China is a multi-ethnic country. In this vast and rich land, there are 56 ethnic groups, including 55 ethnic minorities, with a population of more than 91.2 million, accounting for 8.4% of the total population of the country, while the distribution area accounts for 63.8% of the total area of the country. From Heilongjiang to Hainan Island, from Alishan to Pamirs, you can see the smoke from ethnic minorities. Due to different historical traditions, geographical environment and other differences in living areas, most ethnic groups have their own customs, languages, religious beliefs and special productive and labor skills. These differences are inevitably reflected in the geographical distribution.

rivers and lakes

(1) river basins and water systems

China is a country with many rivers and rich runoff resources. According to statistics, the total length of large and small rivers in China is about 42, kilometers, including more than 5, rivers with a basin area of over 1 square kilometers, more than 1,58 rivers with a basin area of over 1, square kilometers and 79 rivers with a basin area of over 1, square kilometers. As far as runoff resources are concerned, the total runoff in China is about 2.6 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 6.8% of the total river runoff in the world and 2.1% of the total runoff in Asia. It ranks third in the world after Brazil and the former Soviet Union. So many rivers and rich runoff resources provide favorable conditions for irrigation, shipping, power generation and urban water supply.

Although there are many rivers in China and the runoff is very rich, the spatial distribution is unbalanced. Rivers in the humid areas of eastern China account for 95.55% of the total runoff in the country. In areas south of Qinling-Tongbai Mountain-Dabie Mountain and east of Wuling Mountain-Xuefeng Mountain, the river network density is generally below .5km/km2, but it reaches 1.km/km2 in some parts of southwest Yunnan, which is relatively high in ethnic areas. In the north of Qinling-Tongbai Mountain-Dabie Mountain, the density of river network in most areas is .3 km/km2; Songnen Plain and Xiliaohe Plain, which are low-lying, are generally below .1 km/km2, and even some areas have no flow areas.

The runoff of rivers in the vast dry and semi-dry areas in western China only accounts for 4.55% of the total runoff in China, and the river network density is almost below .1km/km2. There are large areas of no-flow areas in Tarim basin, Junggar basin, Qaidam basin and Alashan plateau in western Inner Mongolia. The Altai Mountain, Tianshan Mountain and Pamirs Plateau are rich in precipitation, and the river network density even exceeds .5 km/km2.

According to the circulation form of runoff, rivers in China can be divided into two major areas: the outflow river that flows into the ocean and the inflow river that does not communicate with the ocean. The outflow area accounts for about 63.76% of the total area of China, and the inflow area accounts for about 36.24%. The boundary of the outflow area in ethnic areas starts from the western foot of Daxing 'anling in the north, passes through the southern edge of Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yinshan Mountain, Helan Mountain, Qilian Mountain, Sun Moon Mountain, bayan har Mountain and Nyainqentanglha Mountain to Gangdise Mountain, and the western part of this line belongs to the inflow area except the Irtysh River in Xinjiang which flows into the Arctic Ocean. The eastern part of the line belongs to the outflow area except Nenjiang Plain, Ordos Plateau and Yangzhuoyongcuo in the south of Yarlung Zangbo River.

most of the rivers in the outflow area flow into the Pacific Ocean, with a basin area of 5,445,9 square kilometers, of which the Pacific basin in ethnic areas is 217.58 square kilometers, accounting for 22.66% of the national area, equivalent to 35.53% of the total outflow basin in China.

China's Indian Ocean basin and Arctic Ocean basin are both in ethnic areas. The Indian Ocean basin is distributed in the southern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a basin area of 624,5 square kilometers, accounting for 6.5% of the total area of the country, mainly including Nujiang River, Yarlung Zangbo River, Shiquan River and Xiangquan River. Its downstream flows out of the country and flows into the Andaman Sea, the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean. The Arctic Ocean basin is located in the northwest corner of Xinjiang, with an area of only 5,9 square kilometers, accounting for .53% of the total area of the country. There is only one Irtysh River, which is the upper source of ob river. After flowing out of China, it flows into the Kara Sea of the Arctic Ocean through Kazakhstan and Western Siberia of the former Soviet Union.

China's domestic inflow areas are wide, including Songnen, Inner Mongolia and Tibet, as well as Gan Xin and Qaidam. Except for most of Songnen and a part of Hexi Corridor in Gansu, the rest are in ethnic areas, with an area of 3,288,9 square kilometers, accounting for 34.26% of the total area of the country and 94.5% of the total area of domestic drainage basins.

characteristics of tourism resources

the tourism resources in China's ethnic areas are not only important social wealth in ethnic areas, but also an important part of China's tourism resources. However, due to its remote geographical location, special natural environment, complex ethnic composition and tortuous development history, its tourism resources are self-contained and have formed some characteristics different from other places.

(a) the content is rich and colorful, and some of them are of high tourism value

The tourism resources in ethnic areas are diverse and complete. There are three categories of natural tourism resources, humanistic tourism resources and comprehensive tourism resources, all of more than ten subcategories and most of nearly one hundred subcategories in ethnic areas. Among them, some are unique to ethnic areas, but not or rarely found in other areas, such as mountaineering tourism, karst landform tourism resources, aeolian landform tourism resources, grassland scenery tourism resources, natural lake tourism resources, rare animal and plant tourism resources, folk customs tourism resources of ethnic minorities, etc. Although some of them are not unique to ethnic areas, the variety quality and tourism value of ethnic areas are much higher than those of other areas, and they have a leading position in the country. Such as waterfall tourism resources represented by Huangguoshu, river scenic tourism resources represented by Lijiang River in Guilin, nature reserve tourism resources represented by Wolong in Sichuan, and special craft tourism commodities of ethnic minorities.

(II) Distinctive ethnic characteristics

There are 55 ethnic minorities in China. In the long-term development and evolution, they all have their historical and cultural characteristics and social customs and habits, from material culture to spiritual culture, such as painting and sculpture, architectural forms, national crafts, market trade, clothing and food, myths and legends, music and dance, opera art, festivals, weddings and funerals, entertainment and sports, and religious beliefs. These scenic spots or activities with rich national interest and exotic mood are unprecedented in other areas, which have formed a major feature of humanistic tourism resources in ethnic areas and have a strong attraction to tourists.

(3) Significant differences between regions

The tone of natural scenery in different regions is completely different, for example, the northwest ethnic areas are characterized by desert, Gobi scenery and Yadan landform scenery; Inner Mongolia is characterized by the scenery of plateau and grassland pastoral areas; Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, located in Changbai Mountain, is characterized by beautiful scenery of Linhai Snowfield and silver trees in winter and volcanic landforms and mountains and lakes in summer. Yunnan-Guizhou and Guangxi are characterized by karst landforms. Hainan is characterized by tropical scenery and seaside tourism.

There are also great differences in cultural tourism resources in different ethnic areas. For example, in terms of folk customs, all ethnic groups have their own unique holiday activities and living habits. The festival content and religious art of the people who believe in Islam are different from those who believe in Buddhism; The "Nadam" meeting of Mongolian people is different from the "Water-splashing Festival" of Dai people and the "March 3rd" of Zhuang people in time, form and content. The Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, the bamboo building of the Dai nationality, the stockade building of the Miao nationality, the Tibetan bunker, the Mongolian yurt, the Uighur cave house and the courtyard covered with grapes all clearly reflect the architectural style of our nation. Due to the different natural resources, tourist commodities with local and ethnic characteristics have been formed in various ethnic areas. Such as raisins and fine wool in Xinjiang, medical stone and grassland mushroom in Inner Mongolia, pearls and bamboo hats in Hepu, Guangxi, marble and cigarettes in Yunnan, Moutai and batik cloth in Guizhou, and Tibetan antelope horn in Tibet.

different ethnic regions have different seasonal variation characteristics of tourism resources. For example, in tropical and subtropical Xishuangbanna, Tianya Haijiao, Guilin, Kunming and other places, the seasonal changes are not obvious, and tourists can basically visit in winter and summer; The Qinghai-Tibet, Inner Mongolia grasslands and Tianchi in Xinjiang and Changbai Mountain, which are located in high latitude and plateau areas, can only be carried out in short summer. Humanistic tourism resources are generally not seasonal, but major festivals of all ethnic groups are very timely.

(D) The composition is not ideal and the combination is not harmonious

The composition and combination of natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources, and the internal subcategories of natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources are not balanced enough, which affects the value of tourism resources.

generally speaking, the natural tourism resources in ethnic areas are not only full in variety and rich in content, but also occupy a very important position in the national natural tourism resources. Many of them have high artistic appreciation value and scientific investigation value, which are ahead of the same type in other parts of China. For example, most of the more than 3 nature reserves established in China are in ethnic areas, and the most representative and ideal conditions in various types are also ethnic areas.

In contrast, the status of humanistic tourism resources in ethnic areas in China is dwarfed. First, it is not long enough and lacks the word "ancient"; Second, the content is not strange enough, lacking the word "rare"; Third, it is not closely related to celebrities in history and lacks the word "name"; Fourth, the scale is generally small and lacks the word "macro". In short, the historical and cultural value is not high, which is not in harmony with the status of natural tourism resources. For example, of the 62 historical and cultural cities announced twice in the State Council, only 7 are in ethnic areas, accounting for 11.7%; Among the 242 national key cultural relics protection units announced twice, there are only 4 in ethnic areas, accounting for 16.5%.

In the sub-categories and sub-categories of natural tourism resources, mountaineering resources, desert Gobi resources and grassland scenery resources in ethnic areas occupy a very prominent position in the whole country, but they are like the "Five Mountains" famous mountains in terms of landform resources, Buddhist and Taoist holy places and scenic mountains; Famous springs, garden lakes and coastal islands in water body; Precious ornamental plants and artificial zoos in biological resources are few in quantity and not very high in quality, which are not as good as those in other parts of China. And these are the most attractive resources for tourists. For example, among the top ten ornamental flowers in China, there is only one kind in ethnic areas, namely camellia in Yunnan.

there is a similar situation in the composition of various subcategories and subcategories of humanistic tourism resources. Ethnic styles, festivals and special handicrafts play an irreplaceable role in the whole country, but such aspects as large-scale ancient engineering buildings, ancient capitals, large-scale religious shrines, garden buildings, ancient tombs, tourism literature, and delicacies are all lacking in high-value resources, which are not as good as those in other parts of China.

(5) It is difficult to develop, and the depth of development is not enough

Tourism resources, like other resources, must be developed before they can be effective. Development and utilization is the premise and condition of realizing multi-function of tourism resources. Many of these conditions are not mature enough and do not have for ethnic areas. Tourism resources in ethnic areas are generally distributed in areas with remote location, inconvenient transportation, less tourists, underdeveloped regional economy and limited financial resources. In addition, there are few scenic spots, scattered combinations, complex terrain and poor construction conditions, which makes the development more difficult. Therefore, a few tourist destinations close to the mainland, with convenient transportation or located near big cities have been well developed, such as Guilin, Nanning, Kunming, Zhangjiajie, Urumqi, Yinchuan, Hohhot, Yanbian, Jilin, etc., and the rest have basically failed to meet the requirements of tourism benefits and tourism destination construction, and their accessibility is too poor. The difficulty in developing tourism resources is a great obstacle to the development of tourism in ethnic areas, which must be taken seriously in the future development of tourism planning.

Manchu

1. The origin and formation of Manchu. The name of Manchu only appeared in the late Ming Dynasty. But the history of Manchu development is very long. The Sushen people, the Yilou people, the Bujiren people, the Jijiren people and the Jurchen people who lived between Baishan and Heishui in history were all ancestors of the Manchu people in different periods (among them, the Jurchen of the State of Jin, which was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, was the direct ethnic source of the Manchu people). By the early Ming Dynasty, it was originally centered on yilan county, Heilongjiang Province, and scattered in the Songhua River, Heilongjiang River and Wusuli River basins, and the Jurchen people who reached the seaside in the east. Redistributed around Changbai Mountain and in the eastern and northern parts of Liaoning Province, most of them settled, and farming was the main industry. Later, Nuerhachi unified the ministries of Nuzhen and established the "Dajin Kingdom", thus completing the great cause of Manchu reunification. In 1635, Huang Taiji abolished the old name of Nuzhen, and the clan was named "Manchuria", referred to as Manchu for short.

2. Historical evolution of geographical distribution of Manchu. The Qing Dynasty was established shortly after the formation of Manchu. A large number of Manchu people entered the customs with them. Due to the need of political rule, Manchu people spread to Beijing and many other large and medium-sized cities in China, and then they generally switched to Chinese because of the influence of social environment. At the same time, because a large number of Han people moved to the customs, Manchu people who stayed in the northeast gradually switched to Chinese. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu people scattered all over the country. Some scattered, forced to conceal the ethnic composition and renamed as other ethnic groups, or assimilated by the Han nationality. The more concentrated areas still retain the title of Manchu. This is the historical origin of Manchu people who are currently distributed in large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Chengdu and Xi 'an, and in Qinglong and Fengning Manchu Autonomous Counties in Hebei Province. Manchu, who originally stayed in Northeast China, remained basically unchanged after the demise of the Qing Dynasty. Some of them gradually live in Xiuyan, Fengcheng and Xinbin autonomous counties in Liaoning Province, and the rest are scattered in three northeastern provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia, with Liaoning Province as the most.