Name: Ginkgo biloba

English name: Ginkgo biloba? gingkgo

Alias: Ginkgo, Gongsun Tree, Duck Foot Tree, Pufan.

Classification:

Field: the field of plants

Door: gymnosperm door?

Class: Ginkgo class?

Target: Ginkgo biloba?

Branch: Ginkgo biloba?

Genus: Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo biloba? Ginkgo biloba , Latin name ginkgo? Biloba) alias: ginkgo, gongsun tree, duck foot tree, cattail leaf fan, belonging to gymnosperms. Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree, which blooms in May and matures in June at 5438+ 10. Its fruit is an orange stone fruit. Ginkgo biloba is a kind of relict plant. All other plants related to it are extinct. Ginkgo biloba is the oldest seed plant in relict plant. Varieties and varieties are: ginkgo, ginkgo, ginkgo, ginkgo, ginkgo, ginkgo. Ginkgo biloba grows slowly and has a long life. It takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting, and it takes 40 years to produce a large number of fruits. Its service life reaches 1000 years. The existing trees are still lush and fruitful for more than 3500 years. It's the birthday girl on the tree. There is a big ginkgo tree in Ding Lin Temple in Fulaishan, Rizhao, Shandong. It is said that it was planted in Shang Dynasty, with a history of more than 3,500 years.

Ginkgo trees are tall and straight with fan-shaped leaves. The canopy is large and cool, which has a cooling effect. The leaves are quaint and have a long life. No pests and diseases, no pollution to the environment, smooth trunk, is a famous pollution-free tree species, which is conducive to the reproduction of Ginkgo biloba and add scenery. Strong adaptability, Ginkgo biloba has extensive requirements for climate and soil. Smoke and dust resistance, fire resistance and toxic gas resistance. Ginkgo tree is tall and straight, graceful, green in spring and summer and golden in late autumn. It is an ideal tree species for landscaping and roadside. It can be used as an ideal cultivated tree species for landscaping, roads, highways, field forest nets and windbreaks. It is listed as one of the four long-lived ornamental tree species (pine, cypress, Sophora japonica and Ginkgo biloba) in China.

Endangered category: rare

Protection level: this species has been listed as a national first-class protected wild plant (approved by the State Council on August 4th, 1999).

West Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang Province is one of the nature reserves in China, and the harvesting of wild ginkgo in this area should be strictly prohibited. On the steep rock wall at an altitude of 1000 meters, the trunk of an ancient ginkgo tree with five generations living under one roof is regenerated from the trunk and the trunk base, and reinforced with stones. The scattered ancient ginkgo trees in China should also be protected; Many provinces and regions have cultivated it.

[Edit this paragraph] Practice point

Seedling raising of ginkgo biloba. The embryo is dormant. Sow in winter or early spring after stratification. When the height of seedlings exceeds 1 m, they can be planted. Male trees should be selected for street trees. It can also be propagated by cutting and tillering. In order to promote early fruiting and cultivate excellent clones, bud grafting or branch grafting can be used for propagation.

Ginkgo biloba is the oldest existing seed plant. It takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting, and 40 years for a large number of fruits, and you can live to be over 1000 years old. Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree, which blooms in May and matures 5438+ 10 in June. Its fruit is orange-yellow seed drupe. Ginkgo biloba was originally distributed all over the world, but only remained in the subtropical mountainous area of China after the Quaternary Glacier. At present, Ginkgo biloba is mostly planted in artificial areas, mainly in China, French and South Carolina.

Planting method

1. The seedlings should be large, and the mother tree with a tree age of about 80 years is the best. The harvested seeds should be peeled and dried in the shade. Autumn sowing can be done in the south, and spring sowing is suitable in the north. The seedbed should be sandy loam with good water permeability.

About 2.2 months (after thawing in the north), half of the sprouting branches with roots were dug and planted in the nursery, with a diameter of 1cm ~ 4cm. This method is easy to survive. Flowering and fruiting after about 10 years.

3. In May and June, soft branches of the current year were selected and cut into 10cm ~ 15cm, leaving 3 ~ 4 leaves on them. Half of the cuttings are often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves are not dry and can take root in about one and a half months to two months.

4. Transplanted ginkgo seedlings can be planted with bare roots below 5 cm in diameter, and generally cultivated with soil above 6 cm. The seedlings planted with bare roots are in a slow seedling stage. Seedlings with clods can grow in the same year. After the seedlings are planted in rows, they are flooded. When planting a big tree, it is best to fill the pit with water before planting it. After the water in the pit infiltrates, plant big trees in the pit and tamp them so that the water in the pit can come back to moisten the roots. The next watering should be to dig a diversion ditch beside the pit and fill it with water, so that the water can slowly penetrate into the roots of Ginkgo biloba. Don't drown with water. The main reason why many people transplant ginkgo biloba is not dryness, but soaking. Because the root system of Ginkgo biloba has a large respiratory capacity, it is submerged by water, and the root system is suffocated by hypoxia, so it cannot produce new roots, and the root system gradually decays. Some ginkgo leaves can disperse even after death, and even germinate in the second and third years, but the leaves are very small, and they will not grow until the nutrients in the body are exhausted. This is the "fake living" phenomenon of ginkgo biloba. However, some ginkgo leaves do not appear in the first year after planting, or even in the second year. If you pinch the skin, you will find that the skin is fresh and the branches will not shrink. This kind of tree may not be dead, but it may appear again in the third year. This phenomenon is also known as the "suspended animation" phenomenon of Ginkgo biloba. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba is a fake death or a fake life, we should not only look at the leaves, but also look at the roots. Therefore, buying big seedlings, especially those from abroad, must depend on whether the roots are black. If it is, it means that this seedling is a fake live seedling, no matter how cheap it is. The xylem of fresh seedlings should be white, the bark slightly red and the xylem tight.

5. Seedling management

(1) Ginkgo biloba does not need to be watered frequently after it survives. In the northern region, water once after thawing and before germination. If the weather is dry in May, you can water it once, because this is the peak growth period of Ginkgo biloba. Autumn and mid-August are the second growth peak of Ginkgo biloba in a year, which can be watered once and combined with fertilization twice.

(2) Fertilization: Fertilization in nursery can be carried out in spring and summer. In spring, apply 5000 kg to 10000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu between two rows, and then plough it once with a small rotary tiller to evenly ram the fertilizer into the soil. Large seedlings can open several radial ditches, and organic fertilizer and topsoil can be evenly mixed and filled into the ditches. If the amount of fertilization is large, it can be applied once a year in spring, but if the amount is small.

(3) Pruning: Ginkgo biloba generally does not need pruning, because there are few new shoots of Ginkgo biloba, even the seedlings in the nursery should leave as many branches and leaves as possible to accelerate their thickening. Cut off the branches below 1.8 meters one year before the seedlings are sold. After growing for one year, the cut is full, the skin is smooth and the branches are upright.

(4) intertillage: Appropriate intertillage can improve the permeability of soil, and intertillage can trim the fibrous roots of Ginkgo biloba and stimulate more fibrous roots to germinate. The number of intertillage can be once in spring and once in autumn.

(5) Disease prevention and insect control: The disease of Ginkgo biloba is mainly seedling damping-off. The main pest of field seedlings is beetle larvae (grubs). Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification at seedling stage, loosen topsoil and spray bordeaux mixture to prevent wilting. The way to control grubs is to apply decomposed organic fertilizer as far as possible. When applying fertilizer, the whole garden is sprayed with 500 times of 39 1 1 pesticide solution once, and then rotated again to rotate the sprayed fertilizer into the soil. Another method is to wet bran and rice bran, mix them with trichlorfon, use them in a bucket for two days to fully absorb the pesticide, then sprinkle them into the ground and then cultivate them. Another method is to bury a pile of hay every 10 meter, often pour some water on the hay, open the hay every two months, and there will be many grubs under it, which will be killed in a concentrated way.

(6) Cultivation of fruiting trees: Ginkgo biloba is dioecious and cross-pollinated, so the fruiting trees should be matched with pollinated trees. Ginkgo biloba has a strong pollination ability, and 25 kilometers downwind in the breeze is the effective pollination area. The difference between male and female trees is that the female branches rotate obviously, the branches grow horizontally, the leaves are thicker, and the male branches are upright and alternate. Ginkgo orchards are planted at a spacing of 4m× 6m, and the seedlings grow rapidly. Selecting seedlings with DBH of 3 cm to 4 cm, cutting and grafting. Generally, a 3-year-old scion with shiny skin, 3-6 short branches and large fruit grains is better. It can bear fruit in 3-4 years after grafting.

[Edit this paragraph] Common diseases

Ginkgo stem blight?

Symptoms: after bacterial invasion, smooth lesions, round or irregular shapes are produced on smooth bark. After that, the lesion continued to expand, the diseased part gradually swelled, and the bark appeared longitudinal crack. In spring, there are many withered yellow scales with a diameter of1-3mm on the damaged bark. When the weather is wet, the light yellow to yellow tendril-like meristem corners will be squeezed out from the capsule base. In autumn, the daughter seat changed from dry red to sauce red, and a cyst gradually formed in the middle. Between the cortex and xylem of the diseased tree, a feather-like fan-shaped mycelium layer can be seen, which is dirty white at first and then turns yellow-brown. The diseased branches spread, gradually causing annular necrosis of bark, and finally leading to the death of branches. ?

Pathogen: Ginkgo stem blight, also known as Ginkgo stem blight. The pathogens are fungi belonging to the genera Ascomycetes and Coccus. This pathogen can also infect chestnuts and other trees. ?

Pathogenic law: Pathogenic bacteria invade from the wound, overwinter in the diseased branches with mycelium and conidia, and start to move when the temperature rises. From the end of March to the beginning of April, symptoms began to appear in the Yangtze River basin and Jiangnan area, and accelerated with the increase of temperature until the end of 10. Conidia spread through rain, insects and birds, and can be infected repeatedly. It is distributed in all major ginkgo producing areas in China and is common in ginkgo trees with weak growth potential. ?

Prevention and control methods:?

(1) Strengthen management, strengthen tree vigor and improve plant stress resistance. This is the key measure to control ginkgo blight. ?

(2) The seriously ill plants and dead branches should be cleaned and destroyed in time, and the germs should be thoroughly removed. ?

③ Scrape the diseased spots in time, and brush the wound with 1: 100 bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 100 times solution or 0. 1 mercuric chloride solution, 1% ferrous sulfate solution and lime whitening agent to kill germs and prevent their spread.

[Edit this paragraph] Ginkgo varieties

Ginkgo varieties are divided into five categories according to the shape of seed nucleus: eldest son, bergamot, bell, plum nucleus and roundsubclass.

Classification of Ginkgo Varieties

Cultivated variety types and representative varieties

Nuclear variety? Family Buddha refers to Maling No.3 (Kuiling), Dajingou, Dongting Emperor, Dameihe and Haiyang Emperor.

Leaf variety? Gaoyou Y-2, Anlu 1, WL43

Ornamental varieties? Ginkgo biloba, ginkgo biloba, ginkgo biloba, ginkgo biloba, ginkgo biloba.

Male plant varieties? G ♂ ~ 12 #, pine oil 1, Zaohua, Guangxi

Wood varieties? Wan Yu No.9 and Zhigan Ginkgo S-3 1

The seed varieties of Ginkgo biloba are traditional fine varieties bred in various ginkgo producing areas for many years, such as Taixing Buddha Finger, Dongting Finger, Tancheng Golden Pendant, Marble, Tancheng Round Bell and so on.

Here are some improved varieties:

Anyin 1 damaling: 268 seeds per kilogram on average, with seed rate of 28% and seed rate of 78%. The output of projected area of crown is 2.7kg/m2. Sweet and waxy, with high yield and good quality.

Giant Buddha Hand: The main local species in Dongting Mountain area of Jiangsu Province. The seeds are oval, about 2.88 cm long and 65438 0.73 cm wide, with 300-350 seeds per kilogram. They are sweet, waxy, high-yield and high-quality.

Dayuanling is the main variety planted in Tancheng, Shandong Province. The fruit is spherical, brownish white, translucent and oily when it is ripe. Single grain weight11.8-15.7g, with 64-85 grains per kg. The seeds are ovoid, with a single grain weight of 2.97-3.75g, 266-366 grains per kg, and the kernel yield.

Xiaoyuanling: As a specialty of Dafeng Forestry Base in Jiangsu Province, it not only supplies fruits all the year round, but also tens of thousands of ginkgo trees for greening. It is one of the protected areas of China Ginkgo Base.

[Edit this paragraph] Economic value

Ginkgo biloba, also known as ginkgo biloba, belongs to the category of dried fruits, and its economic bearing life can reach thousands of years. Among many dried fruits, Ginkgo biloba ranks third in economic value. The value of ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in food and medicine. China's ginkgo production accounts for 90% of the world's total output. Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba are important products to earn foreign exchange through export, especially important pharmaceutical raw materials for preventing and treating hypertension and heart disease. Ginkgo biloba extract can protect the heart and brain. There are 160 kinds of known chemical extracts of Ginkgo biloba. There are mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, polyisoprene, quinic acid, linoleic acid, python oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, α-hexenal, bilobanol, bilobanone and so on. The medicinal use of Ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in medicine, pesticides and veterinary drugs.

Ginkgo biloba was listed as a royal tribute in the Song Dynasty. Japanese people have the habit of eating ginkgo every day. Westerners must eat ginkgo at Christmas. As far as eating methods are concerned, Ginkgo biloba mainly includes fried food, baked food, cooked food, side dishes, cakes, candied fruit, canned food, beverages and alcohol. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen once said: "Entering the lung meridian can benefit the temper, stop asthma and cough, and reduce defecation." Ginkgo biloba in Ben Feng Jing Yuan written by Zhang Lulu in Qing Dynasty has the effects of resolving phlegm, detoxicating and killing insects, and can be used to treat "furuncle, ulceration of mammary abscess, dental caries, infantile diarrhea, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, chronic stranguria, nocturnal emission and enuresis". In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese patent medicines made of Ginkgo biloba appeared in Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places for clinical use. It has the functions of astringing lung and relieving asthma, and is mainly used for treating excessive phlegm, asthma, cough, nocturnal emission, leukorrhagia and frequent urination.

Ginkgo biloba exocarp contains a lot of hydrogenated ginkgolic acid and ginkgetin. Ginkgo biloba leaves have the function of regulating respiratory organs, and the water-soluble components of exocarp have good antitussive and expectorant effects, similar to cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. Ginkgo biloba leaves contain ginkgolic acid, which has a strong inhibitory effect on mycobacterium tuberculosis and dermatophytes, so it can be used to treat tuberculosis and dermatoses. The effective rate of epicarp alcohol intermediate in inhibiting 22 common clinical pathogenic fungi was 865438 0%. 0. 1% hydrogenated ginkgolic acid inhibited 25 clinical pathogenic fungi with an effective rate of 92%. Ginkgo biloba leaves have important medicinal value. Ginkgo biloba, bitter and astringent, contains biflavonoids. It has been proved by experiments and clinic that it can reduce serum cholesterol and dilate coronary artery, and has certain auxiliary treatment effect on coronary heart disease and hypertension. In 1960s, the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units developed Shuxuening injection with Ginkgo biloba leaves, which has certain curative effects on coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and cerebrovascular diseases.

The inhibitory rate of Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract on apple anthracnose and other plant pathogens was 88%- 100%. The control rate of ethanol extract on geometrid reached 100% within 3 days, and it also had control effects on Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Chilo suppressalis and other pests. According to Compendium of Herbal Medicine of Folk Veterinary Medicine, Ginkgo preparation can treat strain of livestock, nasal congestion, lung abscess, cough due to lung deficiency, blood drop in urine, leucorrhea of female livestock, etc. Dingchuan decoction developed by Shandong Animal Husbandry Medical Station is used to treat infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens, and the cure rate is 95%. Ginkgo biloba leaves can also be used as pesticides. 1kg leaves add 20kg water, boil for 30min, and then soak for 2-3 days. The control rate of spiders and Pieris rapae is over 90%, and there is no residue.

Using the effective chemical components of Ginkgo biloba leaves and its special medical and health care functions to produce health food, medicine and cosmetics is attracting the attention of research, development and production units at home and abroad. Many enterprises in various countries compete to develop and produce natural green products with ginkgo as raw materials to replace synthetic chemicals that have great side effects on human health. There are 20,000 kinds of ginkgo beverage, ginkgo peach juice, ginkgo beer, ginkgo tea and other health products developed from ginkgo leaves in Dafeng Ginkgo Base, Jiangsu Province. Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province is in the forefront of the world in the planting and processing of Ginkgo biloba extract. Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba leaves are used to make healthy pillows. It is recorded in Pillow Book that precious Chinese herbal medicines such as Ginkgo biloba leaves for more than three years are selected to make healthy pillows. It is light and fragrant, and can improve the quality of human breathing and sleep. Long-term administration can prevent cardiovascular diseases, prevent hypertension, stroke and diabetes caused by vascular aging in adults, and make adults, especially middle-aged and elderly people, maintain normal cardiac output and normal nervous system function, and maintain normal cell life cycle as much as possible.

Ginkgo trees are tall and straight, and wood is a high-grade material for making musical instruments and furniture. Ginkgo wood is of high quality and low price, and is known as "silver fragrant wood" or "silver wood". Ginkgo wood has luster, straight texture, fine structure, easy processing, no cracking, strong corrosion resistance, easy painting, low nail digging power, special medicinal flavor and strong insect resistance. Ginkgo wood can be used to make carved plaques, wooden fish and other handicrafts, and can also be used to make high-end furniture such as cabinets and desks. Ginkgo biloba has the characteristics of singing, guiding sound and elasticity, and is an ideal material for making musical instruments It can be used to make surveying and mapping instruments, pens and other cultural goods, and it is also the first-class wood for making chessboards, chess pieces, sports equipment, seals and small handicrafts. In industrial production, silver wood is most suitable for making machine models and wooden models of X-ray machine filter plates, textile printing and dyeing rollers, bodiless lacquerware, plywood, chopping boards and wooden telephones.

Ginkgo biloba is recognized as an economic tree species with greening, beautifying environment and ornamental value. Ginkgo trees are magnificent in appearance, beautiful in leaf shape, long in life and few in pests and diseases. They are most suitable for shade trees, street trees or street trees. It has good ornamental value. Ginkgo biloba is lush in summer and golden in autumn, giving people a handsome, gorgeous, luxurious and elegant feeling. Therefore, ginkgo biloba is regarded as an important tree species in courtyards, sidewalks and gardens at all times and in all countries. When ginkgo biloba is used for street greening, male plants should be selected to avoid polluting pedestrians' clothes. Dandong is the first city in China to use Ginkgo biloba as a street tree, and there are three streets lined with centuries-old Ginkgo biloba.

Matters needing attention

Ginkgo biloba can't make tea with tea and chrysanthemum. ? Ginkgo biloba contains a lot of ginkgolic acid, which is toxic. Generally, the leaves bought are not extracted by deep processing, and the ginkgolic acid content in them is as high as 3000-4000ppm. In particular, ginkgolic acid is water-soluble. Instead of eating ginkgo brass, ginkgolic acid and other effective substances inside, the effect is the opposite and toxic! ? In medicine, especially in ginkgo products used in hospitals, slight ginkgolic acid containing 10ppm is allowed!

[Edit this paragraph] Ecological value

Human beings know the ecological value of ginkgo relatively late, and the highest level of ginkgo value-ecological value is priceless! ? The ecological benefits of Ginkgo biloba are mainly reflected in: from the perspective of cultivation, Ginkgo biloba belongs to fruit trees-dried fruits; Belongs to forest trees-timber trees, protective trees, insect-resistant trees, long-lived trees and pollution-resistant trees. Ginkgo biloba is an ideal tree species for fast-growing and high-yield forest, farmland shelterbelt, road shelterbelt, bank protection forest, beach shelterbelt, village shelterbelt, forest-grain intercropping and "four sides" greening. It can not only provide a large number of high-quality wood, leaves and seeds, but also green the environment, purify the air, conserve water and soil, control pests, adjust temperature and psychology. It is a good tree species for afforestation, greening and ornamental, which is of great significance to the adjustment of agricultural and forestry planting structure in the north and south of China and the forestry development in plain agricultural areas. ?

I. Greening the environment

Ginkgo biloba is recognized as a pollution-free tree species and the most ideal tree species for ornamental greening. Parks, gardens, communities, roadsides, urban greening and ginkgo planting can be described as "once and for all".

Second, purify the air.

Ginkgo biloba has the functions of preventing pollution, fireworks and dust. Ginkgo trees can be planted in industrial areas, residential areas, towns, densely populated areas and rest areas. According to a certain proportion, ginkgo forest area and ginkgo forest belt will be formed to naturally purify the air, reduce the content of suspended solids in the atmosphere and improve the air quality.

Three. conservation of water and soil

Ginkgo biloba has the functions of water conservation, wind and sand fixation, and soil and water conservation. In areas where deforestation, soil erosion and sandstorm erosion are serious, ginkgo shelter forest, shelter forest, road shelter forest, bank protection forest, beach shelter forest, sand prevention forest, etc. Planting is to maintain soil and water and improve the ecological environment. ? 1996 Puding County, Guizhou Province takes planting ginkgo biloba and developing ginkgo biloba industry as the road to get rid of poverty and become rich. The soil erosion in this county is serious, even a handful of soil should be planted with a corn, and the ground is covered with carboniferous azithromycin particles. In order to prevent soil erosion, farmers planted Ginkgo biloba, which not only improved the ecological environment, but also generated economic income (Ginkgo biloba leaves were sold to processing plants). Nowadays, Ginkgo biloba has been regarded as a new way to get rid of poverty and become rich in Dabie Mountain, Daba Mountain, Yimeng Mountain and other old, less and marginal areas, that is, planting Ginkgo biloba, improving the ecological environment and forming an industrial economy, which has multiple benefits.

Fourth, pest control.

Ginkgo biloba can kill crop diseases and insect pests, especially cotton, spider mite, peach aphid, Chilo suppressalis and so on. Planting ginkgo around agricultural areas is the natural enemy of crop pests and protects crops.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) regulates temperature.

Ginkgo tree has the special function of being warm in winter and cool in summer. In midsummer, the palm of your hand will feel cold when touching the trunk of Ginkgo biloba, and it will feel hot when touching other trunks (willows). According to the measurement, in midsummer, when the direct sunlight reaches 40.2 degrees Celsius, the temperature under the ginkgo tree is 35.3 degrees Celsius, and the temperature difference between the temperature and the shade of the ginkgo tree is 4.9 degrees Celsius, while the temperature difference between weeping willows is only 2.3 degrees Celsius. The temperature adjustment ability of the ginkgo tree is more than twice that of the willow tree. Therefore, the construction of ginkgo forest area and ginkgo forest belt will form a scale, which will cause the climate of the community and have a good impact on regulating the temperature of farmland and residential areas and improving the climate.