First of all, distinguish the categories of poetry.
Different poems have their own characteristics in expression, skill application and rhythm. According to the way of expression, it can be divided into narrative poems and lyric poems; According to the language form, it can be divided into ancient prose, metrical poetry, ci, and Yuanqu. Different types of poetry have different forms and styles. To appreciate poetry, we must first distinguish the categories. Among the common poems, lyric poetry accounts for a large proportion, which is especially worth studying. Lyrics can be divided into two categories: one is direct lyrics and the other is indirect lyrics. Indirect lyricism can be divided into three categories: one is lyricism by borrowing scenery, the other is lyricism by borrowing things, and the other is lyricism by supporting things. The following are explained separately.
1, direct lyric
"Poetry and songs, feelings about the scenery". Direct lyric poetry is generally the first two sentences describing scenery or things, and the last two sentences are lyrical. Such as Li Bai's "To Wang Lun":
Li Bai was about to go by boat when he suddenly heard singing on the shore. Even if the Peach Blossom Pond is deep, it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending away my love.
The author first said a song given to him by Wang Lun. Besides, even though the Peach Blossom Pond is as deep as thousands of feet, it is not as deep as his friends' love. His surprise is beyond words, which directly conveys his inner excitement.
2, borrow scenery lyric
"All landscape words are sentimental words". Poems that express feelings through scenery are placed in the scenery described. For example, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane:
Weeds are blooming beside Suzaku Bridge, and the mouth of Wuyi Lane is inclined to the sun; Swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people.
In the poem, the author seems to describe that Wang Dao and Xie Anjia, once famous swallows, have now flown into the homes of ordinary people. They don't directly write about dynasty changes and personnel changes, but put nostalgia on seemingly trivial things, which seems dull and thought-provoking.
3. Lend people and things to express their feelings
Most of these poems are about historical figures or major events, and the author uses these events and figures to express his views or his sense of vicissitudes. For example, Mutu's Red Cliff:
If the halberd sinks into the sand and iron, it will be washed away by the previous dynasty; If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.
Zhou Yu's success is considered lucky in the poem. Without the east wind, the fire attack would not succeed, and even Er Qiao would be captured by Cao Cao, which euphemistically expressed the serious consequences of the demise of Sun Liu's allied forces.
4. Take things and express your wishes
This kind of poems often express their thoughts or feelings with the help of something with a specific cultural connotation. For example, Yu Shinan's Cicada:
The weeping ear drinks clear dew, and the sound is like sparse tung; Cicada is far away from cicada because cicada is on a tall tree, not relying on autumn wind.
Cicadas hang long tentacles and drink clean nectar, and cicadas in the distance are heard from tall and straight buttonwood trees. It lives in a high place and has different reactions, not by the autumn wind. The author uses cicadas to show his point: if a person can live a high and noble life, he can also make a name for himself without any help.
Second, try to understand the historical background of poetry.
In the process of appreciating a poem, not knowing the historical background often leads to superficial appreciation of the poem and stays at the practical level. For example, Li Qingzhao's summer quatrains:
Life is a hero, and death is a ghost. I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong.
As far as poetry is concerned, by describing the plot that he would rather commit suicide in Wujiang than go back to Jiangdong to meet his elders, the author expressed his admiration for Xiang Yu's feat of living an ignoble life without disgrace to his mission. But I think deeply: Li Qingzhao is a master of graceful and restrained ci school. Why did she praise the heroic Xiang Yu and what was her intention? Looking back at history, we can see the era when Li Qingzhao lived: Jin Bing went south, Bianjing fell, and the Song Dynasty was forced to move to Nanjing, which led to the destruction of countless people's homes and the loss of the author's husband. A poetess wandering alone in a foreign land wrote this poem emotionally. The original intention is to express the condemnation of Xiang Yu's tragic behavior of drag out an ignoble existence and the Southern Song Dynasty. It can be seen that it is very important to fully appreciate ancient poetry and understand its historical background.
Third, be familiar with the author's life experience as much as possible.
The change of a poet's life experience often leads to the change of his poetic style, theme and ideological content. Among them, Li Yu, Li Shangyin and Li Qingzhao are the most typical. His early works are almost completely different from his later poems.
Take Li Houzhu as an example. At the age of 25, he became the king of a wealthy country in the Southern Tang Dynasty and lived a luxurious life. His poems mostly describe court life, such as Snow in the Jade House in Late Spring and Early Spring, and The Red Sun in Huanxisha has risen three zhangs. Or write about the feelings of men and women according to traditional themes, such as "The First Pass of a Mutual Help Makeup" and "The Bodhisattva is full of flowers, bright moon, clear cage and light fog"; Or write "don't hate parting", such as "picking mulberry seeds in the spring before the court" and "don't come to the spring and a half in peace". However, at the age of 29, Nan Tang was destroyed by the Song Dynasty, and he became the king of national subjugation and began to live a prisoner's life. Jiangnan's yearning for the motherland, accompanied by loneliness and sadness, turned his words into homesickness and hatred of national subjugation. His representative works "When is the Autumn Moon and Spring Flowers" and "Rain Outside the Sand Curtain" are bleak and sad, which are very different from their previous poems. Moreover, the poets lived in different times, and the themes and styles of poems were quite different. Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and had a strong national strength. Throughout his life, the poet eulogized his ideal life with childlike innocence and always embraced the world with full enthusiasm. His style is romantic, imaginative and full of emotion. On the other hand, Du Fu, who lived in the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, stared at the bleeding land all the way, and his poems reflected a realistic writing style that went deep into society and cared about politics and people's livelihood. It can be seen that familiarity with the poet's life experience is an indispensable condition for a deeper understanding of poetry.
Fourth, learn to enter the artistic conception of poetry
Mr. Zhu Guangqian, a famous aesthete, once defined artistic conception as an imaginary world formed by the combination of a writer's subjective feelings and objective images, which is enough to immerse readers. How can our students get into the artistic conception of poetry?
First, it depends on Lenovo.
The theme of poetry is often expressed through artistic conception, and the way to appreciate artistic conception is to grasp the picture and atmosphere of poetry and use imagination to understand and feel what "this feeling" of "this person" is in "this moment" and "this scene". The basic ways of combining emotion with scenery in poetry, as mentioned above, are to express one's will directly and through the scenery. For example, in the dream of climbing Mount Tianmu, Li Bai created a wonderful fairyland by romanticism. Through the comparison and connection with the social environment in which the poet lived, we clearly understand his intention, that is, to express the author's dissatisfaction with the dark society and his desire for freedom and light.
Second, we should use our imagination.
Without imagination, there is no poetry. Imagination is a special form of thinking activity. If association depends on memory, then imagination is creation. In the process of appreciating ancient poems, to enter the artistic conception of the works, we can mobilize the accumulation of life according to the descriptive sentences provided by the works and recreate the image through imagination. Like crossing a mountain village
There are one or two crows in the mountain village, and the bridge in Zhuxicun Road is oblique; Mother-in-law called a silkworm bath and laid gardenias in the atrium.
The first two sentences of the poem remind us of such a picture: it is drizzling, a stream passes through the bamboo forest, a path winds into the mountain village next to the Xieqiao stream, and there is a cock crow or two occasionally in the silent mountain village, which is so quiet and comfortable; In the last two sentences, imagine how harmonious and warm it is for sister-in-law and sister-in-law to meet and wash silkworms together. There was nothing idle except gardenia in the court. The villagers were so hardworking that they understood the whole poem thoroughly.
Fifth, experience the rhetoric in poetry.
The rhetorical devices commonly used in ancient poetry include metaphor, personification, duality, exaggeration and contrast. Here, we focus on the application of metaphor and personification.
1. There are many classic metaphors in ancient poetry. For example, when he was a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, Zhong Zhang, a doctor of the Ministry of Water, wrote "Try to borrow Zhang from the Ministry of Water":
The bridal chamber stopped a red candle in front of Tang Xiao last night to pay homage to her aunt; Make-up, low eyebrow asked her husband, is it deep thrush?
Judging from this poem, it is written that the bride will meet her parents-in-law on the morning after the wedding. After putting on makeup, she asked her husband if it was okay to put on makeup. In essence, the author uses the bride as a metaphor, compares the examiner Zhang Ji to her husband, expresses her worries about the exam, and asks Zhang Shui for advice. Zhang also wrote a poem to answer:
Yue Nv's new makeup appeared, knowing that Yan Yan has more ideas; Wan Qi is not expensive in the world, but a Song Ling is worth thousands of dollars.
The poem also uses "Yue Nv" as a metaphor for Zhu Qingyu, and uses "A Song of Lingge" as a metaphor for Zhu's outstanding talent, expressing his appreciation and comfort to Zhu. ; The two poems are very harmonious, and both adopt figurative rhetoric.
2. There are many ancient poems that personify people, such as Song Qi's "Red Apricot Branches in Spring". Wang Guowei, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, said: "When you make a noise, the realm is exhausted." The word "noisy" seems to let readers hear the noise of an affair, setting off a vibrant scene; Wang Anshi's "Spring Breeze is Green in Jiang Nanan", and the word "green" endows the spring breezeman with modality, which also shows the vitality of Jiangnan. Zhang Xian's words "clouds break the moon and give flowers a shadow" and "Nong" endow flowers with human modality. The use of these anthropomorphic techniques has impressed future generations deeply.
Of course, the students have learned the above methods of poetry appreciation, which is just an introduction. To improve their appreciation ability, there must be a process in which practice makes perfect. As the saying goes, "Look at a thousand swords before you know the instrument, and practice a thousand songs before you know the sound." Under the guidance of these methods, you can naturally break through this problem by watching more and practicing more.