The round stone mill is a major invention of the ancient working people in China in the field of grain processing machinery.
But for a long time, about its origin and history has not been recognized. Many experts in China to study the history of the development of agricultural machinery, when it comes to this issue, are avoided.
As of now, the academic community has not published an article dedicated to the exploration of the history of the origin of the round stone mill, in order to reveal China's ancient working people in science and technology of this invention, the author according to the archaeological aspects of the materials and documents provided to explore this issue. A round stone mill came out of the upper limit of time Mill, initially called? The Han Dynasty was called the mill.
In fact, it was born in what era, few people can answer this question. According to the "Shiben" and other documents recorded in the "Gong输般作？" Inferred that the use of round stone mill in China, the early Warring States has begun.
Because Gong输般 means Lu Ban, Lu Ban and Mozi were contemporaries (475~376 BC). But the correctness of the record in the Shiben has long been doubted.
China's famous expert in the history of engineering machinery, Prof. Liu Xianzhou, cited this information, but only cautiously deduced that the use of stone grinding should be at least two thousand years ago? In the unproven before, we should first clarify the round stone mill in the birth of the production technology required before the conditions, that is to say, round stone mill in the production technology at that time to achieve what level to be born, prompted by the birth of the social factors is what? As we all know, the so-called round stone mill, are divided into upper and lower two fans, two fans are with a certain thickness of the large stone carved into a flat cylindrical, and the lower fan in the middle of a short vertical axis, made of iron, on the fan in the middle of a corresponding empty set, the two fans together, the lower fan is fixed, the upper fan to rotate around the axis.
At the same time, the contact surface of the two fans have a hollow chamber, called "grinding chamber". The periphery of the chamber also has a succession of grinding teeth, and the upper mill still has a grinding eye.
It can be seen that the manufacture of a stone mill process, the carving of the difficult, in the era of iron has not yet appeared is not possible to have a stone mill. According to relevant experts, the invention of iron smelting technology in China, when the late Spring and Autumn period.
Jiangsu Liuhe Chengqiao unearthed in the late Spring and Autumn period of a piece of iron, after scientific analysis, is white iron. This is currently China's earliest unearthed and scientifically analyzed pig iron objects, but also the world's earliest pig iron objects.
Casting tools with pig iron, about the beginning of the early Warring States period, to the middle and late Warring States period, China has been more extensive use of iron, currently unearthed belonging to this period of iron, only the production of tools of the type of sixteen kinds of ? ②. However, does this mean that the record in the Shiben, "Gongshu Ban made?" is necessarily correct? From the time of the invention of iron smelting technology alone, there will be no problem with the era of the stone mill recorded in the Shiben.
But the problem is not so simple, it is not the invention of Luban, may not be invented in the era of Luban, it should be the vast number of working people's collective creation, may be invented before the Luban, may also appear in the Luban after the following we can look at the archaeology in this area to provide the material. According to the author's knowledge, about the stone mill on the archaeological discovery, belongs to the Warring States period, only Hebei Handan City, a case, and the report is too simple, neither picture, nor size, just in the unearthed relics of stone tools behind the writing: "there are large and small stone mill, stone mortar, stone hammer, stone roller, column base, etc."? ③, can not provide us with reliable materials for the study of this issue.
Now, can be recognized by the stone mill archaeological findings, the earliest age should be the first Lintong, Shaanxi Zhengzhuang Qin stone processing site unearthed stone mill. The mill "diameter 54, 7 centimeters thick, grinding the middle shaft hole for 5 * 5 centimeters square, by the inner circle has a diameter of 20 centimeters of the plane, from this to the outside of the four circles of grinding grooves separated by spinning grooves"? ④.
This is the next fan. Next is a *** whole stone mill excavated from the Han tomb in Hebei.
The mill "is divided into upper and lower two fans, the upper fan surface center for the circular groove, the periphery protruding, in the middle of a beam, each side of a rectangular hole, the bottom surface is full of rounded fossa-like grinding teeth, the center is slightly concave, the lower fan grinding teeth are also rounded fossa-like, the surface of the surface of the slightly raised, the center of the cylindrical iron shaft, the mill through the height of 18, diameter of 54 centimeters. Copper funnel upper large mouth convergence of the lower abdomen for small mouth, waist outside the application of broadband pattern a, upper caliber 94?5, lower caliber 29, 34 cm high.
From the upper mouth down 16 centimeters, the funnel wall flat out of the four claws, two by two, its span over the diameter of the stone mill, which suggests that the four claws should be placed on the original support for the stone mill of the wood "? ⑤. In addition, in the publicly reported archaeological materials, there is the stone mill unearthed in the Qin capital of Liyang, the original report of the stone mill as a relic of the Qin Dynasty.
In fact, from the size and shape of the mill (only the upper fan exists), it is very similar to the Mancheng stone mill. Especially the grinding teeth, the same rounded fossa, some people think it may be a Han mill? 6.
Now let's put aside the fact that the Qin Dynasty stone mill unearthed in Zhengzhuang, Lintong, and the stone mill unearthed in the Han tombs in Mancheng are not one and the same, just from the above materials, the use of round stone mills in China can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty at the earliest. If you take into account the Qin Dynasty in Chinese history, the existence of a very short period of time, then the round stone mill in China began to use the time set in the late Warring States period can also stand.
Of course, the book of the world "recorded" Gong输般作? The "Shiben" record of "Gong输般作？" is of a legendary nature and is not sufficiently substantiated. So why is it that in the middle of the Warring States period, when iron agricultural tools were commonly cast, the round stone mill could be born, but was not born? Engels once said this sentence: "society once there is a technical need, this need will be more than ten universities to push science forward"? (7).
The author believes that the birth of the round stone mill in China, is soybean, wheat in the grain processing technology needs. As early as before the Warring States, China's northern region, although it has begun to plant soybeans, wheat, but these two crops in the whole crop does not occupy a primary position.
By the time of the Warring States period, soybean, in particular, has become the main food crop in the northern region of China. In the literature of this period, often beans and corn and mentioned: "Beans, corn is not enough, the end of the birth is not prohibited, the people will have the color of hunger."
⑧ "The sage's rule of the euphony also, fleas out of the mo, gather beans and corn, is more beans and corn and people enough to eat." ? 9 "The wise man ruled the world, so that beans and millet as water and fire, beans and millet plus water and fire, and the people do not have the unkindness of the people?" Visible soybean in the Warring States period has more than any one food crop, soybean then.
2. History of the discovery of grapheneIn fact, graphene already existed in nature, it was just difficult to peel off the monolayer structure.
Graphene stacked one layer on top of the other is graphite, and graphite 1 millimeter thick contains about 3 million layers of graphene. The slightest stroke of a pencil on a piece of paper leaves a trail that could be several layers or even just one layer of graphene.
Graphene was in the lab in 2004, when two scientists at the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom, Andrej Jem and Ksystya Novodairov, discovered that they could get thinner and thinner sheets of graphite in a very simple way. They stripped flakes of graphite from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, then stuck both sides of the flakes to a special tape, which, when torn, split the flakes in two.
Keep doing this, so the flake got thinner and thinner, and finally, they got a flake composed of only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene. After this, new ways of preparing graphene came and went, and after five years of development, it became clear that it wasn't long before graphene would be brought into the realm of industrialized production.
As a result, within the next three years, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discovered the integer quantum Hall effect in single-layer and double-layer graphene systems, and the quantum Hall effect at room temperature, respectively, for which they were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Before the discovery of graphene, most physicists believed that thermodynamic rise and fall did not allow any two-dimensional crystals to exist at finite temperatures.
So its discovery immediately rocked the academic condensed matter physics community. Although both the theoretical and experimental communities agreed that a perfect 2D structure could not exist stably at non-absolute zero, single-layer graphene was prepared experimentally.
3. History of the millHistory
The mill, initially called mill (wei), was called mill only in the Han Dynasty.
The development of China's stone mill is divided into early, middle and late three periods:
From the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty for the early period, the teeth of the mill in this period to the pits as the main stream, the shape of the pits have a rectangular, round, triangular, jujube-shaped, and so on, and a variety of shapes and extremely irregular; the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms for the middle period, which is the diversification of the teeth of the mill in the development of the period, the shape of the teeth of the mill for the radial zoning diagonal, with four, six, eight-zone type; late period. District, eight-zone type; late from the Western Jin Dynasty to Sui and Tang dynasties (so far), this period is the stone mill development stage, grinding teeth mainstream for the eight-zone diagonal type, there are also ten-zone diagonal type.
Stone mill
Mill with human power, animal power and water power. Mills using water power as a motive force were invented around the Jin Dynasty. The power part of the water mill is a horizontal water wheel, in the wheel of the vertical axis of the mill installed on the fan, running water impulse water wheel drive mill rotation, this mill is suitable for installation in the water impulse power is relatively large place. If the water impulse is relatively small, but the water volume is relatively large, you can install another form of water mill: the power machine is a vertical wheel, installed on the wheel shaft of a gear, and the mill shaft is mounted on the lower part of a gear connection. The rotation of the water wheel is through the gear to make the mill rotate. These two forms of water mill, construction is relatively simple, widely used.
As history progressed into the 1970s, people skillfully combined ancient technology with modern elements to create electric motor-driven stone mills, including two styles of stone mills and slice stone mills and roller stone mills. The grinding part of the slice stone mill is divided into two parts, fixed and rotating, into a horizontal structure, the fixed part is in a rectangular stone on a long side of a one-half cylindrical groove coinciding with the rotating part of the rotating part of the cylinder, the center of the holes through the transmission shaft, semicircular stone grooves and rotating cylindrical mutual contact with the surface of the surface of a similar old stone mill pattern, coupled with the corresponding shielding of the transmission part of the formation of the ancient new Combination of products; roller stone mill grinding part of the roller cylindrical rock, shaped like a steel mill rollers, the surface is engraved with a pattern similar to the old stone mill.
Inventor
The inventor of stone mill--Lu Ban
Lu Ban was an excellent creative inventor in ancient China. He lived at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and was called Gongbao, also known as Lu Ban because he was from the state of Lu. It is said that he invented saws, planes and curved tools for carpentry. He also used his wisdom to solve a lot of problems in people's lives. At the time when Lu Ban lived, people wanted to eat rice flour and wheat flour by putting the rice and wheat in a stone mortar and pounding them with a thick stone stick. This method was very laborious, and the flour pounded out was both coarse and fine, and it was pounded very little at a time. Lu Ban wanted to find a way to use less force and get more results. Two flat cylindrical stones with a certain thickness were used to make a grinding fan. The lower fan is equipped with a short vertical shaft in the middle, made of iron, the upper fan has a corresponding empty sleeve in the middle, after the two fans together, the lower fan is fixed, the upper fan can rotate around the shaft. The two fans on the opposite side, leaving a hollow chamber, called the grinding chamber, the outer circumference of the chamber made with an undulating grinding teeth. The upper fan has a grinding eye, grinding flour, grain through the grinding eye into the grinding chamber, evenly distributed around, was ground into powder, from the cracks in the flow to the mill, through the Luo sieve to remove the bran and so on to get flour. Many rural villages still use stone mills to grind flour today.
Types
Traditional slice stone mill
In 1968, in Hebei Province - Baoding City - Mancheng Han Tomb, unearthed a stone mill about 2100 years ago, a stone mill and copper funnel composed of copper, stone composite mill. This is the earliest stone mill found so far in China in kind.
Modern slice stone mill
Modern slice stone mill retains the traditional stone mill grinding part that is two pieces of cylindrical rock, changed the traditional power generation device, from the original donkey to generate the power to grind the wheat to the motor to generate the power to grind the wheat, and at the same time increase the conveying device and cleaning device. Modern slice stone mill compared to the traditional slice stone mill saves labor, reduces the amount of labor, and improves the output of the stone mill.
The conveying device includes the main components such as big hopper, fan, wind closer, shaklon and pipe. The cleaning device includes the main parts such as sieve silk, brush and round Luo.
4. Stone mill in feng shui what kind of statementWhat is the feng shui statement of the mill
Feng shui mill is the meaning of "Green Dragon", in folk feng shui, rollers are known as White Tiger.
The Green Dragon and White Tiger are the gods of the East and West respectively in Han mythology. Derived from the ancient Han people's worship of the star god, in the many door god, there is a special door god, dedicated to guarding the door of the Taoist temple, they are often said to be the Taoist "left green dragon, right white tiger". Such as the Taoist resort Qingcheng Mountain ancient standing Taoist temple (Tianshi cave), in front of the lofty gate, the left and right each built a temple, the left temple statue of the mighty Qinglong, the name of Mengzhang Shenjun, the right temple statue of the brave White Tiger, the name of the Supervisory Warrior Shenjun.
There is a saying that the mill blocking the door, the corpse and bones do not exist. The mill is a very heavy Yin Qi. It is best to place it in the northeast, or northwest corner of the home. Stone mill pan Feng Shui role demystified: mill pan for the White Tiger is generally used for the door Feng Shui, there is a green mountain brake, or section of the dragon yin brake with, but placed to survey the field topography, the status of the Nine Palaces why the number of people can be placed, or else there are more injuries to the body of the scourge.
A mention of the stone mill reminds people blindfolded has been grinding grinding donkeys, but also think of the landlord bullied the family hired the long laborer, called the long laborer to grind him, but also think of grinding tofu mill, with the progress of society, the stone mill this kind of life tools have been gradually replaced by a variety of modern convenient technology products, but he has a new identity, that is, feng shui supplies.
In the body of the stone mill, leaving the indelible vicissitudes of time, witnessed thousands of years of historical changes.
The stone mill is a living appliance, but with the invention of electricity, gradually replaced by a variety of modern products of various types of technology, slowly out of people's sight.
However, in the ancient Feng Shui, no matter before or after, the stone mill will still occupy a place, playing its Feng Shui role.
Stone mill is a feng shui tools, now I briefly say stone mill in feng shui role and characteristics:
Stone mill features:
First, the shape of the big pole;
Second, the shape of the stone groove of the mill is distributed into a rotating trigrams;
Third, the number of stone grooves in the mill trigrams side of a single side of the double, the yin and yang distribution, corresponding to the two instruments;
Fourth, the turntable in the stone mill;
Fourth, the stone mill in the rotating trigrams.
The role of the stone mill:
First, the stone mill for the role of the White Tiger;
Second, to ward off evil spirits;
Third, reversing the role of the magnetic field;
Fourth, and cooperation;
Fifth, the role of chasing the escape;
Zhenzhi stone millstone how to place
Zhenzhi stone millstone should be placed on the right side of the door.
The stone millstone is a grain processing tool more than seven thousand years ago. Yellow sandstone, faceted. Grinding wheel for the bottom shape, the front is flat, the bottom is chiseled with four short column feet. Grinding rod nearly cylindrical, slightly thin in the middle, slightly thicker at both ends, cover grinding for a long time.
The shape of the stone grinding disk is like a long stone plate, and the two ends are rounded, like a shoe sole. Stone grinding disk is made of whole sandstone stone grinding, front slightly concave, may be caused by long-term use. Most stone grinding wheels have four cylindrical legs at the bottom and are 3 to 6 centimeters high. Stone grinding wheels are generally about 70 centimeters long, with the longest being up to 1 meter, and are generally 20 centimeters to 30 centimeters wide.
With its supporting the use of stone grinding rod, its length is generally about 30 centimeters to 40 centimeters, about 6 centimeters in diameter. It is really hard to imagine, 7000 years ago, in such a distant era, mankind will be able to use the whole stone plate faceted processing tools for grain shelling, and more difficult to understand is that this cohesion of the high degree of wisdom of primitive mankind's production tools.
The Feng Shui role of the stone grinding disk decryption:
Grinding disk for the White Tiger is generally used in the door Feng Shui, there is a green mountain brake, or section of the Dragon Yin brake with, but placed to survey the field topography, the Nine Palace status of why the number of people can be placed, or else there are many injuries to the body of the scourge.
There is a saying that the mill blocking the door, the corpse does not exist. The mill is a heavy Yin Qi East East. It is best to place it in the northeast, or northwest corner of the home.
The mill for the White Tiger is generally used for Feng Shui doorway, there is a green mountain brake, or section of the Dragon Yin brake with, but placed to survey the field topography, the status of the Nine Palaces why the number, can be placed, otherwise there are many injuries to the body of the scourge. This object will suppress the earth's gas, affecting feng shui, unless this place is a Yin living in the evil land, now for the residence of the Yang residence, will only use the mill to press the Yin evil. Otherwise, it should be fierce.
Every now and then, the millstone point on the root incense on New Year's holidays in the millstone to put some food (filial piety ghosts), nothing to let the children sit on the millstone. As the saying goes, money can make the ghosts push the mill, you have no money to ensure that you get rich, you have a wallet your career smoothly. China has been raising ghosts since ancient times.
5. Historical records of the St. Song YuanbaoOn the Northern Song Dynasty silver money, according to Fang Yanyu "speech money penny" records: "Silver money since Li Zhupeng silver Zhenghe said, the same party has silver Dading, and silver Dading name so far, the same good division is then unbreakable".
But Bao Zinian was skeptical of such silver money. Fang Yanyu then wrote: "I have seen the Song of the Holy Song, Daguan, Xuanhe, Jingkang and other small flat money is indeed pure silver, and different from the Yuan of the Dachao Tongbao, Dade Tongbao, the Ming of the Wanli back of the mine silver meaning.
It can be seen at the beginning of the last century in the Chinese ancient spring coins, Mr. Fang Yanyu had seen the St. Song Yuanbao small flat silver money, but unfortunately did not see the topography of the world, but also did not see the physical object. 2011 June 1, Suzhou Ganzhong Road renovation of the Leqiao section of a construction site dug out of a hidden 4 tons of Northern Song Dynasty coins of the ancient wells, which have silver St. Song Yuanbao. The East Pacific Seeing and Hearing records: tools: paper (cicada wings Zahua or other very thin raw Xuan can be).
Ink (all kinds of ink can be too thick can add water, solid ink is fine). Topo package (according to the size of the topo package to be done to take a sponge, balled up into a round shape wrapped in household plastic wrap, and then wrapped a had a face cloth and finally wrapped a had a very fine silk cloth, wrapped with a leather band can be adjusted to topo package elasticity).
Water (Minfan a bean size to prevent ink staining, glue a few drops to increase ink adhesion, 250 grams of water, 30 grams of salt to prevent the paper after long-term preservation of fiber shrinkage paper deformation, stirring evenly on the water surface to put a raw Xuan play a role in filtration, with the paper surface seepage of water). Brown brush (press top paper with).
Pressure plate (with paper clips and plastic plates twisted into different diameters). Padded board (to prevent the movement of coins and the force and reaction forces.
With soft rubber pads and books can be). Town ruler (pressure paper) brush (dipped in water) production: 1.
The mat on the board to put a small piece of raw Xuanxuan dipped in wet coins put on not move. 2. on the paper with a brush dipped in the right amount of adjusted water figure in the coins, choose a suitable size of paper paper surface to be even and unadulterated, cover the coins.
Press on the pressure plate. 3. Covered with raw Xuan paper on the topography of the paper to absorb excess water, and then covered with raw Xuan paper on the topography of the paper with a brown brush to beat the pressure to be light from the middle of the coins outward, and finally cover the coins with plastic wrap and then beat (the role of the plastic wrap is thinner and more able to play the word mouth clear).
This time the pressure on the ruler fixed, why not start on the pressure of the ruler because the beginning of the pressure on the top of the paper pressed straight, with the brown brush a hit is easy to break. 4. ink ink to the inkstone is not too thick, with the top of the bag dipped in to be uniform, with the top of the bag in the life of the Xuan hammered on the excess ink sucked out, this is to see the top of the paper dry to slightly white (a topography of a key step), with the top of the bag gently from the money outward hammered! To clear the ink color to be light and even (the first time the most critical).
Then you can ink more than once until you are satisfied, but in the end, be sure to buy the coin's inner wheel again so that the outline is clear and three-dimensional sense.
This method of copper smelting is the use of metallic iron from a solution containing copper compounds to replace copper, and then scrape it down, and then after cooking, you can get copper ingots. The so-called "bile water" refers to the natural spring water containing copper sulfate (commonly known in China as stone gall, bile alum).
Its formation is due to natural copper sulfide ore weathering and oxidation, part of the soluble copper sulfate will be generated, after the groundwater, rainwater soaking, washing, will dissolve and sink into the spring water. This bile water as long as the concentration of copper is large enough, it can be used as raw material for hydrometallurgical copper.
As early as the Han Dynasty, our ancestors have noticed that the metal iron can replace the phenomenon of copper. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, the ancient book "Huainan Wanbijutsu" on the record, "Zengqing (copper carbonate minerals) to get iron, then [iron] into copper".
Eastern Han Dynasty book "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" has "stone gall can turn iron into copper" words. Eastern Jin alchemist Ge Hong in his "hold Park Zi - the internal chapter" to speak more clearly: "to Zeng Qing coated iron, iron red color like copper, ...... and all outside the change and not internalization."
However, at that time, most people did not have a precise understanding of this phenomenon, mistakenly thought it was iron in contact with Zengqing, stone gall bladder is transformed into copper. As of the Tang Dynasty, some of the alchemists engaged in alchemy activities on the use of this chemical change in the gallbladder water and mercury in a large iron pot heating and refining, was displaced by the copper and mercury to form amalgam.
Then, they put the copper amalgam, which is very much like sand, heated, and vaporized the mercury, and then got the red copper powder. They called it "red silver", very proud of themselves, that really realized the transmutation of iron to copper.
In the late Tang Dynasty, Jinling Zi, a monk, compiled by the "Dragon and Tiger to Dan know-how" on the record of this "stunts". Around the time of the Fifth Dynasty, "gall-water smelting of copper" was formalized as a practical method of copper production.
By the Song Dynasty, this process developed to a large scale. According to the "Song Huiyao - food and goods" records, the Northern Song Huizong years to gall water smelting copper in 11 places, to Shaoshan Censhui (in Guangdong), Xinzhou Lead Mountain (in Jiangxi), Rao state Dexing (also in Jiangxi) three larger scale.
In Chongning two years (AD 1103), the country's total output of gallium copper reached 1874427 pounds, accounting for about 12% of copper production at the time. And in the Zhao Song dynasty, after the Jiangnan, led by the Jiangnan 14 states of copper production has been sharply reduced, and the Qian Dao years of gall copper production is still 210,000 pounds, even accounted for the Southern Song Dynasty that year, 80% of the total copper production.
So the Song people on the gall copper production is very important, the Southern Song people Zhang A has written a book specifically "dip copper to be strategic", recorded the production of gall copper at that time. On the specific operation of the bile copper leaching, "Song History - Food and Wine" is recorded: the pig iron into thin slices, discharged in the storage of bile water in the tank, impregnated for a few days, and then scraped the precipitation of the mud copper (called "red coal"), into the refining furnace smelting.
At that time, the benefits, about every two pounds of iron and four taels can get a catty of copper, the level of technology is quite high. In addition, at that time there is the use of bile soil frying copper "copper shower method", the basic principle and "bile water method" is the same, this method "work more than less", but "the soil is infinite, if compared to the production of copper. The soil is infinite, if compared to the mine copper, its profits have been thick," so it has also been generally utilized.
Bamboo shadow master writings, "Bamboo Ten Days" recorded: 1, look at the copper Most of the ancient coins of China's successive generations of copper alloy form of minting, and thus the alloy's composition is different, the coins also showed a different color. The copper quality of the coins of each era is different, and because of the different ancient smelting technology, the casting of the ancient money in various regions is also different, each dynasty has its own characteristics.
In general, coins minted with copper-zinc alloy are yellow, and coins minted with copper-tin alloy are green. Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China period, Xinjiang, *** and other places to cast money, with copper plus a little zinc and lead, after casting the money body is red.
Pre-Qin period of minted coins.
6. stone mill what to pay attention toFolk will be the stone mill as the "Green Dragon", grain field on the stone mill is absolutely can not sit. Sitting on the stone roller is "pressure on the green dragon head", will offend the gods, the summer harvest is not favorable. Proverbs also "sitting on the stone roller, rotten crotch, less grain". "Rotten crotch" is the punishment for sitting on the stone roller; "less food" is the punishment for the use of the person who was sitting on the stone roller.
Stone mill introduction:
Stone mill is used to rice, wheat, beans and other grains processed into powder, a kind of machinery. It started with human or animal power, and in the Jin Dynasty, Chinese laborers invented the water mill powered by water. It is usually made of two round stones. The mill is flat with two layers, both of which are textured at their joints, and the grain enters the middle of the two layers through a hole in the top, travels outward along the texture, and is ground as it rolls across the two layers to form powder.
Expanded:
The mill, initially known as the mill (wei), was only called a mill in the Han Dynasty.
The development of China's stone mill is divided into early, middle and late three periods:
1. from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty for the early period, the teeth of the mill in this period to the pits as the main stream, the shape of the pits have a rectangular, round, triangular, jujube-shaped, and so on, and a variety of shapes and extremely irregular;
2. Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms for the middle period, the period is the diversification of grinding teeth development period, the shape of the teeth of the mill for the radiation type
Grinding with human power, animal power and water power.
The water-powered mill was invented around the Jin Dynasty. The power part of the water mill is a horizontal water wheel, in the wheel of the vertical axis of the mill installed on the fan, running water impulse water wheel drive mill rotation, this mill is suitable for installation in the water impulse power is relatively large.
If the water impulse is relatively small, but the amount of water is relatively large, you can install another form of water mill: the power machine is a vertical wheel, installed on the wheel axis of a gear, and the mill shaft is mounted on the lower part of a gear connection. The rotation of the water wheel is through the gear to make the mill rotate. These two forms of water mill, construction is relatively simple, widely used.
As history progressed into the 1970s, a clever combination of ancient technology and modernization led to the creation of electric motor-driven stone mills, including two styles of stone mills, the slice stone mill and the roller stone mill.
The grinding part of the slice stone mill is divided into two parts, fixed and rotating, into a horizontal structure, the fixed part of a rectangular stone on a long side of a one-half cylindrical groove coinciding with the rotating part of the rotating part of the cylinder, the center of the holes through the drive shaft, semicircular stone grooves and rotating cylindrical mutual contact with the surface of the surface of the cylindrical area is engraved with similar to the old stone mill pattern, coupled with the corresponding shielding transmission Part of the formation of the combination of ancient and new products;
Roller stone mill grinding part of the roller cylindrical rock, shaped like a steel mill rollers, the surface is engraved with patterns similar to the old stone mill.