Jujube shows the habit of growing all year round. As long as the temperature is suitable, the terminal bud will grow forward and sprout side branches with it. Every three nodes of the branch alternate with each other in the form of ribs, and every three nodes of the branch alternate with each other 1 time, and finally form the trunk at the branch level. The primary branch (main branch), secondary branch and tertiary branch (main bearing branch) can grow to 2 meters, with an average of 16 secondary branches. The secondary branch school can be 12 meters long, with an average of 8 tertiary branches: the length of the tertiary branch is 60CM, and multiple tertiary branches can grow.
Second, the flowering and fruiting characteristics of green events
The flower buds of jujube tree differentiate in season (year), and the differentiation is fast and the flowers are large. These flowers are the same branch. Flowers bloom during the day, starting at 6-8 am, and rarely bloom after 8- 1 1 2: 70% of the plants are planted in the first year. It takes about 65438 0.20 days from flowering to fruit ripening, and from April to 65438 0.02 days. However, the flowering ability of flowers in different periods is different, which basically only blooms in April-June, the flowering and fruit setting rate is low in July-August, and a small amount of fruits mature in June. In September-10, the flowering and fruit setting rate is high, and the fruit ripens in L-February. From a tree, the main result is that the three-level extension accounts for 90% of the total result; Secondary branches account for 9.5%, and primary branches (main branches) only account for 0.5%.
Third, the requirements of green jujube on environmental conditions
Soil: Jujube trees are not strict with soil, and slightly alkaline (PH 7.5 to above acid PH 7.5) soil is more suitable, requiring sandy loam soil, which is deep and convenient for irrigation and drainage. Temperature; Zizyphus jujuba is a positive plant. Sufficient sunshine is needed. The annual average temperature in the planting area is above 18℃ (23.8℃ in Yuanjiang), and the extreme minimum temperature is not lower than 0℃. The temperature difference between day and night during fruit expansion is large, which is helpful to sugar accumulation. Suitable for planting below the altitude of1200m.
Moisture: Jujube has developed root system and strong drought resistance, and can grow normally in areas with annual rainfall of 500mm (780mm in Yuanjiang) and relative humidity above 50%. Jujube requires high humidity at flowering stage, and 85% relative humidity is beneficial to pollination, and it requires less rain and sunny days at the mature stage of fertilized fruit, otherwise it will easily lead to a large number of fallen flowers and rotten fruits.
Fourth, colonization.
(1) pond digging, fertilization and backfilling:
The length, width and depth of the tree pool are required to be 1 m and 0.5m； respectively; Dig a pond of 4-6× 5-7 meters, and plant one plant in each pond, with one plant per mu 16-33. After the ponds are dug, 30-40 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.5- 1 kg of magnesium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate are applied to each pond. Fertilizer should be applied in 2-3 layers, and each layer of fertilizer should be backfilled with a layer of soil. When returning soil, put the soil down first, and then return all the soil dug from the upper surface to the hole. Pile up into a mound with a height of 20cm and a diameter of1m.
(2) Selection and configuration of varieties
You must choose good varieties for planting. Four conditions for good varieties:
1, big fruit, crisp meat, high sweetness and no astringency. It should be slightly acidic:
2, the peel is thin, smooth, bright, yellow-green, has a good taste, and does not stay after eating; Skin feeling.
3. The seeds are small, fleshy and high in soluble solids;
4, strong resistance, especially resistance to pests and diseases.
For example, Gaolang 1 has the above four conditions.
Jujube is a cross-pollinated plant. Pollination varieties must be configured, and any two varieties can pollinate each other, generally 6-8: 1.
(3) Planting period
It can be planted in spring, summer and autumn except winter. Spring is from March to May. June and July in summer and September in autumn-10. Yuanjiang can get a bumper harvest in March-April, which is more suitable for planting in that year.
(4) Colonial action
1, planting bagged seedlings and four seedlings with mud; Put the seedlings into the planting hole, gently cut the packaging bag with a sharp knife, try not to loosen the alternate soil, then hold the seedlings with one hand, so that the neck of the roots of the seedlings is basically flush with the surface of the tree tray, and use the other hand to pull up the roots from the outside layer by layer and compact them.
2. Planting bare-rooted seedlings: dig a small hole according to the length of the main lateral root for planting, so that the main lateral root can stretch naturally in layers. First, the taproot is buried with broken soil, then the lateral roots are buried layer by layer, and finally the gap formed by taproot and lateral roots is filled with fine soil, so that the fine soil can fully contact with the root system.
Real-time layered pressure, gradually compacted from the outward trunk, it is forbidden to compact at the side of the main root at the beginning, or tread too hard with your feet, resulting in air tightness in the rhizosphere. Fill it up to the root neck, then pour foot water, then fill the broken soil up to 2-3 cm above the root neck, repair the disk with a diameter of about 1 m, and then cover the disk with dry (rice) grass to keep moisture, cool down, prevent the surface soil from hardening and inhibit the growth of weeds.
Note: Before or after planting, seedlings with a height of 30-40 cm are mainly used. Bagged seedlings generally need to remove 2/3 of the leaves. Bare-rooted seedlings will cut off all the leaves, leaving only the petiole. Plastic films can also be placed on the stems to reduce water evaporation.
(5) Management from planting to seedling maturity
If it doesn't rain after planting, water it 1 time every 2-3 days until the new leaves sprout and turn green. Don't rush to fertilize from sowing to 1 shoot. In particular, do not use high-concentration chemical fertilizers and manure. When the 1 branch turns green and mature, apply 3-5 liters of 0.5% compound fertilizer water 20 cm away from the trunk. Or after the rain, apply 20-30g of compound fertilizer at the place 20-30cm away from the trunk, once every 10 day, 2-3 times.
Five, the main cultivation management techniques
(A) Fertilization technology
1. Fertilization for new tree planting: New jujube tree planting needs fertilization supply, which is easy to damage the root system. Therefore, fertilization should adhere to the principle of thin fertilizer and diligent application, that is, eat less and eat more meals. Generally, L-2 fertilizer should be applied once. After the rain, decomposed manure, chemical fertilizer or chemical fertilizer can be applied, and farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer can be used alternately. ① base fertilizer; After digging the pond, apply 30-40 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0/-0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer. (2) Topdressing: Topdressing farmyard manure usually uses 15%-20% urine cleaning water (about 25 kilograms of water per barrel plus 3.5-5 grams of human and animal urine); M is 7- 13% decomposed human and animal feces.
Water 3.5-5 kg each plant for either of the above two kinds, and apply it at a distance of 20 cm from the trunk, and gradually move outward with the expansion of the crown.
Topdressing chemical fertilizer, each plant can be applied with 25-50g of urea or compound fertilizer; It can be sprayed with water (0.4-0.5% concentration), or it can be evenly scattered in the drip line of the tree disc (if it rains, no ditching is required).
2, perennial tree fertilization
(1) base fertilizer. In February and March, after pruning, 20-30 kg of livestock manure and 0.5 g of dry phosphate fertilizer were deeply applied to each plant in the open ditch at the drip line of the crown. At this time, fertilization and root cutting can adjust the balance of root-shoot ratio and promote branch growth.
② Strong seedling fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, n: p: k = 2: 1: 1. New buds began to sprout one month after recovery, and kept sprouting from April to August. Therefore, from April to June, it is better to apply 15% compound fertilizer 1.5 kg and 0.5 kg of 46% urea as strong shoot fertilizer for each tree in three times.
③ Flower-promoting fertilizer: flowering and fruiting in September -65438+ 10. Therefore, it is required that the fertilizer for promoting flowers should be mainly applied in July and August, and the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be appropriate (2: 1: 2). Each plant was applied with 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.2 kg of urea, 0.2 kg of potassium chloride (or potassium citrate), 0. 1 kg of magnesium sulfate and 50 g of borax in two times.
④ Strong fruit fertilizer; From 1 application to 65438+February, n: p: x = 2: 1: 4. Compound fertilizer 65438+ urea 0.25 kg, potassium fertilizer 0.3 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.5 g and zinc sulfate 50 g are applied in three times.
At this stage, 0.2% borax and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also be used as topdressing outside tillage.
(2) Water resources management
1, in the new shoot growth period (April and July), cultivate the crown, and irrigate it in time during drought, otherwise the tree will be weak.
2. During the flowering and fruit-setting period (September 9. 10/October), irrigation should be suspended to promote the transformation of plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
3. During the fruit development period (1 1 month), plants need a lot of water. If mules suddenly alternate between wet and dry in this period, it will easily lead to flat weight and fruit drop.
4. Don't irrigate a lot during the harvest period (65438+February), otherwise the quality will decline.
(3) Crown management
1, pruning, jujube tree growth is large, the branches are mainly lateral and exogenous, and the branches are soft, slender and fragile, which are easy to break due to wind damage.
(1) planting and pruning new trees; After planting, cut off the stems at a height of 30-40 cffi. The well is supported by bamboo poles to keep the seedlings upright. After germination, select 3-4 strong lateral branches with good growth position on the trunk as the main branches (primary branches), and guide them in four directions with bamboo poles (lines) to make them evenly distributed to form a happy tree. Subsequently, ribbed side branches (secondary branches) are alternately formed on the main branches, and the new branches that grow on the side branches are the fruiting branches of the current year (tertiary and quaternary branches). Pruning generally begins in June and ends after June+June+June all results. Cut off seven kinds of branches, such as cross branches, over-dense branches, long branches, straight branches, slender branches, pest branches and mopping branches. In the month of 1 1, if there are a lot of fruits, you can cut off the young fruits or flower heads at the tip of the technology.
(2) Prune trees that have worked for more than years. After the fruit is harvested (February-March), the main branches need to be retracted and updated. There are three ways.
First, the regeneration method of short-cut main branches: the main branches are sawed off 20-30 cm above the original nodes, and after the new branches grow, 3-4 branches with suitable positions and vigorous growth are left to cultivate the main branches.
2. Renewal method of reserved scaffold: leave short main branches of 65,438+0.5m, and cut off all the side branches on the main branches, then girdle at the base of the main branches about 30cm (strip off the mouth of 5-65,438+00cm, which will be easy to heal if it is narrow), select robust buds near the main branches, and tie their new skills to the original main branches to cultivate new main branches of the year.
Third, the grafting method. Jujube is prone to bud mutation, and new varieties of natural hybridization emerge one after another. After the fruit is picked, the main branches are sawed off at a height of 30-60 cm from the ground, and the scions of excellent varieties are grafted on each original branch by shoe grafting or cutting.
2. Framework
(1) Triangles and quadrilaterals can be built according to trees.
(2) Cement column frame.
3 thinning fruit
Jujube has a large number of flowers and many fruits, with 8-30 small flowers per inflorescence. Generally, it can bear 4-5 fruits, but it is still excessive after natural fruit dropping, so it needs to be drained manually to avoid wasting nutrition. Fruits and vegetables are carried out before and after the size of peanuts and other fruits. First, combined with pruning, the slender branches, long branches and over-dense branches of the fruit are cut off, and then the over-dense fruits, small fruits, yellow diseased fruits and deformed fruits are removed. Generally speaking, it is better to leave 1 fruit in 1 2 inflorescence (that is, "1 node 1 fruit" or "2 nodes1fruit").
Pest control technology
Pests: mainly scarab, red spider, yellow thorn moth, moth eater, etc.
(1) scarab. The damaged leaves can be controlled by 40% poisonous weeds 1 1000 times, and it is best to kill them manually.
2 red spider; Leaves (back) are damaged, resulting in defoliation. Damage to the fruit leads to rough brown scars on the surface of the fruit, which affects the appearance and endoplasm. It can be controlled with 20% dicofol emulsion 800- 1000 times or 73% propargite EC 20003000 times.
③ Yellow thorn moth. You can use poison silk 1: 1000 times or regent L: 1000 times or vendetta (or kung fu) L: 2000 times to control.
(4) carnivorous insects. Carnivorous insects burrow into fruits and feed on pulp. Insect dung accumulates in the fruit, which rots and stinks and loses its edible value. There are two periods of prevention and control. First, the ground should be closed before adults appear. 300-fold solution of 50% phoxim or 0/000-fold solution of 40% poisonous silk/kloc can be used to seal the soil under the crown and kill the emerging adults. After spraying phoxim, the soil should be turned over shallowly to avoid photodegradation of the drug. Second, in the adult occurrence period or exudation peak period, 25% pozzolana 2000-3000 times solution or 2.5% Laifuling 2000-3000 times solution can be used to spray the crown.
2. Diseases: mainly powdery mildew, which harms young leaves and young fruits (fruits). As a result, the skin of the fruit becomes numb, shriveled, dull and cork. Available 50% sulfur glue suspension is 200-400 times, 15% triadimefon 1: 800- 1000 times, 40% Shen Xing EC 1: 5000-8000 times, and 62.25% fresh wettable powder.