Method of planting fruit and preparation before sowing corn
Land selection: The land should have good drainage, good irrigation and uniformity, and the soil fertility is higher than the average level.
Set up isolation belt: Because fruit corn is pollinated by non-sweet corn strings, it will form non-sweet grains. Therefore, planting different types of corn in the same place should be isolated, and ordinary corn can not be planted within 200 meters around the fruit corn field; The fortified sweet corn and super sweet corn should also be separated by 200 meters. Time isolation measures can also be taken, that is, the sowing dates of different types of corn with similar maturity are staggered by 15~20 days, so that their flowering periods do not meet. The fields where sweet corn seedlings are harvested need not be isolated.
Soil preparation: plow and rake the land in the suitable farming period to loosen the soil. Starting from the boundary, the width of the boundary bottom is 140 cm (about 4 feet), and the width of the boundary surface is 1 10 cm (about 3.5 feet), and a drainage ditch with a depth of 30 cm is dug around the site.
Seed preparation: dry the seeds for two days before sowing to remove impurities. Sweet corn seeds need not be soaked, but dry seeds should be used for direct seeding, so the emergence rate is high. Improper conditions or methods of soaking seeds to accelerate germination will lead to a rapid decline in germination rate.
Prevention and control of underground pests and rodents: Sweet corn seeds are vulnerable to underground pests and rodents. At the same time of sowing, apply a small amount of broad-spectrum insecticide 3% furazolidone granules in the cave next to the seeds to prevent underground pests and rodents from eating the seeds. Or sprinkle 4kg of 3% Mi Le granules on the edge.
Sowing and seedling raising
Sowing date: Generally, in late April, plastic film mulching can be used to sow in advance 10- 15 days; Using film seedling transplanting technology, sowing can be advanced by 20 days. The latest sowing date should be before July 10 to ensure timely harvest before the first frost. Early spring with heat preservation facilities can be advanced appropriately, but sowing should be avoided from late May to mid-June. The flowering and pollination period of maize planted in this period is in the summer drought period of July and August, which is easy to cause baldness, lack of grains or empty stalks.
Planting density: plant in two rows of areas, each area is 5 meters long, randomly arranged and repeated three times. The plant spacing is 25 cm, and the planting density is about 3500-4000 plants per mu. It is advisable to use direct seeding and on-demand seeding, with 2~3 seeds per hole, covered with 3 cm of soil (preferably covered with mushroom residue), and keep the field water capacity 80% after sowing. Note: Sweet corn should be covered with shallow soil after sowing, because sweet corn seeds are flat, with low starch content and poor topping ability.
Spraying herbicide: spraying herbicide on the second day after sowing, and spraying 40% atrazine 100g and 48% lasso 150ml and water 100kg on the border and ditch surface evenly per mu. When spraying, the soil moisture is good, ensuring the efficacy.
Sowing method: It is advisable to choose sandy loam with high soil fertility and sufficient fertilizer and water to plant fruit corn, and carefully prepare the soil before sowing. The sowing amount of sweet corn is 1- 1.5 kg/667m2. Sowing methods include mechanical sowing, seedling transplanting, plastic film mulching and sowing by stages. The planting density is generally controlled at 3000-4000 plants.
Field management of fruit corn
Adequate base fertilizer and seed fertilizer: topdressing base fertilizer and seed fertilizer is the key measure for high yield of sweet corn. The base fertilizer is composed of 2 tons of farm manure, 50 kilograms of calcium superphosphate and appropriate amount of water per mu. Before sowing, two shallow furrows are opened in the border, and decomposed organic fertilizer strips are applied in the furrows, and 40 kilograms of compound fertilizer per mu is applied on the organic fertilizer, which is used as base fertilizer and seed fertilizer for the root system to absorb, and the soil is covered by 6 cm, and then sowing is carried out according to the spacing between plants, and then the soil is covered by 4-5 cm.
Thinning at the early stage of trilobal stage, leaving two trees in each hole.
Seedlings should be fixed in time at the five-leaf stage, one plant should be left in each hole, shallow intertillage should be used to loosen the soil, then topdressing should be applied, urea 10 kg should be applied per mu, and intertillage should be carried out in small soil. Sweet corn is drought-tolerant at seedling stage, but afraid of waterlogging. If you soak in water overnight, you will die, so drain it in time. Five-leaf stage is the period that determines the total number of leaves, and sufficient water and fertilizer can increase the total number of leaves. The root system of fruit corn has high oxygen demand, which requires loose soil and good ventilation. Timely intertillage and small soil cultivation at seedling stage are important measures to promote the deep extension of roots.
The 7-8 leaf extension is the period when the male and female growth cones begin to differentiate, which is also called the big bell mouth stage or booting stage. It is necessary to cultivate the soil in time, and then topdressing, and apply 20 kg of compound fertilizer and 0/5 kg of potassium chloride/kloc per mu to cultivate the soil. This growth stage is the period that determines the ear size and rows per ear. Adequate water, fertilizer and light can promote the normal development of pollen grains, increase the number of spikelets, reduce the degenerated spikelets at the top and increase the area of functional leaves above the ear position. The demand for water at this stage is greater than that at seedling stage, and the suitable soil water content is 70-80% of the field, so irrigation and drainage should be carried out in time.
Before heading, apply 20 kg of compound fertilizer and 7.5 kg of potassium chloride per mu to prevent lodging and crushing weeds. Pollination begins 2-4 days after tasseling. Filaments of female panicles are usually extracted 1-2 days after male flowers are tasselled. If the water content is too high, drought, high temperature or close planting will delay silking and affect pollination. Milk ripening stage is the main period to increase grain weight, and potassium fertilizer can also increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer; Lack of phosphorus will lead to baldness, and phosphorus is mainly supplied by base fertilizer. The tasseling and flowering period is the sensitive period of sweet corn to water, and the soil water content is required to reach 80% of the field water capacity, which is the period of maximum water demand in a lifetime. The flowering period is dry and the yield is halved? Even the male flowers can't be pumped out, so it is very important to get enough water at the male flowering stage for high yield.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases
Poor management, too much grass, weak plants, continuous cropping or too much rain, sweet corn is easy to be infected with leaf spot, and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can enhance the disease resistance of plants. In the early stage of leaf spot disease, it can be sprayed 2-3 times, every 7 days 1 time, and the commonly used medicine is 50% carbendazim 500 times solution; 70% thiophanate-methyl 600 times solution; 90% mancozeb 1000 times solution; Spraying100-150kg of liquid medicine per mu. Sheath blight is the same as rice sheath blight. Planting sweet corn in paddy fields can infect this disease. Need chemical control. Add water 100 kg to rice Zulu or Daoning No.2 per mu. Or use 1% jinggangmycin 500 g and water 200 kg to spray coarse fog on the lower part of the plant. For the control of armyworm, 4-5 kg of 2.5% trichlorfon powder can be sprayed per mu, with good insecticidal effect; Or use 90% trichlorfon or 50% dichlorvos 1000- 1500 times solution and spray 100 kg per mu. The control of corn borer can be achieved by spreading seeds on the heart leaves, and 3% Mi Le granules are used in the heart leaves, which has long efficacy and good effect. Or 65,438+0 parts of Beauveria bassiana powder with 5-65,438+0 billion spores per gram can be made into granules with 65,438+00-20 times, and the effect is better. Or use 1 kg of borer powder with spores per gram 1000 billion, and add 750- 1 000 kg of water to irrigate the heart leaves, which has a good effect of killing borers. Insect-proof measures should be taken to spread or supplement leaves during the big bell mouth period. The insect pests on the filament of female ear are serious. After the filament withers, biological insecticide B.T emulsion or dimehypo, Bataan or chemical workers can be used to control the insect pests. Aphid control can use 40% dimethoate or 50-80% dichlorvos emulsion 1500-2000 times or 50% aphid fog 20-30g per mu.
Harvest fresh ear in time.
The green shoots on the market are the ears of fruit corn from the end of milk ripening to wax ripening. The index of the best harvest time is 70% of grain water content, at which time the sweetness is high and the flavor is good. Harvest too late, thick skin and more slag, and the sweetness is reduced. The harvested fresh fruit ears should be treated in time and not overnight, otherwise the sweetness will decrease and the flavor will be poor. Fresh fruit ears can be stored in cold storage for a long time after quick freezing and supplied to the market out of season.
rotate crops
Fruit and corn are not suitable for continuous cropping. Reasonable rotation can reduce pests and diseases, reduce grass shortage and restore soil fertility.
Cultivation techniques of fruit corn. Season-crop corn can be planted twice a year in Jingjiang. The first crop of spring corn is in early March, and the seedling age is about 20 days. Transplanting from late March to early April and maturing in early July. If the greenhouse is used for heat preservation cultivation, the seedling raising period can be advanced to the middle and late February and the harvest period can be advanced to the middle and late June, and the benefit is better. The sowing date of the second crop of sweet corn is determined according to the harvest period of the previous crop, but it can not exceed the end of July at the latest, and the seedling age is 8- 10 days. Farmers with large planting area and mainly retail can sow seeds in batches at intervals of 5-6 days to achieve balanced sales. For wholesale sales, there is no need to sow in batches. In order to prevent the flowering period from being attacked by high temperature, the local area should try to avoid sowing from May 10 to June 20.
Second, soaking seeds to accelerate germination.
Fruit corn seeds are expensive. Soaking seeds to accelerate germination can improve germination rate, save seeds and reduce agricultural costs. Seed soaking and germination accelerating method: soak the seeds in warm water at 25-28℃ for 4-5 hours, scoop them up and drain them, wrap them in a wet towel, put them in an incubator at 32-34℃ to accelerate germination for 30-36 hours, and sow after the seeds turn white. When sowing the second crop of corn, the outdoor temperature is very high. Soak the seeds at room temperature for 4-5 hours, then pick them up and drain them, spread them on a wet towel, cover them with a wet towel and germinate naturally. Generally, seeds can be sown after 30 hours. The soaking time of fruits and corn seeds must be strictly controlled. If the time is short, the germination is irregular and the time is too long, the seeds will rot and the germination rate will be low. Generally, 500-600 grams of seeds are used for each mu of field.
Third, cultivate strong seedlings.
Fruit corn seeds are shriveled, and the emergence rate of direct seeding is very low, which not only wastes seeds, but also is not conducive to full seedling, whole seedling and even emergence, and has an impact on future management, harvest and yield. Therefore, the cultivation of fruit corn must be cultivated in a nutrition bowl. Sufficient base fertilizer should be applied to the seedbed. One week before sowing, apply a load of human and animal manure to every 3-meter-long seedbed, and after fertilization, fully plough 500 grams of high-efficiency compound fertilizer and ammonium bicarbonate. Each mu of field needs 18-20m seedbed, with 3500-4000 pots. One seed in each pot, and cover one centimeter with soil after sowing. Seedling raising in early spring, covering with plastic film after covering with soil, and then covering with two layers of plastic film. After emergence, the plastic film is pulled out and managed according to the general management method of cotton seedbed. When sowing the second crop of sweet corn, the temperature is high. It is forbidden to cover with film after sowing. After covering the soil, it can be covered with straw or wheat straw, so that the waterproof part will be lost and washed away by heavy rain. Uncover in time after emergence, and water frequently during drought. Transplant the previous spring corn when the leaf age is 3 leaves, and transplant the next spring corn when the leaf age is 2.5 leaves.
Four. Site selection and preparation of Daejeon
Fruit corn is a cross-pollinated crop, so it can't meet conventional waxy corn or forage corn at flowering stage, otherwise the quality will be affected by cross-pollination. Generally, the methods of distance interval and growth interval are adopted, that is, distance interval means that the plot where fruit corn is planted is more than 200 meters away from other corn, and growth interval means that the flowering period of fruit corn is more than 20 days away from other corn. Most corn fields planted twice a year choose winter fallow fields or vegetable fields that can give way to crops in early March. Set up a border sample in the field according to the specifications of 2.8-3 meters, excavate the water system, and turn over the sun to ripen the soil as soon as possible. 7- 10 days before transplanting, 30-50 kg of imported compound fertilizer, 25 kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 50-80 tons of organic fertilizer are applied to the whole layer of each mu, and they are evenly mixed.
Five, transplanting specifications and quality
Fruit corn is planted in wide and narrow rows in the field, with wide rows 1.2- 1.4m, narrow rows of 0.5-0.6m, plant spacing of 30-35cm, and about 2,800 plants are planted per mu, which is small in dense rod shape and easy to bald. Too thin affects the output. Pay attention to the extension direction of leaves perpendicular to the row direction when transplanting, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission. Narrow-row plastic film mulching in spring can advance the growth period by about 5 days, and plastic film mulching in summer can reduce weeding labor, improve soil environment and promote corn growth.
When transplanting, apply 3-4 kilograms of high-efficiency compound fertilizer to each mu of hole, protect the bowl with fine soil after planting, and pour enough solidarity water.
Sixth, scientific management.
After living trees, apply10kg ammonium bicarbonate and 20kg human and animal manure as seedling fertilizer per mu,10kg urea or 20kg ammonium bicarbonate as jointing fertilizer per mu before jointing, and 20kg high-efficiency compound fertilizer+10/0kg urea as ear fertilizer before heading. And carefully clean up the water system, timely intertillage weeding. The temperature in the early growth stage of the second autumn maize is high, and the growth and development process of maize is fast. All management measures should be advanced accordingly, and the fertilization level should be slightly higher than that of corn in the previous autumn, so as to obtain higher yield.