It seems to be an allergic disease;
Knowledge about allergic diseases
1. Allergic reactions, allergic diseases and their classification
An allergic reaction, also known as an allergic reaction, is an abnormal reaction of the body to one or more substances that are harmless to most people. The main cause is that allergic patients produce too much of a special antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). It can react with sensitizing substances (allergens) in the environment, stimulating the body to produce and release certain excessive chemicals, thereby producing various symptoms.
Allergic diseases, also known as allergic diseases, refer to when the body is stimulated by antigenic substances (also called allergens or allergens), such as pollen, dust, food, drugs, parasites, etc. The tissue damage or physiological dysfunction caused by the disease is an abnormal or pathological immune response. In 2005, the World Allergy Organization (WAO) published the results of an epidemiological survey of allergic diseases in 30 countries: Among the total population of 1.2 billion in these countries, 22 (250 million people) suffered from IgE-mediated allergic diseases. allergic diseases.
There are many ways to classify allergic diseases. According to different entry routes, they can be divided into inhalation allergic diseases, common ones include allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, etc.; ingestion allergic diseases , such as: food allergy; contact allergic diseases: contact dermatitis, urticaria, ultraviolet allergy, etc. According to the rapidity of the reaction after the sensitized body is exposed to the corresponding allergen again, it can be divided into two categories: immediate type and delayed type. In 1963, Gell and Coombe classified hypersensitivity reactions into four categories based on their mechanisms and clinical characteristics: ① Type I allergic diseases, which are diseases caused by IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions; ② Type II allergic diseases, which are diseases caused by IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Cytolytic or cytotoxic allergic diseases; ③ Type III allergic diseases, which are immune complex allergic diseases; ④ Type IV allergic diseases, which are diseases caused by delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
2. Major allergic diseases Allergic asthma
Allergic asthma accounts for 60% of asthma cases, more often than not starts in childhood, has a family history, and is often accompanied by other atopy Sexual allergies can enter adulthood around 30 years old, but death is rare. Among the foreign allergens that cause asthma, dust mites have been proven to be the most common both at home and abroad. The number of dust mites and their metabolites starts to rise in August and peaks from September to November. Therefore, if babies with certain genetic allergies are born in autumn, because indoor mites thrive at this time, there are more allergic antigens. , easy to cause sensitization and induce asthma. In China, 80% of allergic asthma is caused by dust mites. The mechanism of allergic asthma is type I hypersensitivity. Repeated attacks of allergic asthma seriously affect people's growth, development, life, and learning, and should be paid special attention to. Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is also caused by dust mites. Allergic rhinitis is divided into two levels: mild and moderate to severe. Mild allergic rhinitis does not have a big impact on the patient's life, while moderate to severe allergic rhinitis has interfered with the patient's life, leading to a decline in the quality of life, lower work efficiency, lower academic performance, affecting sleep and entertainment, and the patient is very distressed. Perennial allergic rhinitis has symptoms throughout the year. Because children cannot express themselves, they often push their noses, make faces, and have blue eye sockets. The symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis are more severe and occur at fixed seasons every year, making patients miserable. If allergic rhinitis is not treated in time, it will cause sinusitis, otitis media, nasal polyps, bronchial asthma, etc. And almost all patients with allergic rhinitis suffer from conjunctivitis. One-third of patients with allergic rhinitis also suffer from asthma symptoms, and two-thirds of the remaining two-thirds of patients without asthma suffer from airway inflammation. Among asthma patients, 70%-80% suffer from allergic rhinitis.
Urticaria
Urticaria is a common allergic skin disease. When exposed to allergens, red patches of different shapes and sizes will appear on unspecified parts of the body. Itching will occur in these areas where plaques occur. Urticaria can be divided into acute and chronic. Acute urticaria is a temporary allergic reaction. As long as it is treated according to the doctor's instructions, most can be cured within a few days. Chronic urticaria occurs repeatedly for months to years, and the body becomes extremely sensitive as a result. The best treatment for urticaria is desensitization treatment, which involves finding the allergen for fundamental treatment.
3. Factors causing allergic diseases
1. Participating cells: There are two types of cells in the human body, namely mast cells and basophils. They are widely distributed in the nasal mucosa, In the bronchial mucosa, gastrointestinal mucosa, and in the connective tissue beneath the skin, around capillaries and in the envelope of internal organs. These two types of cells contain allergic mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and stimulants. People with allergies generally have low immunity. When stimulated by environmental factors such as chemicals, air pollution, sunlight, radiation, bacteria, viruses, parasites, food fats, etc., a large number of free radicals will be produced in the body. Free radical oxidation, Destroys the cell membranes of mast cells and basophils, denatures the cell membranes and induces the synthesis of immunoglobulin IgE antibodies to attach to the cell membranes, resulting in cell instability. When unstable cells encounter allergens, antigens and antibodies react specifically, causing cell membrane degranulation and the release of allergic mediators. These allergic mediators can cause smooth muscle contraction, capillary dilation, increased permeability, mucus secretion, lowered blood pressure and tissue damage, thereby triggering the occurrence of allergic reactions.
In the process of allergic reactions, allergic mediators play a direct role. Allergens are a necessary condition for the occurrence of allergic diseases. However, the body's immune capacity is low, and a large number of free radicals can damage mast cells and basophils. Oxidative damage is the root cause of allergies.
2. Allergens: There are thousands of substances that can cause allergies. They exist in the air, food, drinks, drugs, and even accessible daily necessities. These substances are called "allergens" ". Simply put, allergens can be divided into ① dietary allergens according to how they enter the human body: such as seafood, nuts, strawberries, spices, milk, beer or alcoholic beverages may become the most common causes of allergies. Skin allergy symptoms------urticaria; ②Contact allergens: such as perfume, nail polish, cosmetics and rubber. ③Inhalation allergens: pollen, dust mites, mold and algae, animal fur, industrial polluted waste and mold growing in humid environments. ④ Injectable allergens: In addition to certain injectable drugs, they also include insect bites, stings of bumblebees and bees, etc.
Common allergens:
Mites
Mites are found wherever there are people. This little creature is almost everywhere, and our bedding is a breeding ground for them. Experts said: "On average, there are 2 million mites living in our beds, and 4,000 of them can be killed by stepping on them."
It has been recognized by scholars at home and abroad that dust mites have certain allergenicity. Regardless of whether the mites are alive or dead, all parts of the mites' bodies, secretions and excretions, as well as the skin they shed, are all allergens. These substances fly in the air when making beds, folding quilts, and sweeping the floor, and are inhaled into the bronchial tubes by people. The decomposed tiny particles can also penetrate deep into the bronchial tubes. People with allergies can be stimulated by dust mite allergens. , specific allergic antibodies will be produced, followed by allergic reactions. Children are more allergic to mites than adults. Dust mites are the main cause of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. According to a survey by some scholars, more children with allergic asthma are born in autumn, which may be related to the growth and reproduction of dust mites. Because among the foreign allergens that cause asthma, dust mites have been proven to be the most common both at home and abroad. According to statistics, asthma patients caused by dust mites account for 70-80% of the total allergic patients. A study in the United States shows that if a child whose parents suffer from allergic diseases sleeps in a bed full of mites from birth, 80% of the children will develop asthma by the age of 11.
Pollen
Plants have the function of purifying the environment. However, the pollen produced by some plants is allergenic and can cause hay fever allergic reactions in people. It is the most common and important of all allergic reactions. Symptoms include sneezing, tearing, nasal congestion, itching of the eyes and nose, asthma and dermatitis, etc.; sometimes it may develop into irreversible lesions such as emphysema, bullae, and cor pulmonale. The most common cause of allergic rhinitis in Asia is mites. Japan, India, and South Korea have the highest incidence rates of woody hay fever, and Malaysia and Thailand have the highest incidence rates of herbal hay fever. According to the National Institutes of Health Allergy Research Report, there are currently 14.7 million hay fever patients in the United States, and hay fever patients in the highest incidence areas account for more than 10% of the entire population (according to some data, 19%). The incidence rate of hay fever in my country is over 0.5-1%, with high-incidence areas reaching 5%.
Food
Foods involving allergies include: eggs, milk, peanuts, crustaceans (shrimp, crab), fish, and some vegetables such as celery, turnips, etc. Peanut oil in food can cause premature allergies in babies, and peanut oil is also contained in biscuits, jams, cold drinks, bread, and dishes. Therefore, breastfeeding is the best allergy prevention measure for babies. If a baby is allergic-free during the first 6 months of life, the risk of developing sensitivity diseases later in life is greatly reduced.
Pets
Nowadays, more and more families have pets, and the number of pets is increasing. These cute kittens and puppies bring fun and threats to people. The fur and dander they shed are terrible allergens. Today, pets rank fourth among the causes of allergies.
4. Prevention and treatment of allergic diseases:
1. Stay away from allergens
Allergens are a necessary condition for the occurrence of allergies. It is an economical and effective way to avoid the occurrence of allergies, but it is not useful for all allergic patients. Some people are allergic to one allergen, and some people may have several allergens; some allergens can be avoided, but some allergens are difficult to avoid; and many allergens are still unknown. , therefore, staying away from allergens is a good way, but it is not useful for all patients.
2. Conventional drug treatment:
① Antihistamine treatment
Commonly used antihistamine drugs, such as chlorpheniramine, aspirin, Mink, Claritan, etc., can relax bronchial smooth muscles, inhibit gland secretion, and achieve the purpose of controlling symptoms. Although antihistamines temporarily solve allergic symptoms, the basis of allergy has not changed, immunity is still low, and the oxidative destructive effect of a large number of free radicals still exists. Under the stimulation of allergens, allergic mediators are still continuously released, so antihistamines Even if it is cured temporarily by amine drug treatment, relapses will occur again and again.
And the human body is resistant to drugs. If a drug is used for a long time, the effect of this drug will gradually become less obvious. Therefore, for allergic patients, switching to another antihistamine drug will have a certain effect, but After a long time, it had to be changed again, and many patients were looking forward to the emergence of new drugs. Antihistamines have side effects, and long-term use can cause drowsiness, fatigue, and mental retardation.
② Use of glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone, prednisone, etc., have strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects and are currently the best way to control allergies. The first-line drug for the disease can block multiple links in the inflammatory response to prevent the progression of the disease. Since most allergic diseases have long-term inflammatory reactions, long-term anti-inflammatory treatment is required. However, long-term use can seriously damage internal organs such as the liver and kidneys, and can also lead to a decrease in the number of receptors.
3. Specific immunotherapy and non-specific immunotherapy
The use of a variety of immunomodulators can improve or restore the unbalanced immune function of asthma patients to normal, reduce respiratory tract infections, and reduce Airway reactivity can also achieve the purpose of preventing and treating asthma. This immunotherapy does not target the specific allergic causes of asthma patients, so it is called non-specific immunotherapy. For example, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin polysaccharide nucleic acid injection has an antiasthmatic effect.
Transfer factor can improve cellular immune function and significantly reduce colds and respiratory infections.
Specific immunotherapy refers to formulating specific allergens that induce allergic diseases into extracts of different concentrations and giving them to patients who are allergic to the allergens through repeated exposure through some channels, with doses ranging from small to large. The concentration increases from dilute to thick, so that the patient's tolerance to the allergen increases. When exposed to the allergen again, it will no longer induce allergic disease attacks or reduce the severity of the allergic disease. This method is also called desensitization therapy.
5. Specific immunotherapy (desensitization treatment)
① Characteristics and applicable groups of specific immunotherapy:
Desensitization therapy is currently recognized The method of preventing and treating allergic diseases is also the only method that can treat the cause of allergic diseases. With desensitization treatment, if you can persist in cooperating with the treatment, allergic disease attacks can be well controlled in both frequency and degree, and it is even possible to say goodbye to allergic diseases and become like a normal child.
Desensitization treatment is suitable for patients with various type I allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma (including allergic cough), allergic rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis (such as urticaria).
② The role of specific immunotherapy:
Preventive role: Prevent the worsening of asthma symptoms or the development of allergic (allergic) rhinitis into asthma. Prevent sensitization to new allergens. Treatment during remission can prevent many patients from developing COPD.
Treatment can improve the body's tolerance to specific allergens, reduce or even completely relieve the symptoms of asthma or rhinitis, and reduce the patient's airway hyperresponsiveness and non-specific hypersensitivity. Improve the body's tolerance Immune function, so that the patient's immune system becomes normal and the effect is long-lasting. Long-term treatment can reduce or even stop the use of symptomatic treatment drugs, thereby reducing the side effects of drugs.
Reduce costs
For patients with allergic asthma or allergic rhinitis, desensitization treatment in the early stage of allergic disease can reduce direct (symptomatic medication, hospitalization and emergency treatment, etc.) and indirect (such as absence from school, sick leave, etc.) costs. , has a high cost-effectiveness ratio and saves the total treatment cost.
③ Sublingual desensitization treatment
Common desensitization treatments mainly include subcutaneous injection desensitization treatment and sublingual desensitization treatment.
In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) clearly stated that desensitization therapy is effective in treating allergic diseases caused by allergens, but it must use standardized preparations, that is, it must use biologically active ingredients and Preparations with clear content, controllable quality of raw materials and finished products, and consistent product properties from batch to batch. In addition, among the preparation forms of various allergen drugs, WHO recognizes subcutaneous injection as the classic method of specific immunotherapy. However, among the methods of topical specific immunotherapy, sublingual administration is the most popular method. considered most effective.
Sublingual desensitization treatment is a new treatment for allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis advocated by the World Health Organization in recent years. This method is to "administer" specific desensitization drugs to patients over a period of time. The drug dose starts from a low level and gradually increases with the course of treatment, reaching a predetermined saturation dose within 3-5 weeks and maintaining it for a period of time. To stimulate the patient's immune system to develop tolerance to the specific allergen, so that even if the patient is exposed to the allergen in life, he will no longer have symptoms such as allergic rhinitis or asthma. ★Note: Patients need to drop the medicine under the tongue for 1-3 minutes and then swallow it.
According to the results of internationally renowned medical literature, after one to three years of sublingual desensitization treatment, patients can achieve the effect of alleviating or even eradicating the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and can significantly reduce the symptoms of mild and moderate allergic asthma. Depending on the number and severity of asthma attacks, some patients can even achieve complete asymptomatic status. More importantly, all patients can greatly reduce the frequency and dosage of steroids. Due to the effectiveness and safety of sublingual desensitization therapy, the World Health Organization officially recommended sublingual desensitization therapy in 2001 as a desensitization therapy that can replace traditional injection methods and is suitable for adults and children.
Based on this international development trend, our company developed the dust mite drop "Changdi". "Changdi" is the first and only new drug approved by the national SFDA in China. It has the following characteristics: Unique efficacy: treating the cause, it can fundamentally cure allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis; Excellent quality: standardized and controllable quality And the activity is stable; Easy to use: take sublingual drops, no need for frequent injections; Good compliance: better than subcutaneous injection, especially suitable for juvenile patients who account for more than 50% of the total number of patients with allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis; The price is right: The cost of treatment is right.
VI. Frequently Asked Questions of Patients
1) Whether the external environment affects the immune function of allergic patients, causing bad substances to circulate in the body and accumulate, leading to allergic asthma and allergies. Allergic reaction to rhinitis?
Answer: It’s not that the environment affects your immune system, but that it induces a reaction in your immune system. Your allergies are something you have.
2) What are the methods for allergen testing?
Answer: Allergen skin tests and serological tests are basic methods for checking human allergens and immune system function.
3) Can you introduce "desensitization + anti-allergy + immune regulation" in detail? What does desensitization mean? What does anti-allergy mean? Are all three done at the same time or step by step?
Answer: Desensitization is the desensitization solution injection you use now. Anti-allergy refers to the application of anti-allergic drugs, such as Claritan, Cetirizine, etc. that you originally took. Immunomodulation is the use of drugs to regulate your disordered immune system, such as the Siqikang you used.
4) Is just "desensitization" not enough?
Answer: Desensitization treatment alone is not enough. It must be combined with other treatments.
5) What should we do if the body reacts when "desensitization" is injected to a higher concentration, causing the "desensitization" to be ineffective?
Answer: During the process of desensitization treatment, the concentration of the drug must be gradually increased, which may cause physical discomfort and, most commonly, induce your disease. If it does, you can temporarily use some anti-allergy medication.
6) Can you prescribe a "staged and comprehensive treatment"?
Answer: In the first three months, all three treatments are used, and some external medicines are used if necessary; after three months, desensitization is continued, and immunotherapy can be continued if possible until the end of the course of treatment. If there is any If your symptoms are suspicious, use some anti-allergy medication temporarily.
7) Is desensitization solution suitable for all allergies, or does it need to be differentiated?
Answer: The selection of desensitizing preparations should be determined based on the type of allergen you have detected and the intensity of the reaction, combined with serological testing.
8) What are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma?
Answer: Allergic rhinitis is mainly characterized by runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and nasal itching; asthma is characterized by difficulty breathing, mainly expiratory dyspnea.
9) Is Dermatophagoides farinae a dust or mite allergy? It would be best to introduce the situation of dust mites in detail. How to pay attention to it in life, how to deal with it, and how to treat dust mite allergy.
Answer: The mite family is very large. House dust mites and Dermatophagoides farinae are common causes of allergies in humans. They are mainly found in bedding, sheets, etc. Feeds on human dander. It is also found in dust inside the house. Frequent drying and patting can reduce the number of mites. The fundamental way to treat dust mite allergy is to use allergen preparations from dust mites for desensitization treatment.
10) Which hospital in Shanghai has an allergy (allergy) department where you can seek treatment? In addition, if you suffer from allergic asthma, what kind of treatment measures may you take after knowing the allergen through testing?
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Answer: There is no professional allergy department in Shanghai so far. Comprehensive treatment is generally adopted based on desensitization. There are specialist desensitization treatment for asthma and allergic disease treatment centers in Ninth Hospital and Renji Hospital. .
11) Which hospital and department should I go to for allergen testing? Can you introduce us to such a famous hospital across the country?
Answer: You can go to the allergy department or immunology department, or the pediatric or allergic disease treatment center. Currently, the professional allergology departments in China include Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Wuhan Tongji Hospital, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Shenyang 202 Hospital, and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University.
12) What are the current methods of desensitization treatment?
Answer: There are basically two methods of desensitization treatment at present. 1. Domestic drugs are administered twice a week, not once every other day; 2. Imported drugs are administered once every 10 days initially.
13) Is allergic asthma hereditary?
Answer: The genetic predisposition to allergic diseases is recognized globally, including allergic asthma.
14) I suffer from allergic rhinitis and take cetirizin hydrochloride. What is the specific usage of cetirizin? Now I take half a pill or one pill when rhinitis attacks, and no longer take it after the symptoms subside. Please tell me, should I continue taking it?
Answer: Cetirizine is still helpful in relieving symptoms. However, it is better to use desensitization treatment.
15) If allergic rhinitis and asthma are not too severe, can we only use Fushudong and Siqikang without desensitization treatment?
Answer: Regardless of the severity of allergic diseases, desensitization treatment should be carried out after the allergens are identified.
16) Which method of treating allergic asthma is good, effective and has few side effects?
Answer: Any medicine will have some side effects. Especially hormones. Of course, the side effects will be smaller when used topically, but it is not suitable for long-term use, usually about 1-2 years. The best treatment is desensitization to the allergen, especially sublingual desensitization.
17) What should I do if I am allergic to mites? Is there any effective way?
Answer: 1. No contact and stay away from allergens; 2. Desensitization treatment; 3. Combined with anti-allergic drugs and immune modulators.
18) How long does it take to stop taking the allergen test?
Answer: If you are taking aspirin, please stop taking it for more than one week; if you are taking other anti-allergic drugs, just stop taking it for 3 days.
Common knowledge about allergic diseases
1. Allergic reactions and allergic diseases and their classification
Allergic reactions, also known as allergy, are the body’s response to one or more Abnormal reactions to substances that are harmless to most people. The main cause is that allergic patients produce too much of a special antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). It can react with sensitizing substances (allergens) in the environment, stimulating the body to produce and release certain excessive chemicals, thereby producing various symptoms.
Allergic diseases, also known as allergic diseases, refer to when the body is stimulated by antigenic substances (also called allergens or allergens), such as pollen, dust, food, drugs, parasites, etc. The tissue damage or physiological dysfunction caused by the disease is an abnormal or pathological immune response. In 2005, the World Allergy Organization (WAO) published the results of an epidemiological survey of allergic diseases in 30 countries: Among the total population of 1.2 billion in these countries, 22 (250 million people) suffered from IgE-mediated allergic diseases. allergic diseases.
There are many ways to classify allergic diseases. According to different entry routes, they can be divided into inhalation allergic diseases, common ones include allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, etc.; ingestion allergic diseases , such as: food allergy; contact allergic diseases: contact dermatitis, urticaria, ultraviolet allergy, etc. According to the rapidity of the reaction after the sensitized body is exposed to the corresponding allergen again, it can be divided into two categories: immediate type and delayed type.
In 1963, Gell and Coombe classified hypersensitivity reactions into four categories based on their mechanisms and clinical characteristics: ① Type I allergic diseases, which are diseases caused by IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions; ② Type II allergic diseases, which are diseases caused by IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Cytolytic or cytotoxic allergic diseases; ③ Type III allergic diseases, which are immune complex allergic diseases; ④ Type IV allergic diseases, which are diseases caused by delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
2. Major allergic diseases Allergic asthma
Allergic asthma accounts for 60% of asthma cases, more often than not starts in childhood, has a family history, and is often accompanied by other atopy Sexual allergies can enter adulthood around 30 years old, but death is rare. Among the foreign allergens that cause asthma, dust mites have been proven to be the most common both at home and abroad. The number of dust mites and their metabolites starts to rise in August and peaks from September to November. Therefore, if babies with certain genetic allergies are born in autumn, because indoor mites thrive at this time, there are more allergic antigens. , easy to cause sensitization and induce asthma. In China, 80% of allergic asthma is caused by dust mites. The mechanism of allergic asthma is type I hypersensitivity. Repeated attacks of allergic asthma seriously affect people's growth, development, life, and learning, and should be paid special attention to. Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is also caused by dust mites. Allergic rhinitis is divided into two levels: mild and moderate to severe. Mild allergic rhinitis does not have a big impact on the patient's life, while moderate to severe allergic rhinitis has interfered with the patient's life, leading to a decline in the quality of life, lower work efficiency, lower academic performance, affecting sleep and entertainment, and the patient is very distressed. Perennial allergic rhinitis has symptoms throughout the year. Because children cannot express themselves, they often push their noses, make faces, and have blue eye sockets. The symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis are more severe and occur at fixed seasons every year, making patients miserable. If allergic rhinitis is not treated in time, it will cause sinusitis, otitis media, nasal polyps, bronchial asthma, etc. And almost all patients with allergic rhinitis suffer from conjunctivitis. One-third of patients with allergic rhinitis also suffer from asthma symptoms, and two-thirds of the remaining two-thirds of patients without asthma suffer from airway inflammation. Among asthma patients, 70%-80% suffer from allergic rhinitis. Urticaria
Urticaria is a common allergic skin disease. When exposed to allergens, red patches of different shapes and sizes will appear on unspecified parts of the body. Itching will occur in these areas where plaques occur. Urticaria can be divided into acute and chronic. Acute urticaria is a temporary allergic reaction. As long as it is treated according to the doctor's instructions, most can be cured within a few days. Chronic urticaria occurs repeatedly for months to years, and the body becomes extremely sensitive as a result. The best treatment for urticaria is desensitization treatment, which involves finding the allergen for fundamental treatment.
3. Factors causing allergic diseases
1. Participating cells: There are two types of cells in the human body, namely mast cells and basophils. They are widely distributed in the nasal mucosa, In the bronchial mucosa, gastrointestinal mucosa, and in the connective tissue beneath the skin, around capillaries and in the envelope of internal organs. These two types of cells contain allergic mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and stimulants. People with allergies generally have low immunity. When stimulated by environmental factors such as chemicals, air pollution, sunlight, radiation, bacteria, viruses, parasites, food fats, etc., a large number of free radicals will be produced in the body. Free radical oxidation, Destroys the cell membranes of mast cells and basophils, denatures the cell membranes and induces the synthesis of immunoglobulin IgE antibodies to attach to the cell membranes, resulting in cell instability. When unstable cells encounter allergens, antigens and antibodies react specifically, causing cell membrane degranulation and the release of allergic mediators. These allergic mediators can cause smooth muscle contraction, capillary dilation, increased permeability, mucus secretion, lowered blood pressure and tissue damage, thereby triggering the occurrence of allergic reactions.
In the process of allergic reactions, allergic mediators play a direct role. Allergens are a necessary condition for the occurrence of allergic diseases. However, the body's immune capacity is low, and a large number of free radicals can damage mast cells and basophils. Oxidative damage is the root cause of allergies.
2. Allergens: There are thousands of substances that can cause allergies. They exist in the air, food, drinks, drugs, and even accessible daily necessities. These substances are called "allergens" ". Simply put, allergens can be divided into ① dietary allergens according to how they enter the human body: such as seafood, nuts, strawberries, spices, milk, beer or alcoholic beverages may become the most common causes of allergies. Skin allergy symptoms ------ urticaria; ② Contact allergens: such as perfume, nail polish, cosmetics and rubber. ③Inhalation allergens: pollen, dust mites, mold and algae, animal fur, industrial polluted waste and mold growing in humid environments. ④ Injectable allergens: In addition to certain injectable drugs, they also include insect bites, stings of bumblebees and bees, etc.
Common allergens:
Mites
Mites are found wherever there are people. This little creature is almost everywhere, and our bedding is a breeding ground for them. Experts said: "On average, there are 2 million mites living in our beds, and 4,000 of them can be killed by stepping on them."
It has been recognized by scholars at home and abroad that dust mites have certain allergenicity. Regardless of whether the mites are alive or dead, all parts of the mites' bodies, secretions and excretions, as well as the skin they shed, are all allergens. These substances fly in the air when making beds, folding quilts, and sweeping the floor, and are inhaled into the bronchial tubes by people. The decomposed tiny particles can also penetrate deep into the bronchial tubes. People with allergies can be stimulated by dust mite allergens. , specific allergic antibodies will be produced, followed by allergic reactions. Children are more allergic to mites than adults. Dust mites are the main cause of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. According to a survey by some scholars, more children with allergic asthma are born in autumn, which may be related to the growth and reproduction of dust mites. Because among the foreign allergens that cause asthma, it has been confirmed at home and abroad that dust mites are the most common. According to statistics, asthma patients caused by dust mites account for 70-80% of the total allergic patients. A study in the United States shows that if a child whose parents suffer from allergic diseases sleeps in a bed full of mites from birth, 80% of the children will develop asthma by the age of 11.
Pollen
Plants have the function of purifying the environment. However, the pollen produced by some plants is allergenic and can cause hay fever allergic reactions in people. It is the most common and important of all allergic reactions. Symptoms include sneezing, tearing, nasal congestion, itching of the eyes and nose, asthma and dermatitis, etc.; sometimes it may develop into irreversible lesions such as emphysema, bullae, and cor pulmonale. The most common cause of allergic rhinitis in Asia is mites. Japan, India, and South Korea have the highest incidence rates of woody hay fever, and Malaysia and Thailand have the highest incidence rates of herbal hay fever. According to the National Institutes of Health Allergy Research Report, there are currently 14.7 million hay fever patients in the United States, and hay fever patients in the highest incidence areas account for more than 10% of the entire population (according to some data, 19%). The incidence rate of hay fever in my country is over 0.5-1%, with high-incidence areas reaching 5%.