1.1 Nursery place

Choose a solar greenhouse with good heat preservation and lighting performance.

1.2 sowing time

Different climate and other conditions, different planting time, corresponding sowing and seedling raising are different in the morning and evening. Generally, it reaches the physiological seedling age of 4-5 true leaves, and the seedling age is 35-4 days. It is suitable to sow in late February in Beijing plain and early March in northern area.

1.3 The seedbed is prepared to be

used as a greenhouse for seedling raising. Before sowing, the crop residues and weeds in the previous crop should be removed, the greenhouse should be disinfected, the ground should be leveled, and a temperature controller should be installed.

1.4 preparation of tray and substrate

72-hole tray seedlings must be disinfected before use, generally using 1/1 formaldehyde or 1/2 potassium permanganate solution for disinfection.

The substrate is prepared by mixing peat and vermiculite in a ratio of 2:1. Before use, the prepared substrate was evenly mixed with fermented and screened organic fertilizer 1kg, and sprayed with appropriate amount of water to make it well, and it reached a uniform semi-dry and semi-wet state (about 6% water content) when it was put on the plate.

1.5 seed preparation

select seeds with high germination rate and strong germination potential (both germination rate and germination potential are above 85%). Before sowing, the seeds should be germinated, that is, the seeds should be stirred with hot water at 7-8℃, soaked for 24-48 hours, then taken out, wrapped with wet gauze and placed in a thermostat at 3℃, and washed once a day with clean water at room temperature, and the germination potential should be investigated for 3 days and the germination rate for 7 days.

1.6 tray loading

the prepared matrix is evenly loaded into the tray, and the holes are filled in the natural state, and the hole grid is obvious.

1.7 sowing

Before sowing, the substrate should be watered with water, and after the water has completely infiltrated, one seed should be sown in each hole. Those with good germination potential (85%) need not be germinated (both dry seeds and wet seeds can be used), and those with weak germination potential need to be germinated (the germination accelerating method is the same as the germination test).

after sowing, cover vermiculite (or seedling substrate) and put it neatly in the seedling bed, then spray a small amount of water to moisten vermiculite, and then set up a small arch shed on the seedling bed.

1.8 seedbed management

1.8.1 temperature

Before seedling emergence, the temperature of the ground temperature controller was set at 3℃, and the small arch shed was sealed, so that the temperature in the shed could be controlled above 3℃ as much as possible. After emergence, the temperature controller is set at 25℃, and the small arch shed is ventilated, and the daytime temperature is controlled at around 25℃, not higher than 3℃ and not lower than 2℃; The temperature at night is about 15℃, not higher than 2℃ and not lower than 1℃. When the lowest temperature in the greenhouse is stable above 1℃ at night, remove the film from the small arch shed.

3-5 days before planting, the temperature of the seedbed should be properly reduced for hardening, that is, the temperature is about 2℃ during the day and 1℃ at night. So as to adapt to that temperature condition in the greenhouse aft planting and be beneficial to slow down seedling.

1.8.2 moisture

keep the substrate moist before emergence. After seedling emergence, the relative humidity of the substrate is about 85%, and when it is lower than 8%, it is sprayed with water, which is carried out in sunny morning. After spraying water, the temperature of the shed room is appropriately increased to facilitate ventilation and humidity reduction.

1.8.3 illumination

after emergence, uncover and cover the insulation quilt in time, and uncover the insulation quilt as early as possible and cover it as late as possible under the premise of temperature permitting, so as to strive for a longer illumination time. During the day, remove the small arch shed film, ventilate it in time, reduce the water droplets inside the shed film, and often remove the dust outside the shed film to enhance the light transmittance.

1.8.4 nutrients

after emergence, during the growth of seedlings, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed 2-3 times according to the growth situation, in which the concentration is .2-.3% when 2-3 leaves are used and .4-.5% when 4-5 leaves are used.

1.8.5 pest control

pests and diseases are relatively rare at seedling stage. Check it at any time in production. Once it is found, spray it immediately. 2.1 planting period

when the seedlings grow to 4-5 true leaves, plant them in time. The specific planting time depends on the temperature conditions in the shed. The temperature in the shed is stable above 5℃, and the ground temperature at 1cm is stable above 12℃ before planting. Generally, the Beijing plain area is planted from the end of March to the beginning of April, and the cold northern mountainous area is planted in the middle and late April.

2.2 soil preparation, base fertilizer application, and border cultivation

Choose a greenhouse with rich organic matter and loamy soil, which has not been planted with bitter gourd (including other melons). If it is planted in a greenhouse with other soil, use more organic fertilizer.

after the planting shed is selected, fine soil preparation will be carried out. Before rotary tillage, 12-15 cubic meters of high-quality organic fertilizer will be spread, and rotary tillage will be carried out twice, so that the rich soil will be fully and evenly mixed. After leveling the ground, a small high ridge will be made, with a ridge width of 1m and a ridge height of about 2cm, a ridge width of 2m and a ridge spacing of 3m.

2.3 Planting seedlings

Choose healthy seedlings with basically the same size and no diseases and insect pests, with a spacing of 1.5 meters and a depth of about 2cm when the seedlings are buried in the soil, and water them immediately after planting.

3.1 Temperature

Before seedling slowing, seal the shed, without ventilation for the time being. When the temperature in the shed exceeds 4℃, open a small tuyere and ventilate properly; When the shed temperature drops below 35℃, the tuyere is closed.

during the daytime, the temperature in the greenhouse is about 25℃ after seedling delay and before fruiting, and it is not higher than 3℃. If it exceeds 3℃, it will be ventilated, and if it is not lower than 2℃, the tuyere will be closed. Around 15℃ at night, not higher than 2℃ and not lower than 1℃.

when entering the fruiting stage, the temperature in the shed is about 3℃, not higher than 35℃ and not lower than 25℃ during the day, and the ventilation openings should be opened and closed in time; The temperature in the shed at night is about 2℃, not higher than 25℃ and not lower than 15℃. When the outside temperature is stable above 1℃, the vent will not be closed at night. When it is considered that the temperature cannot be controlled, the planting water will be poured when the water content changes naturally

3.2

. If the greenhouse temperature is not high and the ground temperature is not high at the time of planting, small water should be poured first (digging holes to water seedlings-water-stabilized seedlings), and then big water should be poured when the temperature is high (water-permeable), and plastic film should be covered after watering, so as to preserve moisture and increase temperature and promote slow seedling growth.

after delaying the seedlings, water them in time according to the soil humidity. Generally, the soil humidity is 85%, and water them in time when it is lower than 8%. The relative humidity of air in the shed is 7-8%. Whether the soil humidity or the air humidity should be relatively stable, it should not be high and low, and the changes should be drastic.

3.3 illumination

Strong illumination is preferred. During the whole growth period, the illumination conditions should be improved as much as possible, reasonable close planting should be carried out, plant regulation should be carried out in time, ventilation should be carried out in time, and the dust on the outside of the shed film should be removed frequently.

3.4 nutrients

The flowering and fruiting period is long, which requires a large amount of fertilizer. In addition to applying sole fertilizer, topdressing is needed many times during the growth period. After delaying seedlings, the fertilizer should be raised once according to the seedling situation, and about 1g of ammonium sulfate should be buried in each plant. In the flowering and fruiting period, topdressing should be done once every 2 days, and 15-2g ammonium sulfate should be buried in each plant, and watering should be done immediately after fertilization. After topdressing nitrogen fertilizer twice, topdressing potassium fertilizer once, and applying about 2g of potassium sulfate to each hole. If topdressing organic fertilizer, 1-1.5kg per hole.

3.5 plant regulation

3.5.1

After planting, the stems and vines grow rapidly. When the vines are 3-4cm long, they need to be hung, and when the vines are about 1.6 meters long, they need to be put on the shelves. Using grid, the grid is firm and firm, the mesh is tight, the mesh is 3-4cm square, and the height of the grid is about 1.6 meters, which should not be too high to facilitate field operations such as pruning, artificial pollination and harvesting.

3.5.2 pruning

for grid cultivation, all the lateral vines with stems less than 1.5 meters are removed, and the lateral vines with stems over 1.5 meters are put on the shelves together with the main vines, and the positions of the lateral vines on the grid are adjusted in time to make them evenly distributed. Remove the dense and delicate lateral vines at any time, and keep good ventilation and light transmission conditions, so as to facilitate the fruiting and prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases.

3.5.3 beat old leaves and diseased leaves

remove the yellow old leaves and diseased leaves at any time during the growth process, save nutrients, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, and be beneficial to fruit setting and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

3.5.4 remove diseased and deformed fruits

remove diseased and deformed fruits at any time during the whole fruiting period.

3.6 artificial pollination

when the bees are few or have weak activity, artificial pollination should be adopted, and pollination should be carried out in time every morning after the dew is dry, and the pollination should be finished as early as possible. Take the male flowers that bloom on the same day to pollinate the female flowers that bloom on the same day. Before pollination, check whether the male flowers have pollen or not, and lightly wipe them when pollinating to prevent the stigma from being mechanically damaged. When there are many male flowers, one male flower can pollinate two or three female flowers, and when there are few male flowers, one male flower can pollinate two or three female flowers.

3.7 weeding

weeds inside and outside the shed should be removed at any time during the whole growth period. The common diseases of bitter gourd include powdery mildew, downy mildew, anthracnose, root rot, blight, root-knot nematode and so on. Common pests include aphids, red spiders, whiteflies, liriomyza sativae, thrips and so on.

4.1 disease control

first of all, we should take agricultural measures, rotate crops, clean the fields, strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, and enhance the disease resistance of plants. Do a good job in plant regulation, enhance the permeability, use plastic film mulching, underground irrigation under the film, do a good job in ventilation, etc., and take drug control when necessary.

powdery mildew Fuxing 25-3 times solution, Shigao 1 times solution, Juemie Bai Sheng 8-1 times solution, sulfur suspension 5 times solution, etc. Prevention of chlorothalonil smoke agent 25g/ mu (4-5 points).

downy mildew 8% dimethomorph 1 times solution, 72.2% propamocarb 7-8 times solution, 58% Lei Domil manganese zinc 5-6 times solution, 69% Anke manganese zinc 6 times solution, etc. Prevention of chlorothalonil smoke agent 25g/ mu (4-5 points).

7-fold solution of 5% thiophanate-methyl, 15-fold solution of 5% benomyl, 8-fold solution of 6% anti-mildew treasure, 1-fold solution of prochloraz and 8-fold solution of 8% anthrax thiram are sprayed.

5-fold solution of 5% thiophanate-methyl, 15-fold solution of 5% benomyl, 8-fold solution of 6% anti-mildew treasure and 5-fold solution of 5% carbendazim for root rot.

1% Shigao 1 times solution, 5% benomyl 1 times solution, 5% carbendazim 5 times solution, 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc 5 times solution, 6% anti-mildew treasure 8 times solution, etc.

58% metalaxyl manganese zinc 5-6 times, 64% antivirus alum 5 times and 72.2% propamocarb 7 times.

6-8 times solution of 1.8% avermectin for root-knot nematodiasis, 1ml/ mu for rotary tillage after soil spraying, 5ml/ hole for fixed planting, and 1-2 times for irrigation during growth. 6kg/ mu of Mixianling granules or 2.5kg/ mu of Genxianling are scattered on the surface for rotary tillage.

4.2 pest control

First of all, we should clean the fields, remove the surrounding weeds and reduce pests. 25g/ mu of methomyl tobacco heavy agent was used in the shed before planting.

1% imidacloprid 1 times solution, 25% aphid repellent 1 times solution, 25% Uranus 2 times solution, 2% scavenger 2 times solution, 25% Aketai 3 times solution, berberine 5-6 times solution, etc.

43% bifenazate 2-3 times solution, 5% Carbendazim 1-15 times solution, 2% fenvalerate 3-4 times solution, 1.8% avermectin 3 times solution, fenpropafenone 3-4 times solution, etc.

1.8% avermectin 1 times, 25% chlorpyrifos 1 times, 1% imidacloprid 1 times, .3% azadirachtin 1 times, 1% pyridaben 3 times, 2.5% Uranus 2 times, etc.

1.8% avermectin 1 times solution and 5% mirex 5 times solution of liriomyza sativae were sprayed.

spray 1, times of 2.5% spinosad, 1,-1,5 times of 5% imidacloprid, 1, times of 1.8% avermectin, etc.

5. harvesting

under normal circumstances, young melons can be harvested about 15 days after pollination. From the appearance, the tumor-like protrusions on the surface are fully developed and the luster is obvious, which is the suitable period for harvesting. When the surface gloss decreases (blackness), it is over-ripe, and the tumor-like protrusions are not fully developed, and the luster is not obvious, which indicates over-tender.

It is advisable to harvest the dew after it dries in the morning, and cut it with scissors. Handle it gently to avoid mechanical damage to the epidermis and loss of commodity value.