt with a width of 60cm and a depth of 60 cm.
3 fertilizer and water management
Apply base fertilizer once a year for young trees and once every 2-3 years for adult trees.
Apply base fertilizer15 ~ 25 kg for young trees, 20 ~ 25 kg for middle-aged trees and 50 ~100 kg for big trees.
Fertilization is generally divided into three times a year. The first time should be in early spring or autumn and winter, with available nitrogen as the main fertilizer, the second time in the fruit expansion period, with nitrogen and potassium as the main fertilizer, and the third time after the fruit is harvested, with compost, manure and other organic fertilizers as the main fertilizer, usually combined with deep ploughing in autumn.
In addition, foliar spraying fertilizer, such as 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% ~ 0.4% urea, can also be carried out during the growing season.
In areas with annual rainfall of 400 ~ 450 mm, special watering is generally not needed.
In areas with insufficient rainfall or uneven distribution in summer, water should be poured1~ 2 times.
If winter irrigation is carried out before winter, the effect will be better.
4 plastic trimming
Almond likes light and has strong dryness. In high-density cultivation orchards, it is mainly spindle-shaped, while in low-density cultivation orchards, it is mainly natural and happy.
The main feature of the free spindle shape is that it has a * * * trunk, and10 ~15 main branches are set aside in different parts of the central trunk in a staggered way, and the main branches keep an angle of 80 ~ 90 with the trunk, and the bearing branches are directly planted on the main branches.
The main characteristics of natural open-heart shape are good light transmission, the stem height is 40 ~ 50 cm, 3 ~ 4 main branches are selected on the trunk, the base angle is 45 ~ 70, and 2 ~ 4 side branches are equipped with branch groups.
Because almond branches are strong, the principle of pruning is more sparse and less cut.
Almond mainly bears short fruit branches, and its young trees and fruit trees grow vigorously at the early fruit stage, with a large number of medium-long fruit branches. Generally, when the new shoots grow to about 50 ~ 60 cm, the buds should be picked in time to promote the development of secondary shoots, increase the fruit branches, and at the same time, the redundant branches should be thinned in time.
For the back branches and upright branches with space to be reserved, twist them slightly in time when they are 50 ~ 60 cm long.
In winter, it is basically not sheared, and it can be formed in the winter of the next year after planting.
5 flower and fruit management
5. 1 Strengthen the integrated management of orchards
Applying more organic fertilizer, enhancing tree vigor, promoting flower bud differentiation, and paying attention to the combined use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are conducive to improving the ratio of complete flowers, thus reducing flower drop and fruit drop.
5.2 flowering period
The flat peach blossom with bees is an insect-borne flower. When bees are released in full bloom, generally every 667m2 1 container, normal flowers can get good pollination and fertilization, and then the fruit setting rate can be improved and the yield can be increased by 20%.
5.3 Rational allocation
The pollination tree almond is not self-fertile. Generally,1~ 2 rows of pollinated varieties are arranged every 2 ~ 3 rows, which creates conditions for normal pollination and fertilization of almond and is beneficial to improve the fruit setting rate.
At present, the main reason for the low fruit setting rate and low yield in some newly-built almond bases in China is the unreasonable allocation of pollination trees.
We must pay attention to the configuration of pollinators when building the garden. When matching varieties, the main varieties should be combined with an early-flowering variety and a late-flowering variety. For example, Yibian 1 is the main variety, accounting for 60%, and Yibian 2 and Yibian 3 are the pollinators, each accounting for about 20%.
6 pest control
Almond has strong resistance to diseases and insect pests, and peach aphid, red spider, leaf shrinkage, dry rot, root rot and gummosis are the main hazards to almond growth and development in production.
(1) Control peach aphids.
In addition to using natural enemies such as Chrysopa and Blastomyces, 40% dimethoate, 50% dichlorvos or 50% parathion can be used for control.
(2) Control the red spider.
It can be prevented and controlled by Migujing or pyridaben.
(3) control leaf shrinkage.
800 ~1000 times of 50% Tobuzine solution or defoliation, and then spray with Baume's 5-degree stone sulfur mixture.
(4) Prevention and control of dry rot.
Brush the scar with 4-degree stone sulfur mixture.
(5) Prevention and treatment of root rot.
Remove topsoil from around the roots of trees and expose the upper roots to air to dry.
(6) Prevention and treatment of gummosis.
Spraying 0.5-degree lime-sulfur mixture every15 ~ 20 days after flowering, ***3 times.
You can also use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times solution to spray cloth 1 time every half month from April, * * * 3 ~ 4 times.