The full name is polyvinyl chloride, and its main component is polyvinyl chloride, which is bright in color, corrosion-resistant, firm and durable. Because some toxic auxiliary materials such as plasticizer and anti-aging agent are added in the manufacturing process to enhance its heat resistance, toughness and ductility, its products are generally not stored in food and medicine. It is a kind of synthetic material which is deeply loved, quite popular and widely used in the world today. Its global usage ranks second among all kinds of synthetic materials. According to statistics, in 1995 alone, the production of PVC in Europe was about 5 million tons, while its consumption was 5.3 million tons. In Germany, the average production and consumption of PVC is 1.4 million tons. PVC is being produced and applied worldwide with a growth rate of 4%. In recent years, the growth of PVC in Southeast Asia is particularly remarkable, which is attributed to the urgent need for infrastructure construction in Southeast Asian countries. Among the materials that can produce three-dimensional surface films, PVC is the most suitable material.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) has a simple structural formula of CH2=CHCl.
Chemical and physical properties:
Rigid PVC is one of the most widely used plastic materials. PVC is actually a vinyl polymer, and its material is an amorphous material. Stabilizers, lubricants, auxiliary processing agents, pigments, impact retardants and other additives are often added to PVC materials in practical use. It is non-flammable, high strength, weather resistance and excellent geometric stability. PVC has strong resistance to oxidants, reductants and strong acids. However, it can be corroded by concentrated oxidizing acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, and it is not suitable for contact with aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The melting temperature of PVC during processing is a very important technological parameter. If this parameter is not appropriate, it will lead to the problem of material decomposition. The flow characteristics of PVC are quite poor, and its process range is very narrow. In particular, PVC materials with large molecular weight are more difficult to process (this material usually needs to add lubricants to improve its flow characteristics), so PVC materials with small molecular weight are usually used. The shrinkage of PVC is quite low, generally 0.2~0.6%.
Process conditions of injection mold
Drying treatment: drying treatment is usually not needed.
Melting temperature: 185~205℃ Mold temperature: 20~50℃
Injection pressure: up to 1500bar; holding pressure: up to 1000bar; injection speed: To avoid material degradation, a considerable injection speed is generally required.
Runner and gate: All conventional gates can be used. If machining smaller parts, it is best to use needle-tip gate or submerged gate; For thicker parts, it is best to use fan gate. The minimum diameter of needle-tip gate or submerged gate should be1mm; The thickness of fan gate cannot be less than1mm.
Typical uses: PVC has the outstanding characteristics of rich raw materials (oil, limestone, coke, salt and natural gas), mature manufacturing technology, low price and wide application, and has now become the second largest general resin in the world, accounting for 29% of the total consumption of synthetic resins in the world. PVC is easy to process, and can be processed by molding, laminating, injection molding, extrusion, calendering, blow molding and so on. PVC is mainly used to produce artificial leather, film, wire sheath and other plastic soft products, water supply pipes, household pipes, house wall panels, commercial machine shells, electronic product packaging, medical devices, speedboat fenders, as well as plastic hard products such as plates, doors, windows and valves.
PVC can be divided into soft PVC and hard PVC. Among them, hard PVC accounts for about 2/3 of the market and soft PVC accounts for 1/3. Soft PVC is generally used for floor, ceiling and leather surface, but its application is limited because it contains softener (which is also the difference between soft PVC and hard PVC), which is easy to become brittle and difficult to store. Rigid PVC contains no softener, so it is flexible, easy to form, not brittle, non-toxic and pollution-free, and has a long storage time, so it has great development and application value. Hereinafter referred to as PVC. Soft PVC is mostly used to make vacuum blister film, which is used for surface packaging of various panels, so it is also called decorative film and adhesive film, and is used in many industries such as building materials, packaging and medicine. Among them, the building materials industry accounts for the largest proportion, accounting for 60%, followed by the packaging industry, and there are several other small-scale application industries.
Simply put, the aqueous solution of salt is chemically decomposed under the action of electric current. This process produces chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen. Refining and cracking petroleum or gasoline can produce ethylene. When chlorine and ethylene are mixed, dichloroethylene will be produced; Dichloroethylene can be converted into chlorinated vinyl, which is the basic component of PVC. During the polymerization process, chlorinated vinyl molecules are connected together to form PVC chains. The PVC produced in this way is white powder. It can't be used alone, but it can be mixed with other ingredients to produce many products.
Chlorinated vinyl was first synthesized in Justus von Liebig laboratory in 1835. And PVC was synthesized by Baumann in 1872. But it was not until the 1920s that the first commercial product of PVC was produced in the United States, and it was not until the next 20 years that mass production began in Europe.
PVC has the advantages of flame retardant (flame retardant value over 40), high chemical resistance (concentrated hydrochloric acid, 90% sulfuric acid, 60% nitric acid and 20% sodium hydroxide), good mechanical strength and electrical insulation. However, its heat resistance is poor, its softening point is 80℃, and it begins to decompose and change color at 130℃, and HCI is precipitated.
[Edit this paragraph] Characteristics and molding characteristics of ]PVC
Specific gravity:1.38g/cm3, molding shrinkage: 0.6- 1.5%, molding temperature: 160- 190℃.
Features: excellent mechanical and electrical properties, strong acid and alkali resistance, good chemical stability, but low softening point. Suitable for making thin plates, wire and cable insulation layers, seals, etc.
Molding characteristics:
1. Amorphous material, with small moisture absorption and poor fluidity. In order to improve fluidity and prevent bubbles, the plastic can be dried in advance. The gating system of the mold should be thick and short, the gate section should be large, and there should be no dead ends. The mold should be cooled and the surface should be chrome plated.
2. Because of its corrosiveness and fluidity, it is best to use special equipment and molds. All products must be added with different kinds and quantities of additives as required.
3. It is very easy to decompose, and it is easier to decompose when it comes into contact with steel and copper at 200 degrees, and corrosive and irritating gases escape during decomposition. The molding temperature range is small.
4. When using the nozzle of screw injection machine, the aperture should be large to prevent the dead angle from being delayed. If there is any insert, it should be preheated.
What pollution does PVC have?
Causes of PVC pollution:
Some toxic additives and plasticizers in PVC may seep or vaporize; Some additives can interfere with biological endocrine (affect reproductive function), and some can increase the risk of cancer; Incineration of PVC garbage will produce carcinogenic dioxins and pollute the atmosphere.
Conventional PVC materials, such as wires and cables, are quite serious pollution sources. A large number of harmful substances such as dioxins, chlorohydric acid and lead will be produced during manufacture, use and disposal. When PVC material burns, it will produce a lot of smoke and harmful HCL gas; Moreover, most PVC materials contain Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium) and other harmful heavy metals (used as cable stabilizers), which will cause certain harm to human health; After burning or burying, it will cause pollution to soil and water sources.
Medical grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polycarbonate (PC) are mostly used for disposable medical devices, and the thermal decomposition products in the processing of PVC have strong corrosiveness to steel, while PC has high hardness and viscosity, so the materials of parts and components for plasticizing parts must be corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and high polishing performance. At present, most medical injection molding machines use hard chromium plating on the barrel screw or stainless steel as the material to make the simple screw to meet the above special requirements. In addition, in order to prevent the gas generated by thermal decomposition during PVC processing, it is required to aluminize the surface of the movable and fixed templates, and also aluminize the peripheral sheet metal or make sheet metal with stainless steel plates, and seal the flat seams of sheet metal with nontoxic silica gel to prevent the gas generated during plastic processing from going outside (the gas generated during plastic processing can be collected by special equipment and then discharged into the atmosphere after purification).
Harm of DEHP, a commonly used additive for PVC: DEHP (phthalate) is easy to atomize, and other vinyl products, including automobile interior, shower curtain or flooring materials, will also release toxic gases into the atmosphere, and DEHP is also easy to dissolve into oily liquid. In addition, people have begun to pay attention to the safety problem of additives oozing out if children chew these soft plastic toys. Some studies show that this additive may complicate health problems, but further research is needed. According to some medical research, PVC plasticizer may cause chronic diseases, such as scleroderma, cholangiocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, brain cancer and acrosteolysis. In 2004, a research team composed of Swedish and Danish scholars found that DEHP and BBzP, which are commonly used in PVC, have a strong correlation with children's allergies.
For unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (U-PVC), there is no DEHP exudation because it contains no plasticizer, but stabilizers are usually added in the processing process. At present, most of them are lead salt stabilizers. Lead is a toxic substance, which will exude during use and endanger human health. At present, there are non-lead salt stabilizers, but the cost is high and they have not been popularized.
[Edit this paragraph] Development of PVC market in China
In recent years, the development of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in China is amazing, and new and expanded projects have been launched one after another, with the rapid expansion of production capacity and a substantial increase in output. 1997-2006, the average annual growth rate of PVC production capacity and output in China was as high as 22.2% and 20.0% respectively.
In 2006, the cumulative output of PVC resin in China was 8,238,583.86 tons; In 2007, the cumulative output of PVC resin in China reached 9,7 16,783.63 tons; In 20081-May, the national cumulative output of PVC resin was 4,028,666.03 tons.
In 2008-20 12, the global market demand for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 4%, especially in some developing countries. The demand for PVC resin in China will also maintain rapid growth, especially in building materials, which is in a period of rapid growth in recent years. With the internationalization of China market, PVC resin packaging materials and pipes will have broad development space in the fields of cement, fertilizer, grain, food, beverage, medicine, detergent, cosmetics and so on, and their demand will increase greatly accordingly; In addition, the demand for PVC resin in the fields of automobile, communication and transportation is also growing at a high speed, and the PVC resin industry in China still has a large development space.
[Edit this paragraph] PVC futures
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC for short) is the first synthetic resin material in China and the second largest in the world. At present, PVC has become one of the most widely used plastic varieties because of its excellent flame retardancy, wear resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, comprehensive mechanical properties, product transparency, electrical insulation and easy processing. It is widely used in industry, construction, agriculture, daily life, packaging, electric power, public utilities and other fields. Together with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and ABS, it is called five general resins.
I. Introduction of PVC
PVC is a nontoxic and odorless white powder. It has high chemical stability and good plasticity. Except for a few organic solvents, it can resist any concentration of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid below 90%, nitric acid below 50-60% and caustic soda below 20% at room temperature, and it is also quite stable for salts. PVC has poor thermal stability and light resistance. It can decompose and release hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas above 140℃, which leads to discoloration of PVC. PVC has excellent electrical insulation, and generally does not burn. It can burn and release HCl on a flame, but it will extinguish itself when it leaves the flame. It is a "self-extinguishing" and "flame-retardant" substance. Based on the above characteristics, PVC is mainly used in the production of profiles, profiles, pipes and fittings, plates, sheets, cable sheaths, hard or soft pipes, blood transfusion equipment and films.
Second, the classification of PVC
According to different application scope, PVC can be divided into: universal PVC resin, high polymerization degree PVC resin and cross-linked PVC resin. Universal PVC resin is formed by polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer under the action of initiator; High polymerization degree PVC resin refers to the resin polymerized by adding chain extender into vinyl chloride monomer polymerization system; Crosslinked PVC resin is a resin polymerized by adding a crosslinking agent containing diene and polyene into the polymerization system of vinyl chloride monomer. Because of its simple preparation method and wide application, most of the general-purpose PVC resins are circulated in the spot market, while high polymerization degree and cross-linked PVC resins are generally used in special fields.
According to the methods of obtaining vinyl chloride monomer, it can be divided into calcium carbide method, ethylene method and imported (EDC, VCM) monomer method (ethylene method and imported monomer method are commonly referred to as ethylene method). At present, most of the world's PVC is made of ethylene, while China's PVC is mainly made of calcium carbide.
According to the polymerization methods of vinyl chloride monomer, PVC can be obtained by suspension method, emulsion method, bulk method and solution method Suspension method is the main production method of PVC because of its simple production process, easy control and large-scale production, and strong product suitability. From the world, the production of PVC by suspension method accounts for about 80% of the total. The bulk method does not use water and dispersant, and the post-polymerization treatment is simple, and the product purity is high. However, there are problems of stirring and heat transfer in the polymerization process, and the production cost is high. It belongs to the elimination process, and its production capacity is less than 10% of the total. At present, only Sichuan Yibin Tianyuan uses the bulk method to produce PVC in China. When water is used as dispersion medium in emulsion polymerization, the particles are fine, and the thermal stability and electrical insulation are not good, which is suitable for the production of paste resin. It is mainly used to make artificial leather, impregnated gloves, screen windows, paddy boots, tool handles, wallpaper, floor coils, battery separators and toys, etc. The output of PVC paste resin in China is less than 4% of the total PVC production. Solution polymerization is only used to produce coatings or special products. In the United States, the proportion of resins produced by various polymerization methods is: suspension method 87.8%, emulsion and micro-suspension method 6.4%, bulk polymerization method 4.4%, solution method 1.4%. In China, more than 90% of PVC is produced by suspension method.
Third, the production process and cost analysis of PVC
1.production process
There are two main preparation processes for PVC production. One is the calcium carbide method, in which the main raw materials are calcium carbide, coal and crude salt. The second is the ethylene method, the main raw material is petroleum. In the international market, the production of PVC is mainly based on ethylene method, while in China, limited by the resource endowment of rich coal, poor oil and little gas, it is mainly based on calcium carbide method. As of 20071February, calcium carbide method accounts for more than 70% of China's total PVC production capacity.
It is worth noting that in the preparation of PVC by calcium carbide method, hydrogen chloride after electrolysis of raw salt is used to produce PVC, and the remaining sodium is used to produce caustic soda. Therefore, there is actually a * * * relationship between chlorine and alkali, and chlor-alkali balance is also an important factor that has to be considered in the development of the whole industry.
2. Cost analysis
From the point of view of production cost, the cost of the two processes is quite different in different economic development cycles. Usually, in the high-speed development stage of international macro-economy, due to the high oil price, the production cost of ethylene method is high, and the cost advantage of calcium carbide method is obvious; Once the international economy enters recession, oil prices will run at a low level, and the cost advantage of calcium carbide method will disappear because of its high energy consumption and the support of coal, electricity and oil transportation. Since 2003, the international oil price has risen sharply, which has increased the cost of PVC by ethylene method, while the production by calcium carbide method has been less affected by this, which has led to a new upsurge in the construction of PVC production facilities by calcium carbide method in China, which has greatly expanded the production capacity of PVC by calcium carbide method, posing a great challenge to PVC production by ethylene method, and many ethylene enterprises are on the verge of loss. However, with the continuous downward adjustment of crude oil price after May 2008, the cost advantage of ethylene process is obvious, and the manufacturers of calcium carbide process run at a low profit, or even unsustainable.
The cost of calcium carbide method is mainly composed of calcium carbide cost, hydrogen chloride cost and utilities. According to the national standard, the production of 1 ton PVC consumes calcium carbide 1.45 ~1.5 tons, (generally calculated as1.45, but the consumption in actual production will be higher than this ratio, and only a few of them can meet the standard), and 0.75 ~ 0.85 tons of hydrogen chloride gas is consumed. H, there are other project expenses, such as packaging expenses, initiators, dispersants, water charges, management personnel expenses, etc., which vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and production scale. Generally speaking, the cost distribution ratio of calcium carbide method is about: calcium carbide accounts for 65 ~ 70%, hydrogen chloride accounts for 15%, electricity accounts for 6%, and other manufacturing expenses account for 6%. A notable feature of calcium carbide method is high power consumption, which not only consumes electricity when producing PVC, but also consumes a lot of electricity when preparing calcium carbide from coke. For example, it takes about 3450 kw to produce 1 ton of calcium carbide. H electricity, 0.6 tons of coke and 0.9 tons of limestone.
The main factors of the cost of ethylene process are ethylene consumption, chlorine consumption, power consumption, processing AIDS, management labor costs and so on. The ethylene process consumes 0.5 tons of ethylene and 0.65 tons of chlorine for each production of 1 ton PVC, which account for about 60% of the cost. The cost of ethylene accounts for the main part of the raw material cost, and the price of ethylene has a great influence on the cost of PVC. Although the energy consumption of ethylene method is lower than that of calcium carbide method, its equipment investment is huge, so the depreciation of equipment accounts for a large proportion of the cost. The equipment investment is fixed, so the price change of ethylene and vinyl chloride is the main factor of the price change of PVC resin.
Four, the main use of PVC and industrial chain
1.PVC profile
Profile and profile are the largest areas of PVC consumption in China, accounting for about 25% of the total consumption of PVC. They are mainly used to make doors and windows and energy-saving materials. At present, their application is still increasing greatly nationwide. In developed countries, the market share of plastic doors and windows is also the highest, such as 50% in Germany, 56% in France and 45% in the United States.
2. PVC pipes
Among many PVC products, PVC pipes are the second largest consumption area, accounting for about 20% of its consumption. In China, PVC pipes are developed earlier than PE pipes and PP pipes, with many varieties, excellent performance and wide application range, and occupy an important position in the market.
3. PVC film
The consumption of PVC in the field of PVC film ranks third, accounting for about10%. After mixing and plasticizing PVC with additives, a transparent or colored film with a specified thickness is made by a three-roll or four-roll calender, and the film is processed by this method to become a calendered film. You can also cut and heat-seal packaging bags, raincoats, tablecloths, curtains, inflatable toys and so on. Wide transparent film can be used for greenhouse, plastic shed and plastic film. The biaxially stretched film can be used for shrink packaging because of its heat shrinkage.
4. PVC hardwoods and plates
Stabilizers, lubricants and fillers are added to PVC. After mixing, hard pipes, special-shaped pipes and corrugated pipes with various diameters can be extruded by an extruder and used as sewer pipes, drinking pipes, electric wire sleeves or stair handrails. By overlapping and hot pressing the calendered sheets, hard plates with various thicknesses can be made. The plate can be cut into the required shape, and then welded into various chemical corrosion-resistant storage tanks, air ducts and containers by using PVC covered electrode with hot air.
5. PVC general soft goods
The extruder can be used to extrude hoses, cables, wires, etc. Plastic sandals, soles, slippers, toys, auto parts and so on can be made by injection molding machine with various molds.
6. PVC packaging materials
PVC products are mainly used for packaging various containers, films and hard sheets. PVC containers mainly produce mineral water, drinks, cosmetic bottles, and are also used for packaging refined oil. PVC film can be used to extrude with other polymers to produce low-cost laminated products and transparent products with good barrier properties. Polyvinyl chloride film can also be used for stretching or heat shrinking packaging, for packaging mattresses, cloth, toys and industrial goods.
7. PVC wallboard and floor
PVC wallboard is mainly used to replace aluminum wallboard. PVC floor tiles contain recycled materials, adhesives, fillers and other components except a part of PVC resin, which are mainly used in hard floors of airport terminals and other places.
8. PVC consumer goods
Luggage is a traditional product made of PVC. PVC is used to make all kinds of imitation leather, which is used in luggage and sports products, such as basketball, football and rugby. It can also be used to make belts for uniforms and special protective equipment. PVC fabrics for clothing are generally absorbent fabrics (without coating), such as ponchos, baby pants, imitation leather jackets and various rain boots. PVC is used in many sports and entertainment products, such as toys, records and sporting goods. At present, PVC toys have increased greatly, and they have advantages because of their low production cost and easy molding.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) futures contract
Trading variety
polyvinyl chloride
Trading unit
5 tons/hand
Quotation unit
Yuan (RMB)/ton
Minimum variable price
5 yuan/ton
Range of price limit
4% of the settlement price of the previous trading day
Contract month
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,1,1February.
trading hour
Every Monday to Friday from 9: 00 am to11:30, and in the afternoon13: 30 ~15: 00.
last trading day
The 10 trading day of the contract month
Last delivery date
The second trading day after the last trading day
jiaogedengji
The quality standard conforms to the SG5 first-class product and superior product specified in Suspension Universal PVC Resin (GB/T 576 1-2006).
Place of delivery
Dalian commodity exchange appointed delivery warehouse
Minimum trading margin
5% of the contract value
Transaction fee
No more than 6 yuan/hand
Delivery mode
physical delivery
Transaction code
V
Listed exchange
Dalian commodity exchange
Pvc delivery standard
The PVC standard product is SG5-type first-class product whose quality standard conforms to the national standard "Suspension Universal PVC Resin (GB/T 576 1-2006)". Superior products are allowed to be delivered as substitutes, and there is no grade premium between superior products and first-class products.
For the PVC recommended by the exchange and recommended by the manufacturer, the consignor can provide the materials specified in the Management Measures for Standard Warehouse Receipts of Soybean 1 No.,Soybean No.2, Corn, Linear Low Density Polyethylene and PVC of Dalian Commodity Exchange, which can be exempted from quality inspection after being examined and approved by the delivery warehouse. The enterprise qualification and list of recommended brands of recommended manufacturers shall be determined and published by the Exchange.
PVC designated delivery warehouses are divided into benchmark delivery warehouses and non-benchmark delivery warehouses, which are located in Guangdong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other places respectively. The Exchange may adjust the designated delivery warehouses as appropriate. The list of designated delivery warehouses and discounts shall be determined and published by the Exchange.
The delivery products of PVC shall be packaged by the original manufacturer or its approved packaging, and the packaging bag shall be marked with the trademark, product name, product standard number, net mass, manufacturer's name and address, and the product model.
The packaging materials are kraft paper bags lined with plastic film bags, polypropylene woven bags or composite bags of kraft paper and polypropylene woven fabrics, which should ensure that the products are not damaged, polluted or leaked during normal storage and transportation. The net weight of each bag is 25±0.2kg, and there are 40 bags per ton, with no overflow or shortage.
The price of PVC packaging is included in the contract price of PVC.
Four, the main use of PVC and industrial chain
1. PVC profile
Profile and profile are the largest areas of PVC consumption in China, accounting for about 25% of the total consumption of PVC. They are mainly used to make doors and windows and energy-saving materials. At present, their application is still increasing greatly nationwide. In developed countries, the market share of plastic doors and windows is also the highest, such as 50% in Germany, 56% in France and 45% in the United States.
2. PVC pipes
Among many PVC products, PVC pipes are the second largest consumption area, accounting for about 20% of its consumption. In China, PVC pipes are developed earlier than PE pipes and PP pipes, with many varieties, excellent performance and wide application range, and occupy an important position in the market.
3. PVC film
The consumption of PVC in the field of PVC film ranks third, accounting for about10%. After mixing and plasticizing PVC with additives, a transparent or colored film with a specified thickness is made by a three-roll or four-roll calender, and the film is processed by this method to become a calendered film. You can also cut and heat-seal packaging bags, raincoats, tablecloths, curtains, inflatable toys and so on. Wide transparent film can be used for greenhouse, plastic shed and plastic film. The biaxially stretched film can be used for shrink packaging because of its heat shrinkage.
4.PVC hardwoods and plates
Stabilizers, lubricants and fillers are added to PVC. After mixing, hard pipes, special-shaped pipes and corrugated pipes with various diameters can be extruded by an extruder and used as sewer pipes, drinking pipes, electric wire sleeves or stair handrails. By overlapping and hot pressing the calendered sheets, hard plates with various thicknesses can be made. The plate can be cut into the required shape, and then welded into various chemical corrosion-resistant storage tanks, air ducts and containers by using PVC covered electrode with hot air.
5.PVC general soft goods
The extruder can be used to extrude hoses, cables, wires, etc. Plastic sandals, soles, slippers, toys, auto parts and so on can be made by injection molding machine with various molds.
6. PVC packaging materials
PVC products are mainly used for packaging various containers, films and hard sheets. PVC containers mainly produce mineral water, drinks, cosmetic bottles, and are also used for packaging refined oil. PVC film can be used to extrude with other polymers to produce low-cost laminated products and transparent products with good barrier properties. Polyvinyl chloride film can also be used for stretching or heat shrinking packaging, for packaging mattresses, cloth, toys and industrial goods.
7. PVC wallboard and floor
PVC wallboard is mainly used to replace aluminum wallboard. PVC floor tiles contain recycled materials, adhesives, fillers and other components except a part of PVC resin, which are mainly used in hard floors of airport terminals and other places.
8. PVC consumer goods
Luggage is a traditional product made of PVC. PVC is used to make all kinds of imitation leather, which is used in luggage and sports products, such as basketball, football and rugby. It can also be used to make belts for uniforms and special protective equipment. PVC fabrics for clothing are generally absorbent fabrics (without coating), such as ponchos, baby pants, imitation leather jackets and various rain boots. PVC is used in many sports and entertainment products, such as toys, records and sporting goods. At present, PVC toys have increased greatly, and they have advantages because of their low production cost and easy molding.
Industrial chain level of PVC
Is it detailed enough? ，。 . . . . .