Do animals feel pain?

Author: Kou Jingyi

By comparing the similarities between humans and animals, researchers tentatively assume that both fish and octopus can feel pain, but insects can't. But the exact demarcation point is still unclear. But the exact demarcation point is still unclear.

Human beings need animal experiments to understand life phenomena, develop medicine and treat human diseases. Humans need animal experiments to understand life phenomena, develop medicine and treat human diseases. However, in animal experiments, the rights and interests of animals are bound to be violated. How to find a balance between reducing the suffering of experimental animals and maintaining the needs of animal experiments is a very difficult problem. However, in animal experiments, the rights and interests of animals are bound to be violated. How to find a balance between reducing the suffering of experimental animals and maintaining the needs of animal experiments is a very difficult problem. However, if we are willing to communicate with each other, we should be able to resolve the dispute without stopping animal experiments. However, if we are willing to communicate with each other, we should be able to resolve the dispute without stopping animal experiments.

critics of animal experiments think that we can tell whether animals feel pain very clearly, but some scientists think it is impossible. Critics of animal experiments think that we can tell whether animals feel pain very clearly, but some scientists think it is impossible. The author thinks it is possible, but it is a complicated matter. The author thinks it is possible, but it is a complicated matter. Even human beings, everyone has great differences in the threshold of pain, and even the same person has different feelings at different times. Even human beings, everyone has great differences in the threshold of pain, and even the same person has different feelings at different times. Nevertheless, observing some signs when people feel pain can still be used as a criterion to evaluate whether other animals also feel pain (see Attachment 1). Nevertheless, observing some signs when people feel pain can still be used as a criterion to evaluate whether other animals also feel pain (see Attachment 1).

what animal hurts? What animal hurts?

Four years ago, the British Institute of Medical Ethics set up a group, of which the author is a member. Four years ago, the British Institute of Medical Ethics set up a group, of which the author is a member. This working group mainly discussed all kinds of disputes caused by animal experiments, and published a research report last year. This working group mainly discussed all kinds of disputes caused by animal experiments, and published a research report last year. The team believes that all vertebrates may feel different degrees of pain, but most invertebrates do not. The team believes that all vertebrates may feel different degrees of pain, but most invertebrates do not. For example, insects have a rather complex nervous system, but there are no obvious pain nerve fibers like vertebrates. For example, insects have a rather complex nervous system, but there are no obvious pain nerve fibers like vertebrates. However, invertebrates such as squid and octopus have complex nervous systems and movements, so they may feel some pain (see attached table). However, invertebrates such as squid and octopus have complex nervous systems and movements, so they may feel some pain (see attached table).

On February 2th, 1986, the author published a short article "When to do animal experiments" in New Scientist, and designed a "decision cube" method to consider various decision factors related to animal research. On February 2, 1986, the author published a short article "When to do animal experiments" in New Scientist, and designed a "decision cube" method to consider various decision factors related to animal research. This square (see figure) has three axes: the scientific value of research, the possible benefits to human beings and the degree of suffering of experimental animals. This square (see figure) has three axes: the scientific value of research, the possible benefits to human beings and the degree of suffering of experimental animals. The author thinks that animal experiments should be done only when the first two are high; Even when animals suffer more than a certain degree, we should not do this research, but forget the value of research and the possibility of human benefit. The author thinks that animal experiments should be done only when the first two are high; Even when animals suffer more than a certain degree, we should not do this research, but forget the value of research and the possibility of human benefit. The rules set by this model allow people to do valuable scientific experiments. The rules set by this model allow people to do valuable scientific experiments. If the experimental animals suffer little or no pain, the experiment can be carried out even if the research has no immediate and obvious benefit potential for human beings. If the experimental animals suffer little or no pain, even if the research has no potential for immediate and obvious benefits to human beings, experiment? It can also be done. In this way, human beings can still satisfy their desire for knowledge. In this way, human beings can still satisfy their desire for knowledge.

what experiment can I do? What experiments can be done?

The decision box emphasizes not the cost-benefit ratio of the research, but a set of rules to measure whether a special research experiment should be done. What the decision box particularly emphasizes is not the cost-benefit ratio of the research, but a set of rules to measure whether a special research experiment should be done. Moreover, the boundary of determining a research project is not static, but should be to minimize the suffering of animals under an acceptable "interest". Moreover, the boundary of determining a research project is not static, but should be to minimize the suffering of animals under an acceptable "interest". According to the principle of balance (see attachment 2), we should try our best to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of animal experiments, and also try our best to clarify various doubts about the nervous system and living habits of humans and other animals. According to the principle of balance (see attachment 2), we should try our best to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of animal experiments, and also try our best to clarify various doubts about the nervous system and living habits of humans and other animals.

when all the evaluations are considered together, make a final judgment. When all the evaluations are considered together, make a final judgment. The ultimate goal is to do the most beneficial scientific research and make the animals suffer the least. The ultimate goal is to do the most beneficial scientific research and make the animals suffer the least. This is not an easy task, but more and more just people, who had completely different moral standards at the beginning, have gradually reached their understanding. This is not an easy task, but more and more just people, who had completely different moral standards at the beginning, have gradually reached a * * * understanding. The author believes that this dark age of mutual intolerance of dissidents will not last long. The author believes that this dark age of mutual intolerance of dissidents will not last long.

(This article is adapted from P. Bateson, "Do animals feel pain? " , New Scientist, 25 April 1992.) (This article is adapted from P. Bateson, "Do animals feel pain? " , New Scientist, 25 April 1992.)

Kou Jingyi works in the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica Attachment 1 Kou Jingyi works in the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica Attachment 1

Do animals feel pain like humans? Do animals feel pain like people?

In p>1987, under the sponsorship of the British Institute of Medical Ethics, an 18-member team began to discuss the right and wrong of doing animal experiments. In 1987, under the sponsorship of the British Institute of Medical Ethics, an 18-member team began to discuss the right and wrong of doing animal experiments. This group, including animal welfare lobbyists, philosophers, lawyers and scientists from academic and industrial circles, published a research report in 1991, which enabled decision makers to judge between the suffering of animals and the benefit value of research. This group, including animal welfare lobbyists, philosophers, lawyers and scientists from academic and industrial circles, published a research report in 1991, which enabled decision makers to judge between the suffering of animals and the benefit value of research.

The team thinks that animals that meet the following criteria can feel pain: The team thinks that animals that meet the following criteria can feel pain:

1. Sensitive receptors can respond to harmful stimuli where they are functionally useful on the body surface or in vivo; 1. Sensitive receptors can respond to harmful stimuli in places that are functionally useful on the body surface or in vivo;

Second, there is a structure similar to the human cerebral cortex in the brain; Second, there is a structure similar to the human cerebral cortex in the brain;

thirdly, there is a neural pathway connection between the receptor sensitive to harmful stimuli and the brain; Third, there is a neural pathway connection between the receptor sensitive to harmful stimuli and the brain;

fourth, there are morphine-like receptor molecules in the central nervous system, especially in the brain related to pain control; Fourth, there are morphine-like receptor molecules in the central nervous system, especially in the brain related to pain control;

5. Analgesics can change the response of these animals to noxious stimuli, and animals can use these analgesics when they are given the opportunity to use them; 5. Analgesics can change the response of these animals to noxious stimuli, and animals will use these analgesics when they are given the opportunity to use them;

6. These animals will try their best to avoid harmful stimulation or minimize harm to their bodies; Six, these animals will try to avoid harmful stimulation, or try to reduce the harm to their own bodies;

7. The escape of these animals from harmful stimuli is quite inelastic, that is, no matter how much reward, the escape response of animals remains unchanged; Seven, these animals are quite inelastic to escape from harmful stimuli, that is, no matter how much reward, the animals' escape response remains unchanged;

8. These animals respond to harmful stimuli continuously, and they will try to learn to associate neutral things with harmful stimuli. Eight, these animals respond to harmful stimuli continuously, and they will try to learn to associate neutral things with harmful stimuli. Attachment 2 Attachment 2

Balance Law: How to Judge the Feasibility of Animal Research Balance Law: How to Judge the Feasibility of Animal Research

The team of the Institute of Medical Ethics admitted that research will cause different harm to animals, and decision makers must make a comprehensive consideration before deciding any plan. The team of the Institute of Medical Ethics admits that research will cause different injuries to animals, and decision makers must make a comprehensive consideration before deciding on any plan.

measuring the damage to animals

1. How much endurance does the animal have for this experiment (which will hurt or shorten its life)? 1. How much endurance does the animal have for this experiment (which will hurt or shorten its life)?

2. How much damage has this scientific experiment caused to animals? 2. How much damage has this scientific experiment caused to animals?

3. Is the equipment for feeding experimental animals appropriate? 3. Is the equipment for raising experimental animals appropriate?

4. How do animals react when they are kept in laboratory conditions? 4. How do animals react when they are kept in laboratory conditions?

5. Are the instruments and equipment suitable for identifying the disease or suffering of experimental animals? 5. Are the instruments and equipment used to identify the illness or suffering of experimental animals appropriate? Can misfortune be properly handled when it happens? Can misfortune be properly handled when it happens?

6. Is this experiment designed to reduce the number of animals used in the future? 6. Is this experiment designed to reduce the number of animals used in the future?

7. If this animal is captured in the wild, how does it react to transportation, capture, isolation, quarantine and adaptation to the environment? 7. If this animal is captured in the wild, how does it react to transportation, capture, isolation, quarantine and adaptation to the environment?

8. Will capturing it affect wild populations? 8. Will capturing it affect wild populations?

measuring the benefits of research

1. Can it improve the health or well-being of human beings or other animals? 1. Can it improve the health or welfare of human beings or other animals?

2. What's your contribution to science? 2. What is your contribution to science? Is it helpful to explore the unknown? Is it helpful to explore the unknown?

3. Is it beneficial to education and training? 3. Is it beneficial to education and training?

4. Is it beneficial to increase job opportunities and economy? 4. Is it beneficial to increase job opportunities and economy?

5. Is it helpful to protect natural resources and reduce the impact of human beings on the environment? 5. Is it helpful to protect natural resources and reduce the impact of human beings on the environment?