Trauma first aid: standing medical supplies: band-aid, gauze, adhesive tape, cotton swab, iodophor of various sizes.
When doing housework, there is always a time when you accidentally cut your finger. Although cutting your finger is not a big problem, if you misjudge the injury, handle it improperly and delay treatment, small things will become big troubles.
First aid measures:
1. If the bleeding is less and the injury is not serious, clean the wound with a cotton swab, then disinfect it with iodophor and put a band-aid on the wound. It is recommended not to apply mercuric chloride, hemostatic powder and other drugs to the wound, as long as the wound is kept clean.
2. Don't panic if the wound is big and bleeding is endless. This is because the hand is rich in blood vessels, and the bleeding after trauma is faster and more. The simplest way to stop bleeding is to tie the root of the finger with a rubber band and then raise the affected limb. However, it should be noted that the rubber band must be relaxed for a few minutes every 20-30 minutes, otherwise it will easily lead to finger ischemia and necrosis.
3. Deep finger wounds must be treated in the hospital within 8~ 12 hours, and the treatment time cannot be delayed. Be sure to inject tetanus antitoxin.
Precautions:
1. It is forbidden to smear some coal ash, ash, anti-inflammatory powder, traditional Chinese medicine powder, etc. Wound. These powders are not necessarily sterile, but they can easily cause wound infection.
2. It is forbidden to directly cover the wound with toilet paper. Wound bleeding will melt toilet paper into pulp and stick to the wound, making it difficult to clean the wound.
Fever emergency: 1. Apply a cool wet towel (about 25) to your forehead and face.
2. Bathing with warm water (about 37℃) can dilate the blood vessels of the skin and radiate body heat; Washing away sweat stains after a fever and cleaning the skin will be beneficial to recovery.
People with a temperature above 38 can use ice packs to cool down. Pay attention to wrap a dry towel or cotton pad outside the ice pack to avoid skin frostbite; Ice packs can be placed in blood-rich places such as underarms or thigh roots, which is beneficial to heat dissipation.
4. Wipe limbs and back with 70% medical alcohol. The volatilization of alcohol can effectively reduce the temperature.
Matters needing attention
1. Stay in bed: Please stay in bed when you have a fever, so as to recover your strength and recover soon.
2. Replenish water: When you have a fever, sweat will increase, and water and salt in your body will be lost at the same time. You should drink more cold water, juice, etc. And pay attention to salt supplementation.
2. Avoid sweating, because it will make it difficult for the body to dissipate heat, aggravate sweating, and cause dehydration and discomfort.
3. Seek medical attention in time: If you find a fever, you must seek medical attention in time to find out the cause; Take antipyretics regularly and quantitatively according to the doctor's advice to treat the cause.
First aid for scald: 1. Once a scald occurs, whether it is scalded by boiling water or steam, the temperature of the scalded skin should be reduced first to reduce the further injury of the scald, and washing with water can also relieve the pain. Immediately put the scalded part under running water for washing or cold compress with a cold towel. If the burn area is large, the injured person should soak his whole body in a bathtub filled with cold water. You can wrap gauze or bandage loosely around the burn to protect the wound.
2. If the wound is not broken, soak it for about 10 minutes. If the wound is broken, don't soak it again to avoid infection.
Precautions:
1. You can't use ice to treat burns. Ice will damage the damaged skin and make the wound worse.
Don't burst the blister, or you will leave a scar. Don't just apply antibiotic ointment or grease to the wound. These sticky substances get dirty easily.
Don't take off your clothes in a hurry. When the scald is covered with clothes, don't take off your clothes in a hurry to avoid tearing blisters after scald. You can rinse it with clean water first.
Treatment of gastrointestinal discomfort: nowadays people like to order takeout or eat everywhere, which is prone to gastrointestinal problems. Diarrhea and abdominal pain after eating unclean things can take antidiarrheal drugs.
1. Eat montmorillonite powder when eating and drinking out, just in case. However, it should be noted that it is best not to eat diarrhea as soon as it appears, or to judge the situation carefully; If you have severe diarrhea, or if you still feel uncomfortable after having diarrhea twice, you can eat it. Montmorillonite powder is useless if you don't eat dirty things and have loose bowels. If you still have severe diarrhea or even fever after taking 2-3 tablets, you should seek medical attention because it may be a serious gastrointestinal infection or even a virus infection.
2. Irregular diet can easily lead to gastric mucosal damage, heartburn and hyperacidity. You can eat western food at this time, that is, you should chew it up before eating. Drinking water after taking it will affect the efficacy.
Emergency treatment of angina pectoris: 1. Stop all activities, calm down, stand and rest in place, and don't lie down, so as not to increase blood volume and increase the burden on the heart.
2. Take first-aid drugs with you, such as nitroglycerin tablets. Chew it and put it under your tongue. Generally, the pain can be relieved in about two minutes. If the effect is not good, take one tablet under the tongue after ten minutes and increase the dose. Note that no matter whether angina pectoris is relieved or recurred, it is not advisable to take more than three nitroglycerin tablets continuously.
3. For the elderly whose pain can't be relieved after the above treatment or whose attack is severe and lasts for a long time, we should consider the possibility of acute myocardial infarction and go to the hospital for examination and treatment in time.
Matters needing attention
1. Avoid eating foods with high fat and cholesterol, pay attention to hypolipidemic treatment, and avoid blocking heart blood vessels.
2. Eat more fruits and fresh vegetables and avoid spicy food such as hot pot. Proper amount of red wine and apple vinegar can soften blood vessels and reduce angina pectoris. Adjust the schedule, take a proper rest and reduce the workload.
3. Patients with angina pectoris often don't carry emergency medicine with them to avoid emotional confusion and go to the hospital for treatment in time.
Headache emergency: 1. When you have a headache, you should find a quiet room to rest, keep the environment clean and ventilated, and avoid mood swings; Applying a cold (hot) towel to the forehead can relieve the pain, and using a home oxygen inhalation machine can also relieve the headache.
Painkillers are usually effective for headaches. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs are effective and not addictive. They are the most commonly used headache painkillers. The most common are aspirin, ibuprofen and indomethacin. Taking painkillers requires vigilance to cover up the illness.
Precautions:
1. Headache can be a general manifestation of fatigue and tension, or it can be an accompanying signal of some serious diseases, such as brain tumor and hypertension. If the headache recurs and cannot be relieved, we should pay attention to it.
2. Headache caused by trauma is often accompanied by dizziness, insomnia and forgetfulness. If the headache gets worse, vomiting and disturbance of consciousness occur, you should be alert to the possibility of intracranial hematoma and go to the hospital in time.
First aid for heatstroke: 1. When there are signs of heatstroke, evacuate the high temperature environment immediately. Rest quietly in the shade and replenish salty drinks; If you stop breathing, give artificial respiration immediately.
2. Carry the patient to a cool place or an air-conditioned room to lie down and rest, and untie or take off clothes.
3. Wipe the whole body with a towel soaked in wet water and cool down by evaporation.
4. If cooling treatment can alleviate the illness, it belongs to severe heatstroke and needs to be sent to the hospital for further treatment in time.
Precautions:
1. People are weak after heatstroke. In the process of recovery, the diet should be light and easy to digest. Supplement necessary nutrients, such as water, salt, calories, vitamins, protein, etc.
Don't drink a lot of water at a time after heatstroke. Patients with heatstroke should drink a small amount of water many times; Strict water replenishment methods need to be measured by doctors, and it is more or less unnecessary to make up.
3. heatstroke prevention is the key. When working or walking in the sun for a long time, you should wear a straw hat or a sun hat and pay attention to rest. you can
First aid for sprain: 1. Sprain is a kind of joint injury. Once you are injured, you should immediately wrap it with elastic bandage and raise the injured part to avoid being injured again.
2. Within 48 hours of sprain, the soft tissue exudation of the injured part is aggravated, and cold compress should be used to reduce exudation, once every hour for half an hour; After 48 hours, the injured part began to absorb the previous exudate. This time should be changed to hot compress. Accelerating the blood circulation of the injured part can speed up the swelling.
Matters needing attention
It is forbidden to move the injured joint, otherwise it will easily aggravate the ligament injury and leave irreversible sequelae. If treated with the above methods, it will not be relieved or even aggravated within 7 days, and fracture, muscle strain or ligament rupture may occur, so it is necessary to go to the hospital for examination and treatment immediately.
Emergency treatment of pet bites: 1. Wash thoroughly with soapy water and tap water alternately 15 minutes.
2. Then wash the wound with water or normal saline, dry it with cotton ball and disinfect it with iodophor or alcohol.
3. Send the patient to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible. Doctors are responsible for wound treatment, and inject tetanus, rabies vaccine or immunoglobulin according to the wound condition.
Matters needing attention
1. Remember not to bandage or squeeze the wound, which will make the toxin quickly enter the human nervous system.
2. Proper treatment of wounds is the key to prevent disease onset. The sooner the better.
If there are children under 4 years old at home, it's best not to keep pets, so as to prevent problems before they happen.
First aid for hypoglycemia: The clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia are mainly hypoglycemia syndrome, which may include palpitation, hunger, fatigue, trembling hands and feet, pale skin, sweating, rapid heart rate, slight increase in blood pressure, etc.
1. If it is only mild hypoglycemia, the patient is awake. You can eat a few pieces of sugar, a few biscuits, or drink half a cup of sugar water, which can achieve the effect of quickly correcting hypoglycemia. Generally, the symptoms of hypoglycemia will disappear after ten minutes;
2. If the above methods still have no effect or the patient is delirious, he should be sent to the hospital for emergency treatment immediately.
First aid for knife wound: 1. If the wound is not big, there is not much bleeding, and the wound is relatively clean, and the injured fingers can stretch and bend, medical iodine can be used to disinfect the wound and surrounding skin. After drying, cover the wound with sterile gauze or band-aid.
If the wound is big and deep, it should be compressed to stop bleeding. At the same time, go to the hospital for treatment immediately.
3. If the finger is unfortunately cut off, immediately lift the injured finger, and then directly compress the wound with clean gauze to stop bleeding. If the blood is still flowing, you can also wrap a tourniquet around the root of your finger (you can use an ordinary cleaning rope instead) to stop the bleeding. Wrap the severed finger with sterile cloth and put it in a clean plastic bag.
Precautions:
1. Unless the pollution of the severed finger is particularly serious, generally do not wash it yourself, and do not. Don't soak the broken finger with any liquid. Go to the hospital for treatment immediately.
2. If the wound is small, you can use a band-aid; If the wound is large, it should be compressed to stop bleeding, and then seek medical attention immediately.
Pet bite treatment: If you are scratched or bitten by a cat or dog, you need to treat the wound immediately. First, put a tourniquet on the wound to prevent or reduce the virus from flowing into the whole body with the blood.
1. Wash the wound quickly with water or soap, thoroughly clean the wound, and don't bandage the wound.
2, quickly sent to the hospital for treatment, and within 24 hours of injection of rabies vaccine and tetanus antitoxin.
Precautions:
1. Don't scare your pet suddenly, so the pressure of animals will attack you instead;
2. When an animal comes to you, don't panic and stay where you are;
3. When stroking the pet, palm down and slowly approach;
4. When you are hurt, don't. Don't go near it
Cramp first aid: 1. Help the patient massage or pull the affected muscles and pull them repeatedly until the symptoms are relieved.
2. After the cramp is relieved, if there is still pain, you can use a hot water bottle or hot towel locally, or take a hot bath.
3. If the calf cramps in the middle of the night, you can press the wall with your toes and straighten your legs until the pain and cramps are relieved, and then massage.
Matters needing attention
Avoid swimming in1.y.
First aid for nosebleed: the faucet stands by and holds the cartilage under the bridge of the nose for about 5- 15 minutes with one hand, and slaps the face with cold water with the other hand to reduce the temperature of the face and achieve the effect of contracting blood vessels. Generally, this method can quickly stop nosebleeds.
Matters needing attention
1, nosebleeds, don't look up, so it is easy for nosebleeds to flow into the respiratory tract and be inhaled into the lungs, which not only stops bleeding, but also is dangerous.
2. The daily activities of the elderly should be slow, and don't blow your nose hard; For children with nosebleeds, pick their noses, rub their noses and place foreign objects curiously. It is easy to cause mucosal damage and should be corrected.
3. If the acute nosebleed can't stop bleeding for more than 20 minutes, you need to find a doctor to find the reason; Repeated nosebleeds need to be alert to serious diseases such as nasopharyngeal tumor, pulmonary hemorrhage and leukemia.
First aid measures for drowning: 1. First, ensure the safety of rescuers and try to use ropes and life-saving facilities for shore rescue; Being able to swim does not mean being able to rescue in water, which requires special training.
2. When the drowning person is rescued to a safe place, quickly judge the vital signs of the drowning person. If breathing and heartbeat have stopped, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately, and still follow ABC resuscitation operation. Do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation five times in a row, then do 30 chest compressions, then press 2:30 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, that is, blow twice and press 30 times, and so on until breathing, heartbeat recovery or ambulance arrives at the scene; If there is no breathing and heartbeat, there is no need to do chest compressions.
3. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, call 120 emergency number, or ask someone around you to call you and tell the emergency personnel the specific location and general situation.
Precautions:
1. People with serious diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, tuberculosis and skin diseases are not suitable for swimming.
2. Choose swimming places carefully. To swim in rivers, lakes and seas, we must first understand the water conditions. Waters with undercurrents, eddies, silt, rocks and aquatic plants are not suitable for swimming.
3. Get ready before going into the water. When you start physical activity, you should first wash your trunk and limbs with a small amount of cold water, so that your body can adapt to the water temperature as soon as possible, and avoid dizziness, palpitations, cramps and other symptoms after entering the water.
Don't do strenuous exercise when you are full or hungry, and don't swim after hard work.
5. Don't dive when the underwater situation is unknown.
Heimlich's first aid method: When we eat too fast, or laugh loudly when eating, old people with cough and swallowing dysfunction, or children with foreign bodies in their mouths or babies who put some coins and other foreign bodies in their mouths, foreign bodies may enter the airway, block breathing, and quickly progress to suffocation, coma and cardiac arrest. The main manifestations are inability to speak, cough, almost inability to breathe, and unexplained crying of the baby. What should I do at this time? While waiting for the ambulance, we can use Heimlich first aid to buy us more time.
1. The rescuer is behind the injured, with one leg on the leg between the injured. He rushed over and approached the injured man. The rescuer clenched his fist with one hand, aimed his fist at the victim's upper abdomen (two fingers above the navel), and grabbed his fist with the other hand, and quickly impacted up and down until the foreign body was discharged or the victim lost his response. This law applies to sober children and adults over one year old.
2. For children and adults with airway obstruction and unresponsiveness, let the injured person take the supine position for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. From chest compressions, check every 30 times to see if there is any foreign body discharged from the mouth. If there is, remove it carefully; If not, give two artificial breaths. Repeat this process until the emergency personnel arrive.
3./kloc-awake infants under 0/year-old can use abdominal impact technique (there are still some livers under the ribs of infants, which are easy to be damaged). Instead, it is a double-finger chest impact (the middle of the chest, the lower edge of the nipple junction) and a slap on the back of the palm. Press and hit the chest 5 times, then pat the back 5 times, alternately until the foreign body is discharged or the baby loses its response.
4. How to save yourself from severe airway obstruction? In theory, you can save yourself by hitting your abdomen with your fist or hitting your abdomen with a blunt chair or sofa. However, when there is a serious airway obstruction, the effect of doing it yourself may not reach the expected effect.
Precautions:
1. For coma patients, it is not recommended to hit the abdomen, but to take cardiopulmonary resuscitation, starting with pressing;
2, fishbone stuck in the throat, mostly thin fishbone, stuck in the throat or esophagus, will not block the airway, do not need to use Heimlich first aid;
3. Drowning people, whether they are breathing or cardiac arrest, do not need to use Heimlich first aid, but use cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
4. Awake infants under one year old have airway obstruction. They should beat the back and chest, not the upper abdomen.
First aid of respiratory cardiac arrest: the rescue of cardiac arrest must race against time. Never wait for the ambulance to come before sending it to the hospital for treatment. Take the following first aid measures for cardiopulmonary resuscitation:
First, it takes about 5- 10 seconds to quickly judge whether the patient's vital signs, breathing and pulse still exist, and then dial 120 to briefly describe the position and general situation. Then we started CPR.
1. Chest compressions: unbutton the patient. S clothes out of the chest, press the midpoint of the chest line, close your hands, straighten your wrists and elbows, and press vertically for 30 times at the rate of 100- 120 times per minute;
2, then check the foreign body in the nose and mouth, hold the jaw, press the forehead, make the jaw upturned, and tilt the head backwards, which is conducive to ventilation; Clear your throat and spit quickly; Cover your mouth at the same time and do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation twice. Therefore, cardiac compression and artificial respiration are alternately performed until the rescue is successful.
3. If the patient's face turns red, his breathing and heartbeat recover, he can feel the pulse and his pupils retract normally, then the rescue is effective.
4. Apply ice packs to the head to cool down, so as to avoid cerebral ischemia and edema and aggravate brain nerve damage.
5. rushed to the hospital for treatment.
Precautions:
1. The chest compression speed should not be lower than 100 times/minute or higher than 120 times/minute;
2. The depth of chest compression should not be shallower than 5cm or deeper than 6cm.
3. If there is a defibrillator on site, it needs to be defibrillated immediately. Don't press first and then defibrillation.
Important reminder:
In case of emergency, calling 120 and on-site first aid must be done at the same time; Mastering first aid knowledge can save lives, but it doesn't mean that you already have professional first aid skills and experience; Finally, the doctor's treatment should be based on the actual situation.