Hongshan Culture is an agricultural culture created by a tribal group who lived in the upper reaches of Daling River and Xiliao River in northern Yanshan five or six thousand years ago. It is named after Hongshanhou site first discovered in the suburb of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Hongshan Culture is centered on Xilamulun River, Laoha River and Daling River, tributaries of Liaohe River in the middle of Liaohe River Basin, with a distribution area of 200,000 square kilometers, which is about five or six thousand years ago and lasts for two thousand years. Hongshan Culture's social form was in the heyday of matriarchal clan society in the early stage, and the main social structure was tribal groups linked by female blood groups, which gradually transformed into paternal clans in the later stage. Agriculture is the main economic form, and animal husbandry, fishing and hunting coexist. Its remains are Neolithic culture, including unique painted pottery and serrated pottery, as well as microliths.

Hongshan Culture started from 4000 BC to 3000 BC. The residents of Hongshan Culture are mainly engaged in agriculture, and also raise domestic animals such as pigs, cattle and sheep, and are also engaged in fishing and hunting, with developed microliths; There are also grinding double-hole stone knives, stone hammers, shoulder-shouldered stone hoes, stone mills, stone grinding rods, stone arrowheads and so on. Pottery is characterized by zigzag patterns and painted pottery with marks and grates. There are pots, pots, urns, bottomless cylindrical containers and so on. Painted pottery is decorated with vortex, triangle, scale and parallel lines. Double-chamber ceramic kiln with improved structure. Jade carving technology is very high, including pig dragon jade, jade turtle, jade bird, animal jade, gouyun Yu Pei, hoop jade, rod jade and so on. A considerable number of crucible fragments for copper smelting have also been found, indicating that copper smelting industry has emerged. The construction site is a square semi-crypt type, which is divided into two types: large and small.

Hongshan Culture is a developed civilization distributed in the West Liaohe River Basin at the same time as Yangshao culture in the Central Plains. It is a multi-culture produced by the intersection of Yangshao culture in the central plains and grassland culture in the north. It is an excellent culture full of vitality and creativity with rich connotations. Handicraft industry has developed to a very high stage, forming a distinctive decorative art of pottery and a highly developed jade-making process. Painted pottery in Hongshan Culture is mostly clay sculpture, with red and black pottery, rich patterns and vivid and simple shapes. Jade products are polished, with smooth surface, glittering and translucent brightness and great charm. Their development is professional, systematic and standardized. Up to now, nearly 100 pieces of jade articles have been unearthed in Hongshan Culture, among which the large Jasper C Dragon unearthed in Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia is a fine jade article in Hongshan culture, and is known as "the Yi Long in the world". Chifeng is called the hometown of dragons, because many jade articles have been unearthed in Chifeng. Hongshan Culture's ancestors should be descendants of dragons.

Hongshan Culture fully embodies the cultural characteristics and connotation of the Neolithic Age in northern China. Later, a site with similar or identical cultural characteristics to the Hongshan site in Chifeng was discovered in the neighboring area, which was collectively called Hongshan Culture. Sites belonging to this cultural system have been discovered and confirmed, covering nearly a thousand places in western Liaoning. Its connotation is rich, and there are a large number of jade articles with vivid and unique shapes, which are mostly related to animals such as pigs, turtles, birds, cicadas and fish. With the identification of these jades in 1970s, archaeologists discovered the Jade Dragon of Hongshan culture, which is one of the earliest dragons in China.

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Hongshan, called Ulan Hada in Mongolian, means red mountain peak. It is located on the Jinying River in the northeast suburb of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Legend has it that Hongshan Mountain in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia was originally named Jiunv Mountain. In ancient times, nine fairies broke the rules of heaven, and the Queen Mother of the West was furious. So the nine fairies panicked, accidentally knocked over the rouge box and spilled it on the mountain, resulting in nine Feng Hong, which was later called "Hongshan".

At the beginning of the 20th century, China was in the era of warlord regime, and a Japanese scholar named Torii Ryuzo was hired by the local Mongolian princes in Harqin to give lectures. According to Japanese memories, he crossed the Liao Dynasty to Beijing (now Zuo Qi, Bahrain) and came to Hongshan, and found some pottery fragments on the ground nearby. 19 19, a Frenchman came. His name was Sang Zhihua. He came to Linxi, Inner Mongolia (now Bahrain Right Banner) and returned in vain. There is also a Frenchman named De Jinri, who found some exquisite stone tools in the late Paleolithic period in Hongshan area. /kloc-in the winter of 0/930, Liang Siyong, the son of Liang Qichao, came from Tongliao in the northeast. He was born in Macao. After returning from studying in America, he began to study archaeology. After collecting some information about Torii Ryuzo, it joined the archaeological team of China Academy of Sciences. He has been to Linxi, Salahai and Guozi Station, only found some pottery pieces, and then returned to Beijing.

1933, Japanese imperialism occupied Chengde, then the capital of Jehol province. Then came a group of so-called Japanese archaeological groups called Manchu-Mongolian investigation team. There is a man named Hamada, who is the president of the University of Tokyo. Their motivation is that if they want to conquer China, they must first conquer Manchuria. I want to find evidence that does not belong to China's history and culture in Inner Mongolia. As a result, only some pottery fragments and several bronzes were found in more than 30 sites in Hongshan, belonging to China historical relics. As a result, the Japanese invaders wasted their efforts.

After liberation, Mr. Liang Siyong served as deputy director of China Institute of Archaeology. Chinese archaeologist Mr published a book "Neolithic Culture in China", with Mr. Liang as a preface. Mr. Yin Da thinks that Hongshan Culture is a combination of northern microlithic culture and Yangshao culture. Two scholars discussed this cultural phenomenon in Northeast China, which belongs to a new cultural phenomenon produced by the contact between the north and the south of the Great Wall, and suggested that it be named Hongshan Culture.

The official discovery of Hongshan ancient jade was in the 1970s. 1971may, when planting trees in Beishan, Sanxingtala Village, Wengniute Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, a large jade carving dragon was accidentally dug up. From then on, people began to realize that the source of jade carving art in China may have occurred in the Xiliao River Basin in Hongshan Culture era.

Soon after, in the remains of Hongshan Culture, such as Gulubanhao in Inner Mongolia, Shiban Mountain in Haoluku in Hexigten Banner and Hutougou in Fuxin, several batches of Hongshan Culture jade carvings, such as jade carving dragons and big dog Yunpei, were found. 1In May, 979, archaeologists found a jade tomb of Hongshan culture in Zichengzi Mountain, Sanguandian, Lingyuan, western Liaoning, and concluded that there were jade articles in Hongshan Culture.

19811February, at the second annual meeting of China Archaeological Society held in Hangzhou, Mr. Sun Shoudao and others from Liaoning Archaeological Institute submitted a paper entitled "The Origin of the Primitive Civilization and Dragons in Liaohe River Basin" to the conference, reconfirming that all the above findings belong to Hongshan Culture. Since then, it has caused a sensation in the world archaeological community. A large number of scholars from home and abroad flocked to the northeast for investigation. At the same time, the late China archaeologist Mr. Su further affirmed Hongshan Culture. It is confirmed that Hongshan Culture in Northeast China is the dawn of Chinese civilization in China five thousand years ago.

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The study on the origin and development of Hongshan Culture is one of the most striking research achievements since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially in recent decades. At present, there are roughly four opinions in academic circles:

First, Hongshan Culture is the primitive culture of Yangshao culture system, or a variant of Yangshao culture;

Second, Hongshan Culture inherited magnetic mountain culture, Hebei;

Thirdly, Hongshan Culture is probably a new culture produced by the interaction between the microlithic culture and Yangshao culture, which includes two factors: microlithic culture and Yangshao culture;

Fourthly, Hongshan Culture is a unique Neolithic culture in this region. It has its own development process. At the same time, influenced by other cultures,

Four theories coexist, each holding its own opinion. The latter's understanding is more realistic. Archaeological findings show that the existence of argillaceous pottery, painted pottery, relief zigzag sand pottery, stone tools and microliths is a unique feature of Hongshan Culture. Dragon theme is the most representative content in Hongshan Culture, and this "family emblem" pattern lasted from the early stage to the late stage in Hongshan Culture. Among the stone tools, the double-hole stone knife and laurel leaf with tobacco leaf shape and grass expression are the characteristic agricultural tools; Scrapers, stone knives, stone arrowheads and other artifacts in microliths are exquisite and exquisite. Pots, bowls, jars and urns of argillaceous red pottery and sandy brown pottery all have their own decorative patterns, and zigzag and straight lines are the most distinctive decorative patterns in Hongshan Culture, and the colored paintings in argillaceous pottery are also the most representative objects. Although influenced by Yangshao culture in the Central Plains, they are both. The painted pottery of Yangshao culture is decorated with black, purple or white, which is rich in color compared with the pottery style after Hongshan. Ribbon patterns include circle vortex patterns, leaf patterns, oblique plaid patterns, rope patterns, etc., and are independently equipped with "S" and "X" patterns, which are quite different from pottery types after Hongshan. In Hongshan Hou-style pottery, the continuous arc pattern is a form of falling, which is not found in Yangshao culture pottery. There are also similarities between the two. Hongshan Culture Hongshan Houxing "Red Top Bowl" Bowl is similar to the similar painted pottery of Yangshao culture, and the triangular pattern composed of parallel lines and parallel diagonals in painted pottery is similar to the similar painted pottery of Hougang culture. Their differences show their respective cultural characteristics. Their similarity (or similarity) indicates that the years are similar, but we can't simply think that Hongshan Culture is a branch, local variety or mixed culture of Yangshao culture.

The connotation of Hongshan Culture in the West Liaohe River Basin is not single, it includes different economic types and different cultural characteristics. Different local types or different stages of development. Hongshan Culture remains such as Dongshanzui, Niuheliang, Chengzishan site and Hutougou jade tomb in Daling River basin are different from Hongshan Culture remains such as Hongshanhou, Xishuiquan and Silingshan in Laoha River basin. In the former type, there are special painted pottery jars and polished mud black pottery circles, while the common "red top bowl" pots and triangular vortex painted pottery patterns in the later type of Hongshan are not seen or rare. This shows that the formation of Hongshan Culture is by no means a single farming, but an economic type and diverse cultural connotation that mainly focuses on farming and combines farming, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting. The new archaeological discoveries provide a basis for us to reveal the development law and essence of Hongshan Culture. Focusing on its own development, the influence between cultures once played the role of "catalyst"; Cultural influence is firstly the mutual influence of "various cultures" in Hongshan Culture distribution area; The influence with Central Plains culture is not unilateral, but mutual.

Archaeologists have proved that there are two major cultural flora in the early history of China, namely, the ancient culture of the Central Plains and the ancient culture of the North, among which the ancient culture of the North consists of Hongshan Culture and Hetao culture. These two cultural flora are both unique and unique, and the northern ancient culture cannot be simply regarded as a branch or local variety of the ancient culture in the Central Plains.

To understand the origin of Hongshan Culture, the first task is to find the remains earlier than Hongshan Culture in this area. 1983 After the excavation of Xinglongwa site, we have a clear understanding of Xinglongwa Culture, which makes it possible to explore the source of Hongshan Culture and have a solid contrast object.

The early and middle housing sites in Hongshan Culture discovered in Xinglongwa site broke the stratigraphic relationship of Xinglongwa Culture settlement moat respectively, and also had the characteristics of early stone cultural remains. According to C 14, it is 7470+80-6895+-205 years earlier than Hongshan Culture, which is related to the predecessor of Hongshan Culture and can be called "pre-Hongshan Culture". Longwa culture is roughly the same as Hongshan Culture.

Most of the early pottery in Hongshan Culture and Xinglongwa Culture was rough, and the temperature was not as good as the bottom ware and ornamentation. Generally, there are brown ceramic cylindrical cans with sand and coarse clay (including fine sand) ceramic bowls, and the representative decorative patterns are zigzag lines and grid lines. It can be seen that Hongshan Culture is richer than Xinglongwa Culture in its early years, and has made some progress.

Longwa culture has a certain level of agricultural production and a considerable scale and number of settlement sites. It can be considered as the foundation of a prosperous primitive agricultural society like Hongshan Culture.

This shows that the inheritance relationship between Xinglongwa Culture and Hongshan Culture may be the source of Hongshan Culture. The development of Hongshan Culture has also experienced a long historical period. 1973 The discovery of Xiaoheyan types in Aohan Banner provides a powerful clue to this problem. Xiaoheyan cultural type is a new cultural type in recent years. From the aspects of object shape, painted pottery patterns and decorative patterns, it is different from Hongshan Culture and later than Hongshan Culture. According to the data of Nantaidi Site of Xiaoheyan in Aohan Banner and Shipengshan Tomb Group in Danangou, Wengniute Banner, it is determined as "Xiaoheyan Culture" in archaeology. Its distribution area is basically the same as that of Hongshan Culture, and its cultural characteristics can be summarized as follows:

(1) stone tools. There are grinded stone tools and fine stone tools, such as hammered stone tools, grinded stone axes and chisels with rectangular cross sections, polished stone shovels, etc. The microliths have stone arrows and stone knives with bone handles. This stone knife is finely machined. The pig's head pottery on pottery reflects that its economic life is a combination of agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting.

(2) pottery. There are four kinds of clay red pottery, sand mixed gray pottery, clay gray pottery and clay black pottery. Decorated with string pattern, scribing pattern and additional overlapping pattern, the rhombic sawtooth pattern composed of string pattern began to show the characteristics of thunder pattern. Painted pottery is mainly black, red and white, oblique parallel lines, zigzag lines and internal colors. The typical drawing method is to draw the boundary with parallel diagonal lines behind the white clothes, and add black, red and brown to form various geometric patterns such as zigzag, triangle, octagon and mesh. There have been many cases of Zhu painting, including straight pots, pots, hollow beans with sand and so on. In the later period, large flat-bottomed pots, large-opening, folded-belly shallow dishes, thin handles and painted pottery appeared.

(3) the cemetery. The clan cemetery is selected on a high mountain, and there are internal divisions and branches in the area. The structure of tombs is pits, vertical caves or caves, and there is a custom of burning graves in front of tombs. Men and women are buried with bent backs, and men's tombs are mostly buried with production tools. There is also the custom of tying hair and wearing necklace armbands.

Although Xiaoheyan type and Hongshanhou type have no definite ground pressure at present, they have obvious age and inheritance relationship in cultural connotation. It is worth noting that the microliths in Xiaoheyan stone tools are more delicate, and the stone-edged knives with circular-arc bone handles are more common and practical, reflecting that the manufacturing technology is more advanced than Hongshan Hou style. There is a clear relationship between Xiaoheyan type and Hongshanhou type early pottery inheritance, including mud red pottery and painted pottery. Xiaoheyan clay red pottery, sand gray pottery pot with deep belly, pot with two ears and two mouths, parallel diagonal painted pottery patterns and lines all show signs of being born out of Hongshan Hou type. There are more argillaceous gray-black pottery, but no relief sawtooth pattern is found, which is replaced by string pattern and diamond sawtooth pattern. The appearance of other utensils, such as hollow beans and statues, and the geometrization of painted pottery patterns indicate that the pottery industry has made new progress.

The custom of double rooms and co-burial of men and women appeared in Xiaoheyan type, indicating that it had entered the stage of disintegration of primitive commune at that time and made progress in the stage of social development compared with Hongshan type. In time, it should be a relic between the lower culture of Hongshan Culture and Xiajiadian, and it is a type directly developed from the post-Hongshan type.

After Xiaoheyan culture, this is the central area of Xiajiadian lower culture distribution. In Nantai, Aohan Banner, the stratigraphic relationship of Xiaoheyan type late culture layer was broken by Xiajiadian early culture site. Some cultural factors initiated Xiajiadian's lower culture, such as the increase of polished argillaceous black pottery, the appearance of Zhu's paintings, the rise of rope patterns, and the characteristics of Hongshan Culture's period, such as slitting open the belly, opening shallow dishes with thin handles, large flat-bottomed pots and hollowed-out foot devices. In this way, due to the development of Xiaoheyan type, the gap between Hongshan Hou type and Xiajiadian lower culture has been filled, and they can basically be connected. Since then, the Xiliao River and Daling River basins have entered the Bronze Age 4,000 years ago.

The formation process and fate of Xiajiadian lower culture, the former involves its relationship with Hongshan Culture, and the latter involves its relationship with Yan culture.

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Hongshan Culture is a Neolithic culture in the northeast of China, also known as prehistoric culture, about 5000 years ago. Its macro-environment: it is located in the Xiliaohe River basin on the southern edge of Daxing 'anling, at the northern foot of Yanshan Mountain, between east longitude 1 17- 123 and north latitude 4 1-45. This is the triangle connecting the Northeast Plain and the Mongolian Plateau, and it is also the intersection of farming culture in the Central Plains and grassland culture in the North. Throughout the world geography, the West Liaohe River region belongs to the southeast edge of the Eurasian grassland passage, connecting the west coast of the North Pacific Ocean. Its special geographical location determines that it has been a transportation hub connecting the north and south of China with the east and west of the world since ancient times, and it is one of the centers where various economic and cultural types are intertwined, multi-ethnic groups live together and various cultural factors converge. Hongshan Culture is the most representative and excellent culture in this region.

In the past ten thousand years, the development of ancient history and culture in West Liaohe region can be roughly divided into two periods: early farming culture and late nomadic culture. The main reason is the change of climate and environment. Farming culture includes Hongshan Culture and Xiajiadian culture, which is equivalent to the period from the middle Neolithic Age to the early Bronze Age, about 8,000-3,500 years ago. During this period, Xiliaohe area, like other areas in China, was experiencing the most suitable climate period in the Middle Holocene, with abundant rainfall, warm and humid air, numerous streams and swamps and lush vegetation.

Because the shallow hills between Yanshan Mountains and Daxinganling Mountains are relatively high, the ancients here provided better living conditions than other areas. In the past half century, a large number of stone plows, axes, millstones, knives, spinning wheels, pottery and bone products have been unearthed in this area, which shows that various early farming cultures here have made great progress during this period.

In the heyday of Hongshan Culture, about 5,500 years ago, the form of Hongshan ancient country had appeared. Altar, goddess, ancestral temple and stone pier, these three extremely important factors are well known, not to mention. It is necessary for us to discuss the shape of Jade Pig Dragon. Mr. Bu Gu, an archaeological expert in Inner Mongolia, believes that there are many jade pig dragons collected at home and abroad. Its individual modeling is both similar and spiritual, which is a specific product of Hongshan Culture. It is known that its distribution ranges from the north of Chifeng in the north to the southwest of Liaoning in the south, with a circular distance of one diameter.

The phenomenon of uneven distribution of social products has appeared in late Hongshan Culture. Niuheliang Jishi Tomb is large in scale, and there are many jades buried with it, which shows that the owner of the tomb lived above ordinary members of society before his death. At that time, a lot of manpower and material resources were spent to build an altar temple. After excavation and textual research, the site of Niuheliang Goddess Temple is the site of Hongshan Culture. At the Dongshanzui site in Kazuo, there is a stone sacrificial building base. It is centered on a large square altar, with two north-south stone wall bases in the north wing and a long stone pile in the south wing. At the front of the altar is a stone ring platform site and a circular stone foundation site. Small statues of pregnant women and large figures have also been unearthed in this site. According to the appearance of copper smelting industry, the inequality of wealth distribution and the appearance of large-scale sacrificial buildings, some people think that Hongshan Culture entered the civilized era in the later period; Others think that they are in a period of military democracy.

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(1) ceramic sculpture art

Located in Hongshan Culture, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia in the north, there are three-dimensional circular sculptures of naked women, some with prominent breasts and some with the characteristics of pregnant women. In Niuheliang at the junction of Jianping County and Lingyuan County, Liaoning Province, the head of the clay sculpture goddess painted red was unearthed, which is also the distribution area of Hongshan Culture, presumably a goddess temple or a sacrificial place dominated by women. A large number of pottery women unearthed in Hongshan Culture, some scholars speculate, are symbols of fertility gods or mother earth gods, and are also concrete manifestations of matriarchal society.

The pottery unearthed from Hongshan Culture site mainly includes cylindrical jars, oblique mouthpieces, urns, beans and jars with lids. Several characteristics of Hongshan Culture pottery include:

1. Hongshan Culture pottery is mainly composed of sand-mixed gray pottery and argillaceous red pottery, and the proportion of argillaceous red pottery is greater than that of sand-mixed gray pottery.

2. The cylindrical pot represents the basic shape of Hongshan Culture pottery. Hongshan Culture's cylindrical tank is characterized by a large mouth and a small bottom, and its abdominal wall is inclined and straight, which belongs to the late form of cylindrical tank. Later, the cylindrical container was alienated from the cylindrical tank, which formed a new feature of the evolution of Hongshan Culture pottery.

3. The zigzag pattern of relief is the decorative pattern of Hongshan Culture pottery. Sawtooth lines are thin and wide, used for connecting lines and grate points, for horizontal and vertical rows, for straight lines and arcs, and for wavy lines. Zigzag patterns are often combined with cylindrical pots, which has become a more obvious feature of Hongshan Culture pottery.

4. Painted pottery occupies a considerable amount in argillaceous red pottery. Painted pottery in Hongshan Culture is mainly black, but also red and purple. The three most representative patterns are dragon scale pattern, cross pattern and chessboard pattern.

(2) Stone carving art

In the early Neolithic jade carvings, there are many jade carvings with animals as the theme, such as pig dragon-shaped vessels unearthed in Hongshan Culture, but whether they are jade carvings remains to be discussed. Jade ornaments of the same shape have been found in Liaoning, Inner Mongolia and Hebei, which may be due to the deification of the pig image or the deification of the "dragon" image in the early myth and legend stage. Images of small animals, such as birds, turtles, tiger-shaped pendants and fish-shaped stone pendants, have also been unearthed in Hongshan Culture ruins, mainly jade or turquoise carvings.

The use of jade articles and funeral etiquette is a major feature of Hongshan Culture, and it is also a window to understand the social structure at that time. Judging from the current archaeological excavations, the tombs of Hongshan people are mostly stone tombs, which are planned cemeteries. The tomb in the center is only for jade burial, and the specifications of the cemetery are lower as you go to the side. Some tombs near the tomb also have jade articles, but the quantity and specifications are obviously lower than those of the central tomb, but there are also different numbers of pigs and dogs. Only pottery is buried in the lower tombs, and there are no funerary objects in individual tombs. This shows that Hongshan Culture's social structure has a strict hierarchy, and there has been a class division, and the gap between the rich and the poor is very large. With the concept of private ownership, even a primitive country has been formed.

The origin of jade is decoration, and the use of jade has developed from shaman culture to the symbol of clan power, theocracy and military power. Many jade articles are primitive ritual vessels, and some animals are clan totems.

Through years of archaeological research, Hongshan Culture International Research Center of Chifeng University in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region found that owls are the main totem worship objects in Hongshan Culture. According to reports, the number of jade owls unearthed in Hongshan Culture is the largest, with the largest reaching more than ten centimeters high; There are different postures, both simulated and abstract, and the combination with other animals is ever-changing. Archaeologists say that during the period of Hongshan Culture, people were afraid of the darkness and hoped to get light or see everything clearly in the darkness; People are often attacked by other wild animals, hoping to fly like birds to avoid being hurt; People live a life of farming, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting, hoping to catch prey as easily as eagles. Owls have all these advantages. Owls are common birds of prey in western Liaoning. They can fly into the sky at night, giving people a mysterious feeling of reaching the yin and yang of heaven and earth. Therefore, the ancestors in Hongshan Culture hoped that owls could give them magical power to fight against nature, so it should be inevitable that owls would become the totem worship of the ancestors in Hongshan Culture.

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In the mid-1980s, after the excavation of Hongshan Culture Temple, Altar and Stone Pier in Dongshanzui-Niuheliang, western Liaoning, more important achievements were finally achieved.

Dongshanzui Site in Kazuo County, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province is located in the center of the top of the ridge, facing southeast and overlooking the open channel of Daling River. This is a group building site made of big stones, which is in the shape of a circle in the south and a circle in the north, and the center is symmetrical. Among the pottery figurines unearthed near the circular altar in the south, there is a nude portrait of a woman, which was obviously discovered for the first time in China. Accompanying the unearthed pottery, such as perforated tower, has a strange shape and is obviously not a daily appliance. This is a sacred sacrifice.

Niuheliang Hongshan Culture Site, located at the junction of Lingyuan and Jianping counties in Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, was discovered during the cultural relics survey in 198 1. At present, many important historical and cultural relics have been excavated in five locations, and large altars, goddess temples, stone piers and "pyramid" buildings about 5,500 years ago have been discovered. The site is rich in connotation and the unearthed cultural relics are exquisite, which is rare in the world. This great discovery advanced the history of China civilization by 1000 years, and was called "the new dawn of oriental civilization". Niuheliang Hongshan Culture Site is a worldwide discovery comparable to Egyptian pyramids and Indian ancient civilization of Hengjue Daluo. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit and has been declared as a world cultural heritage.

The altars, temples and tombs in the Hongshan Culture represent the highest level of prehistoric culture in northern China, so experts have made a new reflection on the origin history of Chinese civilization and the ancient history of China. The study of the origin history of Chinese civilization was as early as 5,000 years ago as 4,000 years ago. The study of ancient history of China was extended from the Yellow River basin to the Xiliao River basin north of Yanshan Mountain.

Since 1980s, a series of important breakthroughs have been made in the discovery and research of Hongshan ancient jade.

Chahai site in Shala Township, Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, western Liaoning Province belongs to pre-Hongshan Culture type. After the date: 8000 years ago. This great discovery confirms the conclusion that contemporary archaeologist Mr. Su wrote an inscription for Fuxin Yulong Cultural Festival in August 199 1 2008: "The hometown of Yulong is the beginning of civilization".

After excavation, jade Jue, jade dagger, tubular vessel, axe-shaped hairpin, etc. were unearthed at the Chahai site. Discovered in succession are: Jade Turtle, Jade Owl, Jade Bird, Jade Bi, Yuhuan, Fish-shaped Yu Pei and Serial Jade Bi unearthed from Hutougou Tomb in Fuxin; Horseshoe-shaped jade, jade cymbals, jade rings, gouyun jade ornaments, jade cicadas, bamboo-shaped jade ornaments and pig's head jade ornaments found in Sanguandianzi tomb area of Lingyuan; Yuhuan, Shuangyubi, horseshoe-shaped Yuhuan, Yuzhulong, Yubi, square jade ornaments, rod-shaped jade ornaments and gouyun-shaped jade ornaments found in Jishizhong Formation of Niuheliang, Jianping County; Jade yellow and turquoise bird-shaped ornaments unearthed from the Dongshanzuizi site in Kazuo; Jade Silkworm, Jade Pig Dragon, Jade Phoenix, Gouyunwen Yu Pei, Jade Owl, Fish-shaped Jade Ornament, Sanhe Jade, Gouyunwen Jade, Yufu, Yuguan, etc. Found in the Nastai site in Bahrain Right Banner.

In addition, jade articles of various shapes, such as Yulong, Yuhu, Jade Bird, Horseshoe Jade Ring, Hook Cloud Jade Ornament, Yufu and Jade Bar, have also been found in Aohan Banner, Wengniute Banner, Xilingol League and Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and the number is considerable. In particular, Mr. Huang Kangtai, a part-time researcher at the Institute of Ancient Culture Application of Liaoning University, has accumulated decades of experience in ancient culture research and field work. Under the guidance of relevant experts, he collected more than a thousand pieces of Hongshan culture jade. Among them, in addition to covering all kinds of jade mentioned above, "Wannian Jade Dragon" is the best. Mr. Qi Ren is a famous collector of ancient jade in Liaoning Province and has accumulated decades of experience. In his collection of Hongshan ancient jade, there is a pair of male and female jade dragons five thousand years ago. The female dragon is 48 cm tall and the male dragon is 42 cm tall. It is sapphire, brown and shiny, and can be regarded as a national treasure.

In recent years, Hongshan Culture has made new discoveries. In Niuheliang at the junction of Dongshanzui, Lingyuan and Jianping in Kazuo County, Liaoning Province, the Niushen Temple, Jishi Tomb and Altar have been discovered successively. In 2003, a well-preserved Xiajiadian lower cultural sacrifice site was discovered behind Hongshan. Hongshan site group was announced as a national key protection unit by the State Council in 2006.

Hongshan Culture is of great historical value. The discovery of Hongshan Culture has made the Xilamulun River Basin, the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin the three major sources of Chinese civilization. The history of Chinese civilization, which began in the Xia Dynasty, has advanced for more than a thousand years. Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu culture are the two major jade cultural centers in ancient China.