According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed by China and Britain, the People's Republic of China (PRC) government promised to implement the policy of "one country, two systems". Within 50 years after the reunification, the socialist system in People's Republic of China (PRC) will not be implemented in Hong Kong, which enjoys a high degree of autonomy except foreign affairs and national defense affairs.
Population: 1840 Before, Hong Kong was just a small fishing village with a population of only 5,000. Today, the population of Hong Kong exceeds 6.6 million, and more than 6.5438+million tourists visit Hong Kong every year. 1997 After the reunification, it has its own Hong Kong regional flag and regional emblem.
The origin of the name: Hong Kong, which means "fragrant harbor", is probably related to the fragrance of sandalwood and incense sticks made on the island a long time ago.
Ethnic composition: Chinese account for 97%, mostly Cantonese; Foreigners account for 3%
Religion: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Catholicism, Islam
Language: English, Cantonese and Mandarin.
Reputation: Pearl of the Orient, City of Vitality and Shopping Paradise.
Regional flower: bauhinia
Historical overview
1842, the Qing government signed the unequal treaty of nanking with Britain and ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.
1860, the Beijing Treaty was signed and Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain.
1896, Britain forced the Qing government to make a new treaty to lease the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula and its nearby islands for 99 years, which was occupied by Japan during World War II.
1945 Japan surrendered and was reoccupied by Britain.
China and Britain signed a joint statement on the question of Hong Kong.
From 65438 to 0997, Hong Kong returned to China and implemented "one country, two systems" and "a high degree of autonomy".
Climatic temperature
Hong Kong has a subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 22.8 degrees Celsius, an average rainfall of 2,225mm and an average relative humidity of 78%.
Spring (March to mid-May): The weather is warm and humid, often foggy and rainy in Mao Mao, with an average temperature of 23 degrees Celsius and a humidity of 82%;
Summer (May to mid-September): Midsummer is followed by typhoon season, and summer weather is hot and humid. In the afternoon, the temperature can rise above 3 1 degree, with occasional showers and thunderstorms, with an average temperature of 28 degrees and humidity of 80%.
Autumn (from late September to late February in 12): The weather is sunny, cool and dry, so it is the peak season for arriving in Hong Kong. The average temperature is 23 degrees and the humidity is 72%.
Winter (65438+mid-February to late February): The weather is the coolest and driest, and occasionally a cold current blows from the northern inland, when the temperature may drop below 8 degrees. As for winter, the average temperature is 17 degrees and the humidity is 72%.
Festive festival
The multiculturalism of Hong Kong is also reflected in many festivals. This has brought more excitement and joy to Hong Kong people and more surprises to tourists. The traditional festivals in China are lively, festive and auspicious, and should not be missed. Western festivals are trendy, exciting, interesting and even more exciting.
Lunar New Year (the first month of the lunar calendar): The New Year is the most important festival in China. In addition to family reunion, visiting relatives and friends and other essential content;
Features of the Spring Festival in Hong Kong include:
Lunar New Year Flower Market: It is held in many areas a few days before the Lunar New Year, and the annual Lunar New Year Flower Market in Victoria Park is the most lively, selling all kinds of Lunar New Year flowers and other commodities, such as peach blossoms, chrysanthemums and daffodils.
Float parade: held in the city on the first day of New Year's Day. Every year, floats from all over the world and parades showing the cultures and customs of different regions are combined into colorful large-scale performances to celebrate the prosperity of the New Year.
Fireworks display: On the second day of New Year's Day, it will be held along the coast of Victoria Harbour. Both sides of the harbor and the seaside with high-rise buildings have become the best viewing positions.
Christmas (65438+February 25th): Christmas is the most lively and grand festival in Hong Kong. The high-rise buildings on both sides of Victoria Harbour were decorated with colorful lighting more than a month in advance, and the shops were also decorated with Christmas decorations. It's just that the scenery has attracted the admiration of many tourists. At this time, Hong Kong showed the most brilliant city appearance. If you are interested in the prosperity of Hong Kong, then the best time to visit must be Christmas.
The most lively event is Christmas Eve. There is a holy Christmas Eve mass in the church, and some hotels, shopping centers and choirs sing Christmas songs. All Hong Kong people flock to the streets, especially the promenade of Tsim Sha Tsui Waterfront Garden and the adjacent streets.
If you can come to Hong Kong at Christmas, shopping is also a great pleasure. At this time, all major shopping malls will have a big sale, which can be as low as half price. This has become a common practice in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong residents will choose to buy Christmas gifts at this time to send a deep warmth to their loved ones.
New Year's Day (65438+ 10/), Valentine's Day (February 1 4), Tianhou's birthday (March 23rd of the lunar calendar), Buddha's birthday (eighth day of the fourth lunar month), Taiping Tomb-Sweeping Day (eighth day of the fourth lunar month), Dragon Boat Festival (fifth day of the fifth lunar month) and Qiaoqi Festival.
History of Hong Kong: From Small Fishing Village to International Metropolis
Major projects: history of Hong Kong
As early as the Neolithic Age, people lived in Hong Kong. Neolithic human settlements have been found in many places in the New Territories and Lantau Island. In the 24th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, Hong Kong belonged to Zhou Xun. Establish Tuen Mun Military Town [1] and send 2000 people to protect maritime trade. At that time, this army was stationed in today's Tuen Mun, hence its name. Due to the abundance of pearls in the waters near Tai Po, Liu of the Southern Han Dynasty established an official pearl farm in 963 AD, which was called the capital of Mei Chuan. After the demise of the Southern Han Dynasty in Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, official pearl picking was banned. The Yuan Dynasty took back the official pearl, but it was opposed by the gentry and closed again soon. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, pearl picking was repeatedly prohibited, but it was still unable to return to the prosperity of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
From the Tang Dynasty to the first year of Kangxi, the Qing Dynasty in Hong Kong, that is, A.D. 1662, the soil of pear orchards in Hong Kong and Sha Luo Bay in Daxishan Mountain was suitable for the growth of fragrant trees, so the planting and production of fragrant trees also developed slowly. According to the research, all fragrant tree products from southern Dongguan and Xin 'an (including Hong Kong) in the Ming Dynasty were packed in wooden boxes and transported by land to Xiangbutou (fragrant tree product transport terminal) in Tsim Sha Tsui. In A.D. 1662, in order to prevent the assistance of coastal residents and Zheng Chenggong left by the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty moved to the sea, which dealt a great blow to the cultivation and production of incense. Even after reunification in the eighth year of Kangxi (A.D. 1669), it was difficult to restore the old view.
Hong Kong has a long coastline, so many places in Hong Kong are suitable for building saltworks. In 97 1 year, in the fourth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty, a government-run rich farm was set up in today's Jiulong Bay, and salt officials were stationed to take charge of salt production and co-ordinate various small salt fields. In A.D. 1 183 (May 29th, Xiaozong Xichun 10), private salt in Daxi Mountain was banned, which led to the riots in Daxi Mountain. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, two little emperors, Zhao Hemin and Zhao Min, were forced to flee to the Yuan Army in Hong Kong. It is said that they once rested on a big stone and called it Song Wangtai. Later, Emperor Min of Song ascended the throne in Meiwei. Due to the pursuit of the Yuan Army, he crossed Repulse Bay along the coast and came to Xinhui. However, when the ship reached Yamen in Xinhui, Guangdong Province today, it was arrived by the Yuan Army, so Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with 8-year-old Zhao Min on his back and died.
15 14 (the ninth year of Zheng De), Portugal sent troops to occupy Tuen Mun. 152 1 year (in the 16th year of Zheng De), the Sino-Portuguese War broke out. The fighting lasted for forty days, but the Portuguese army still refused to retreat. On June 27, two more warships came from Malacca to reinforce, but the failure was still irreparable. Finally, they decided to concentrate the remaining soldiers on three warships and prepare to break through. On the morning of September 8th, these three ships tried to break through in the dark, but unfortunately they met a warship from China. There was another fierce battle between the two sides, and the Portuguese army was outnumbered and desperate. Soon, there was a storm at sea, and the enemy ship escaped by the wind because of its large hull and returned to Malacca in a mess. However, the Portuguese army was not willing to fail. In April of the following year, it dispatched a fleet of four warships, and added two more warships to the road in an attempt to reoccupy Tuen Mun, and invaded China waters on July 10. In August, the two armies confronted each other near Caowan in the west of Daxi Mountain. Because China's coastal defense strength has been greatly strengthened, this battle has been fought from Qiancaowan Sea to Shaozhou Sea [2]. China Navy captured 2 enemy ships, captured 42 officers and men including captain Yu Dulu alive, and beheaded 35 people. The Ming army won a total victory.
In Qing Dynasty, Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County. In order to prevent coastal residents from helping Zheng Chenggong left over from the Ming Dynasty, the Qing court ordered them to move to the sea in the first year of Kangxi (AD 1662), and the coastal residents had to move 50 miles inland, thus losing their homes. Coupled with the implementation of the maritime ban, Hong Kong has been seriously affected. After moving to the ocean, fishing and salt industry were abandoned, and the countryside was deserted. Coastal residents suffered greatly from emigration to the sea. Guangdong Governor Wang Lairen and Guangdong Governor Zhou Youde asked for a second boundary. In the eighth year of Kangxi (A.D. 1669), the imperial court finally allowed the border to be restored, and the residents in this area moved back one after another. Therefore, five ethnic groups in the New Territories [3] established Baode Temple [4] in Sheung Shui to pay tribute to the two temples, and the Deng family established Ergong Academy in Centian, and played it once every ten years to show their gratitude.
The period of British rule
Early rule
1842, the Qing Dynasty was defeated by the British Empire in the First Opium War, and the treaty of nanking was signed with Britain the following year, ceding Hong Kong Island and its adjacent Ap Lei Chau to Britain. 1860, the Qing court was defeated by the British and French allied forces again, and was forced to sign the Beijing Treaty, ceding the southern part of Kowloon Peninsula, which often disturbed the security of Hong Kong Island, together with the neighboring Stonecutters Island to Britain. At that time, the new boundary on the Kowloon Peninsula was only divided by short barbed wire, which is located in today's Boundary Street. 1898, Britain and the Qing court signed a series of lease treaties, such as "Special Provisions on Expanding Hong Kong Border", and leased more than 200 outlying islands in the northern part of Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories and its adjacent areas, with the exception of Kowloon Castle, for a lease period of 99 years. This series of leases and cessions formed the boundary of Hong Kong today.
After the founding of the Republic of China, the National Government intended to cancel the unequal treaties. However, the national strength did not last, and the Northern Expedition left the National Government no time to consider recovering Hong Kong's sovereignty. However, at that time, the Hong Kong Government still opened the border between China and Hong Kong, and citizens of the two places were still able to travel freely. At that time, in order to build the country, many Hong Kong people not only donated money to return to China, but also joined the work of the National Government. Wu, former foreign minister of the National Government, was a celebrity in Hong Kong at that time.
Anti-Japanese period
When War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, the Japanese army landed in Guangdong on 1938, and quickly occupied Guangzhou and its vicinity, and sent spies into Hong Kong to investigate the deployment position of the British army. Chinese in Hong Kong supported the War of Resistance and donated money and materials. The Japanese military government was dissatisfied with this and protested to the British consul many times. 194 1 65438+February 8, 2008, a few hours after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, it also attacked Malaya and crossed the Shenzhen River to occupy Hong Kong. During this period, there were many fierce wars between Japan and Canada and between British and Indian armies. Finally, due to the lack of combat effectiveness of British troops stationed in Hong Kong, on February 25th, then Governor Yang announced his surrender to Japan, and Japan began to occupy Hong Kong for three years and eight months. During this period, in order to facilitate the rule, the Japanese moved Hong Kong people back to Chinese mainland.
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