Dressing--People in both urban and rural areas pay attention to dressing well when they go out to do business or to be guests. If you are a new guest or participate in festivals, you should wear the most beautiful and timely clothes with the best texture, which is called "doing leather pants" in the countryside. 60's before, farmers went to the pike to do business, more barefoot. 80's after the shoes and socks on the pike to do business in the day more. The young men, women and children, go out to visit relatives are more customary to wear new clothes.

Carrying - in the old days, people on the pike with more market baskets, baskets; go to relatives with gift baskets, baskets, such as long-distance travel to carry clothing, civilians with baggage, some water cloth as a baggage, rich people with rattan pods, suitcases. After liberation, people fashion with military dry backpacks, leather bags, women more flower cloth handbags, plastic bags; after the 80's, a variety of handbags, backpacks, suitcases, as one prefers.

Transportation--Pre-liberation people went out on foot and took boats for long distances. Calculating the distance of the road, 10 miles for a store, usually walking for an hour. Sedan chair is the rich and powerful people's transportation, towns and cities for hire more than the sedan chair store, officials and nobles sit in a four-person sedan chair, generally rich people sit in a two-person bamboo sedan chair, the bride got married in a sedan chair. Sedan chair has been abandoned after liberation. Few local oxcarts, no horse-drawn carriages. After the liberation of the garrison had a carriage, and then also for the car instead.

Before the 20th century, the inland waterway and offshore transportation relied on wooden sailing boats, tented boats, on Suzhou and Hangzhou, Hainan and out to the ocean by the double-masted red-headed ship. After the opening of Shantou, open door, foreign ships have come, foreign capital, overseas Chinese, domestic ship companies are many, the river also line small boats. To the 30's water transportation developed, people go out to the ocean south to the north to do business, more than by ship, red-headed ship abdicate. Chaoshan Railway was started in 1904 and opened to traffic in 1906, which became the main artery of transportation between Shantou and Chaozhou. 20's to 30's, all cities and counties in Chaoshan generally built automobile highway, and Shantou airport was built in 1933; thus, the sea, land, and air transportation were all smooth, and the rich people, businessmen, used it as a means of transportation. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, rickshaws (yellow carts) became an important means of transportation in urban areas; however, no matter in urban or rural areas, short distances still depended on walking. After the liberation, a large number of bicycles appeared, and pedal tricycles in the urban area were also numerous, and by the 1960s and 1970s, Shantou became the area with the highest density of bicycles. after the 1980s, Shantou's sea and land transportation developed comprehensively, and motorcycles also became the area with the highest density of motorcycles in the whole country; highway transportation and downtown public ****cars, were also developed gradually. Going out by car, boat, airplane, no matter long distance or short distance, has become a habit of people going out. Plain area across the river, the old days rely on ferries, liberation has been built more bridges, small rural ferries, but also has been a phoenix.

Farewell - where loved ones and friends traveled far, there will be a farewell. Chao people to make a living in the ocean, away from their homeland, unknown when to return, affectionate farewell, often lingering, or gifts to each other as a remembrance, or to send money for coils, or boiled eggs sweet pills to send the wind, thousands of instructions, thousands of instructions, the world of human kindness, to the best to the gift. In the old days, there were "parents in, not far away" concept, today's convenient transportation, people are all career-oriented, the concept of gradual change.

The old days of long-distance travelers, the road is difficult and dangerous, and more often than not, to ask God for help in choosing an auspicious day of custom. When moving, it is advisable to say auspicious words, avoid saying fall, sink, overturn, fall a kind of words. In recent years, traffic accidents have been frequent, and drivers and travelers have also been asking for God's blessing and guanxi.

■Customs of the Chaoshan people of hospitality

Hospitality

Welcome guests. When a guest arrives, the host has to come forward to welcome him. If the guest is a stranger, the host should introduce the guest's identity and title to the family, and should greet the guest to sit in the proper place. If the guest is a stranger, the host should introduce the guest's identity to the family, and greet the guest by sitting in the proper place.

Smoking tea. To smoke tea is the most common custom of the Boomers, and it is even more important to treat guests at home. Non-smokers, guests will be very eager to buy cigarettes. Boomers good face, to smoke with high-grade cigarettes, if no high-grade cigarettes, often to the guests said "sorry". In the old days, in the countryside, farmers smoked cigarettes with a pipe, the guests came, for the guests to load cigarettes and light the fire, handing the pipe, often rubbing the mouth of the pipe with the palm of the hand, and then handed with the guests. Later, with paper cigarettes, they rolled paper cigarettes for their guests. In the Qing Dynasty, the Teochew people also honor betel nut custom. Qianlong "Chaozhou Prefecture Zhi": "Betel nut piper betel leaf, no time to release the mouth, friends and relatives, do not have wine and tea, do not think it is too much, do not set up betel nut, they said that the simple slow." Later, betel nut piper betel leaf, less, dry cigarettes cigarettes popularity, to betel nut rituals, so to smoke tea instead.

Send a guest

Rural send a guest more enthusiastic, where the guests have brought gifts to the person, the host will only accept a part of the gift, another gift back to honor them, they honor the old adage: "come but not go is not a gift." Send guests must also be sent to the entrance of the alley, outside the village. In the city, there is also this custom, but not as elaborate as in the countryside.

■The dietary customs of the Chaozhou people as seen from their sayings

Wax Pen

Chaoshan sayings are a form of daily oral communication among the Chaozhou people, which is a high degree of generalization and summary of their life experiences, and contains their philosophy of life and principles of dealing with things. Diet, as the top priority of people's daily life, is naturally widely reflected in Chaoshan sayings, which involve snacks, specialties, dietary preferences, dietary taboos, cooking, etc. The dietary customs of the Teochew people are more specific, vivid, lively and interesting in the witty and humorous Chaoshan sayings. It can be said that Chaoshan sayings are also an important way to explore the dietary customs and culture of the Chaozhou people. The following will be related to the dietary customs of the Teochew Shantou sayings are summarized as follows, in order to ask for advice from the party.

I. See the Chaoshan snacks, specialties in the Chaoshan slang

Chaoshan snacks is a Chaoshan food culture of a miraculous ballet, the folk snack masters of successive generations of the long and exhaustive search for the local specialties, elaborate, and gradually accumulated to form a rich and colorful, unique local characteristics of culinary works of art. More varieties of varieties, materials, fine production, unique ingredients, flavor and delicious and famous. One of the famous brands in the Chaoshan slang are expressed:

1. Old Mother Palace dumplings ball - food Dingzheng Zhi Zhi

Old Mother Palace dumplings ball refers to Shantou City, Shantou City, the head of the Mazu Palace (i.e., the Old Mother Palace), near the Shunde number of the dumplings ball. Because the dumplings are wrapped in bamboo leaves, you have to open and eat to know the flavor, so there is this proverb. Metaphorically speaking, it is a long time to see people's hearts. As the Boomers have the custom of eating rice dumplings and dragon boat races on the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth month. And in the south after the Dragon Boat Festival, the climate began to turn hot, so there is a proverb "May not eat dumplings, broken fur do not dare to put".

2.Sunan pancakes - sweet tongue

Sunan pancakes Chenghai District, Shantou City, a famous snack to melt in the mouth, crispy and delicious as the best. This is a metaphor for someone who is good at talking and bragging.

3. Jinghai bean oar - good with the throat and teeth

Jinghai bean oar Jieyang City, Huilai County snacks, sweet and savory, but because of the texture of the pliable, bad teeth are easy to stick in the gap between the teeth. This is a good metaphor for the loss of some.

4. Yixi Cake - Big and Thick

Yixi Cake, a famous product of Yixi Town, Chaozhou City, is a crispy Chiu Chow mooncake, which is bigger and thicker than mooncakes produced in other places. It is used as a metaphor for better opportunities or more lucrative income.

5. Cotton Lake Candy - No Meal

Cotton Lake Candy is a famous product of Cotton Lake in Jiexi County, Jieyang City, which melts in your mouth and leaves no residue. This is a metaphor for the unfounded nonsense.

6. Laojuntang incense corrosion - Lengleng

Laojuntang incense corrosion Chaozhou City, under the Dongping Road Laojuntang produced Gusu incense corrosion. The texture is hard and tough, need to be swallowed slowly and chewed. It is a metaphor for toughness.

7. Haisan Shrimp Rice - Dried Prawns

Haisan Shrimp Rice - Dried prawns produced in Sanbaimen, Raoping County, Jieyang City. This is a metaphor for having a large source of income.

8. Lion's Head Goose - Dazhiya

Lion's Head Goose is a famous product of Chenghai District, Shantou City, with a large head, elegant body and delicious meat. This is a metaphor for a tall and healthy person.

9. Chaozhou Citrus - touch the barrel

Chaosu Citrus Shantou famous, large, juicy and meaty, used to be exported for a long time for export products.

10. Chi Nei Pipa Duckback Persimmon

Chi Nei, Duckback belongs to Chaozhou City, Chaoan County, the return of the lake town, is known as the township of fruits, an abundance of pipa, an abundance of persimmons.

11.Chenqiao A-ma surprised hanging melon Xidong master afraid of wheat

Chenqiao, Xidong belongs to Chaozhou City, one is rich in cucumbers, one is rich in wheat, people eat for a long time to get sick.

12. Nanshianzhou vegetable head - pain cave

Nanshianzhou vegetable head Chenghai District, Shantou City, produced a good variety of radish, big head. Legend has it that a farmer went down to the ground one morning and found that the radish was stolen, the ground is only left with a big hole, in the face of such a scene, the old farmer can only be to the hole in the heart of the stolen radish how so big. This is a metaphor for heavy losses.

13. pig intestines bloat glutinous rice

Pig intestines bloat glutinous rice that is glutinous rice sausage, Chaoshan famous snacks. Stuffed with glutinous rice and various fillings into the pig intestine made of thin skin, full of filling, bulging. The proverb uses its shape as a metaphor for someone whose clothes are too tightly bound to the limbs.

14. cotton lake dried beans - hot single shore

cotton lake dried beans Jieyang City, Jiexi County, cotton lake town's famous products. Eat dried beans into the frying pan, only one side, so that half of the burnt flavor crispy, the other half is still milky and tender, eat a different flavor. The proverb uses the technique of homophonic correlation as a metaphor for unrequited love.

15. Inexorably pounded sweet

Sweet, the Chaozhou people with glutinous rice and brown sugar steamed into a kind of glutinous rice cakes. It is easy to store as it is not easy to spoil and at the same time resistant to digestion and filling. It is a must-have food for those who used to go overseas by red-headed ships. As a result of floating across the ocean and working abroad, it is a matter of no choice, so there is this sigh.

Second, the Chaoshan slang reflected in the dietary preferences of the Chaozhou people

As the saying goes, "turnip and cabbage, each love", "one side of the soil and water to raise a party". Human's choice of food depends not only on his personal characteristics, the conditions of the times, the surrounding natural environment, etc., but also on his cultural characteristics. Different cultures have different standards and ways of consuming food. The Chaoshan people, who are located at the seashore, have their own opinion and preference for food.

1. New Year's Eve Tip-top Winter Festival Woo

Tip-top: a kind of fish at the confluence of the river and the sea. Wu: Wu fish, a freshwater farmed fish. Winter Festival: winter solstice. These two kinds of fish are the most fattening in the winter festival to the year end. Wu fish is a kind of freshwater fish that the Chaoshan people like to eat and is also more valuable, which is widely reflected in the Chaoshan sayings. Related sayings also include "Cold Fish and Hot Perch" (winter fish and summer perch are the most delicious), and "Fish Gills, Unkindly Split Alley Side" (fish gills are so delicious that they are inedible that they are not eaten by other people). The fish began to freshly listed, so there is a "June fish to save a mouth, bitter gourd listing Le fish fat" a proverb.

2. Carp throat eating win grass carp head

The Chao people said that the carp between the head and the stomach of the fish is the most delicious, more delicious than the grass fish head. Carp fish to June is the most fertile, is to take advantage of the good goods. Therefore, there is also the proverb "June carp" said.

3. Winter sugar cane food disease

The winter sugar cane has matured, eaten without fire.

4. Night dusk east, sleep up north, red bristles fish, fresh thin shell

Evening east wind, early north wind, it is red bristles fish and short-toothed mussels when the season. Thin shells for the Chaoshan specialties, growing in the estuary of the river, June days, the growth of the fullest, so there is a "June thin shells - false big head" said.

5. Qian snail mussels - eating sour mouth

Chinese snail, mussels, two shellfish, a small meat, not convenient to eat, but also what to eat.

6. March and April sell plums, May and June scrape grass

Every year in March and April when the plum season, the market began to sell plums. But "a plum, three bucket fire", prunes have heat, easy to fire, can not eat more. Since prunes are not easy to preserve, there are no more prunes on the market after the Dragon Boat Festival. The first thing you need to do is to take a look at the color of the plums, and then you can see the color of the plums, and then you can see the color of the plums.

Every year in May and June, when the weather is hot, people start to sell grass on the street. Grass is a kind of heat-clearing snack sold by hawkers in Chaoshan during the three-volt days. Generally use a large jar, when someone buys, with a spoon from the cylinder a piece of a piece of scraped out of the bowl, and at the same time in the bowl cut a few times, sprinkled with sugar can be eaten, and similar summer food and tofu flower. These are small and profitable business. Therefore, people say "grass bean flower, cut Sen cut" (small profit). Related sayings also include "other people's grass, other people's sugar" (other people's things, can be squandered and wasted at will), "grass boiled cooked, the weather changes" (the weather in summer is unpredictable), "South belly floating dark clouds, grass sold there are saved! " (When it rains, grass and fruits cannot be sold) and so on.

7. March and April peaches and plums and crabapples, July and August Jukan and persimmons

March and April peaches, plums and crabapples are ripe, and Jukan and persimmons are in season in July and August.

8. Frost, olives in urns

Olives are ripe and ready for harvesting at the time of frost. The reason for using urns is that the olives wrinkle in the wind and need to be sealed in urns to preserve them for a long time.

9. love to eat fish mackerel pomfret, watching theater love to see "Su Liu Niang"

Said mackerel and pomfret are good fish, Chaozhou opera "Su Liu Niang" is a good play. Boomers especially love to eat pomfret head, love to eat to what extent, there is a proverb "sell the land to sell land to buy pomfret nose" to hyperbole extreme pomfret head of delicious.

10. food grub test identity

grub, a crab, shell ends into a cone, large feet long and thin, Chao people like to use raw grub pickled raw food, taste very fresh, but the stomach is not good, easy to cause diarrhea.

Three, from the Chaoshan colloquialisms to see the Chao people's cooking to pay attention to.

The Teochew people's cooking techniques, pay attention to color, aroma and taste, its long history of cooking culture, through the scattered at home and abroad the size of the Teochew restaurant, has long enjoyed a high reputation at home and internationally. In particular, Chaozhou cuisine to seafood, cooking materials, colorful, using shark's fin, bird's nest, livestock offal and certain vegetables, are rarely used in countries around the world.

1. Chaozhou cuisine production methods

"Frying, stir-frying and branding" Chaozhou cuisine cooking in the three main frying process. Stir frying dish, pay attention to the "fierce fire, thick incense fish dew". "Stew" Chaozhou cuisine cooking in the four clear soup method. The four methods of broth preparation in Chiu Chow cuisine are: raw fish and vegetables cooked in boiling hot soup, just like eating hot pot nowadays. Soup bubbles are the most characteristic of Teochew cuisine. Characterized by sweet and tasty, and can maintain the original flavor.

2. Chaozhou cuisine "color plate" art

Chef Chaozhou cuisine in the plate, the chef with bamboo shoots, radish, potatoes, etc., carved into a variety of flowers and birds and so on, or put on the vegetables, put on the plate to do the embellishment of the use. So there is a saying that "guan coriander sister stacked plate head". Guan coriander, is a kind of cilantro unique to the Chaoshan region, as a plate head with. The word "sis" is purely an anthropomorphic honorific, and does not imply that it is a woman. It is a metaphor for someone or something that is ahead of the curve.

3. Teochew cooking ingredients

There is "tender ginger and vinegar", "raw onion and cooked garlic". The ginger used for seasoning should be tender and the vinegar should be aged. When using green onion, it only needs to be chopped without frying, and when using garlic, it needs to be fried. All these are highly summarized by the experience of the Chaoshan chefs. Chaozhou cuisine also attaches great importance to seasoning, each dish on the table, must be equipped with "sauce dish", sometimes sweet sauce, sometimes plum paste sauce, sometimes orange juice and so on. It all depends on what dishes. Dipped in a variety of "sauce dish", eat up the flavor is more unique.

4. Teochew banquet dishes

Teochew banquet dishes pay attention to dietary diversity, meat and vegetable combination. Therefore, there is a proverb: "Eat fish and meat, but also with vegetables".

Bibliography:

The Essence of Chinese Cuisine, edited by Wang Hong

The Explanation of Chaoshan Familiar Words, edited by Cai Yinghao

The Dictionary of Chaoshan Dialectal Familiar Words, edited by Lin Lunlun

The Collection of Chaoshan Common Words, annotated by Cai Shaobin

Chaoshan Common Words, edited by Cai Shaobin