Mulberry Whatsheng Ramulus Taxilli
(English) Chinese Taxillus Twing
[Edit Paragraph]Basic Information
SourceThis product is the dried, strap-like stem and branches of Mulberry whatsheng (DC.) Danser, a member of the Mulberry family, known as Mulberry Whatsheng. Leafy stems and branches.
Sexual flavor and attributive meridian is bitter, sweet and flat. Attributed to the liver and kidney meridians.
Functions and Indications: Nourishing the liver and kidney, strengthening the muscles and bones, dispelling wind-dampness, and stabilizing the fetus. It is used for rheumatism paralysis, lumbar and knee pain, weakness of the muscles and bones, excessive menstrual discharges, leakage of blood in pregnancy, fetal restlessness; high blood pressure.
Applications
1. Used for rheumatism and paralysis pain, lumbar and knee pain and weakness. It is used in conjunction with Duhuo and Niu Knee.
2. It is used for the deficiency of liver and kidney, lumbar and knee pain, impotence and weakness of feet and knees. It is used in conjunction with Cortex Eucommiae and Cortex Eucommiae.
3. It is used for fetal leakage of blood, fetal restlessness. It is used in conjunction with Codonopsis pilosula, Cuscuta chinensis, Colla Corii Asini and so on.
In addition, this product also has antihypertensive effect.
Usage and dosage Decoction, 9-15g.
[Edit this paragraph]Proto-Plant
Source The leafy stems and branches of Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser, a plant in the family of Mulberry Mistletoe.
Phytomorphology Evergreen parasitic small shrub. Older branches glabrous, with raised gray-yellow lenticels, branchlets slightly covered with dark gray short hairs. Leaves alternate or nearly opposite, leathery, ovate-orbicular to long elliptic-ovate, 3-8cm long, 2-5cm wide, apex obtuse-rounded, entire, hairy when young; petiole 1-1.5cm long; cymes 1-3 clustered in the leaf axils, the pedicel, pedicel, calyx and corolla are reddish-brown stellate pubescent; calyx subglobose, united with the ovary; corolla narrowly tubular, slightly curved, purplish-red, 4-lobed at the apex; stamens 4; ovary inferior, 1-loculed. Berry ellipsoid, verrucose. Flowering period August to September, fruiting period September to October.
Parasitic on trees such as structure, acacia, elm, cottonwood and park. Produced in Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan.
Harvesting Winter to the next spring harvesting, remove the thick stems, cut, dry, or dry after steaming.
Characteristics The stem and branches are cylindrical, 3-4cm long, 0.2-1cm in diameter; the surface is reddish-brown or gray, with fine longitudinal lines and numerous tiny lenticels, and the branchlets have brownish-red fine hairs. Sometimes show the leaves, more curled, complete is ovoid, entire, brown, leathery, young leaves are also covered with brown-red fine hairs. The stem is hard, the section is not neat, the skin is reddish brown, the murmur color is lighter. Odorless, taste astringent.
Chemical composition of branches and leaves contain avicularin, and quercetin.
[Edit Paragraph]Pharmacopoeia Standard
English name HERBA TAXILLI
Alias parasitic, mulberry parasitic
Source This product is the dry leafy stem and branches of the mulberry parasitic Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser, a plant of the family of mulberry parasiticaceae. It is harvested from winter to the next spring, and the thick stems are removed, cut into pieces and dried, or steamed and dried.
Preparation Remove impurities, slightly washed, moistened, cut into thick slices, dried.
Characteristics of the product stem and branches are cylindrical, 3 ~ 4cm long, 0.2 ~ 1cm in diameter; surface reddish-brown or gray-brown, fine longitudinal lines, and most of the fine raised brown lenticels, shoots are visible brown velvet hairs; hard texture, the cross-section is not neat, reddish-brown cortex, lighter wood color. Leaves more curled, with a short stalk; leaf blade spread flat was ovate or elliptic, 3 ~ 8cm long, 2 ~ 5cm wide; surface yellow-brown, young leaves were fine velvet hairs, apex obtuse rounded, base rounded or wide cuneate, entire; leathery. Odorless, taste astringent.
Pharmacological effects of mistletoe Experimental studies on circulatory and myocardial effects:
1. Effects on the isolated heart: According to Iangendorff's method, with the method of Iangendorff, using Lohmann's solution, at 80mm water column and 35-37 ℃ perfusion of the isolated heart, using 222-400g guinea pigs (males and females), 40 guinea pigs were divided into four groups, that is, the mistletoe group (each 1ml containing 2g of raw medicine injection), the mistletoe group (each 1ml containing 2g of raw medicine), the mistletoe group (each 1ml of raw medicine injection). injection of raw drug), posterior pituitary hormone group, posterior pituitary hormone ten mistletoe group and mistletoe perfusion of fibrillating isolated heart group. Two sets of perfusion tubes were used as perfusion of Rockwell's solution and different test drug solutions. Drugs were diluted in Rockwell's solution and cardiac contraction was indicated by lever tracing of heart beat amplitude. The heart beat rate was recorded and coronary effluent per minute was collected. It was collected continuously for 5 minutes before and 5 minutes at the time of administration and the average per minute value was taken to compare the efficacy of the drug. Results Dilution of rather 0.25 g of raw mistletoe into 100 ml of Lohse's solution significantly increased coronary flow in normally beating isolated hearts by an average of 97%, a concentration that was essentially unaffected by heart rate. 1.2 Effect on prepared rat heart and lung specimens: Experiments were carried out using prepared specimens of rat heart and lungs as per the usual conventional method of studying changes in cardiac function. As a result, mistletoe injection equivalent to 1g and 0.4g of raw drug was injected in two dose groups, i.e., 20 ml of blood source. The resultant cardiac output per minute was essentially unchanged and blood pressure remained stable under conditions of unchanged peripheral resistance after administration of the drug. Both groups slowed down the heart rate, thus increasing the cardiac output per beat. The effects on heart rate and cardiac output were most pronounced at 1 minute and then gradually diminished. The effects of the two dose groups were similar, with a slightly stronger effect in the high-dose group.
3. Effect on canine coronary flow and aortic flow: 5 dogs with an average body weight of 12.1 kg were anesthetized, and after chest dissection, the left coronary artery circumflex branch and the base of the ascending branch of the aortic arch were stripped of adipose tissue, and the MF-26 electromagnetic flowmeter probe was placed. The left gyratory branch and aortic flow were recorded at the same time to observe the effect of mistletoe injection on coronary circulation and body circulation. The drug was injected at 12.5 mg total flavonoids/Kg body weight at a rate of 25 mg/minute by femoral vein injection using an electronic constant velocity perfusion pump. Results Mistletoe significantly lowered arterial pressure and slowed heart rate. Coronary flow was significantly increased at 1 minute after discontinuation of the drug (from the left-hand branch, which was maintained for a short period of time and gradually returned to the pre-dose level after 5 minutes. And there is a tendency to increase on the output per minute and per blog, to a peak at 25 minutes after stopping the drug.
4. Effects on coronary artery power and myocardial oxygen consumption: 6 dogs (4, 2), average weight 11.8 kg. After anesthesia and open chest artificial respiration, coronary sinus intubation through the cardiac auricle, systemic heparinization at 10 mg/kg body weight, and measurement of coronary sinus flow according to the KaBepNHa M B device. At the same time, blood was taken from the coronary sinus and one side of the femoral artery, and the partial pressure of blood oxygen was immediately determined by oximetry and calculated according to the relevant formula. Appropriate rehydration fluids were injected from the femoral vein using an electronic constant velocity perfusion pump; drug administration. Mistletoe was injected at 25 mg total flavonoids/minute for a total of 20 mg/kg body weight. Results There was a tendency for coronary flow to increase after administration, but it was not significant. Coronary resistance decreased, more significantly by 15 minutes after administration. Mistletoe reduced myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial oxygen utilization after administration. However, the significant reduction was short-lived.
2. Antiarrhythmic effects:
2.1. Preventive effect on arrhythmia caused by intravenous injection of posterior pituitary hormone injection in rats: rats weighing 190-300g, anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital 45mg/kg, take the supine position with a needle electrode inserted into the four limbs subcutaneously, the record of electrocardiogram Ⅱ lead range. Separate femoral vein was injected and cannulated for drug injection. In the medicated group, 1ml/kg of mistletoe injection (each 1ml contains 2g of the herb, equivalent to 10mg of total mistletoe flavonoids) was injected in advance, and the ECG was recorded after 45 seconds. Immediately after recording, 1 unit/kg of posterior pituitary hormone was injected and the ECG was traced continuously for 1 minute, and later at 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes. In the control group, an equal amount of saline was used instead of posterior pituitary hormone injection. After the injection of posterior pituitary leptin, the ECG first showed cardiac ischemia manifestations such as T-wave hyperacuity and ST-segment elevation, followed by various arrhythmias, mainly ventricular premature beats, followed by sinus arrhythmia and bradycardia, and in a few cases, atrioventricular block and sinus arrest were seen. Most of these abnormalities appeared 1 minute after injection. Mistletoe injection has a significant preventive effect on these ECG changes. The main manifestations are the reduction of the degree of abnormal ECG changes and the maintenance of abnormal rhythms.
2.2. Antagonistic effect on arrhythmia induced by constant-rate drip of wowbaine in guinea pigs: Guinea pigs were anesthetized and separated when the vein and intubated for dripping the drug. The control group was titrated by diluting 1 ml of wowbaine into 20 ml containing 25 μg of wowbaine per 1 ml. For the drug administration group, 6 ml of mistletoe injection (6 g of raw herb per 1 ml) was added to the above solution. The titration was performed with an electronic micro pump, and the time of appearance of various arrhythmias after the start of the titration was recorded, and then the dose of wowbaine required to produce arrhythmias was calculated according to the body weight of the guinea pigs and the titration rate. Electrocardiographic changes such as sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, prolonged PR interval, and atrioventricular block were observed in both groups of guinea pigs prior to the development of ventricular premature beats. After the simultaneous titration of mistletoe and wowbine, the dose of wowbine-induced ventricular fibrillation and lethality had a tendency to increase, but did not reach a statistically significant level. If the dose of mistletoe was increased, it might have a more obvious antagonistic effect on wowbine-induced arrhythmia.
2.3 Effect on arrhythmia induced by intravenous injection of aconitine or calcium chloride in rats: The experimental results show that mistletoe injection has no preventive effect on arrhythmia induced by aconitine or calcium chloride, and it may even aggravate arrhythmia induced by the two drugs.
3. Prevention and treatment of acute myocardial infarction:
3.1. Improvement of myocardial oxygen consumption of the experimental observation of 28 rabbits, weighing 2.596 ± 0.363 kg. divided into sham operation control group, simple coronary artery ligation group and mistletoe prevention and treatment group, in addition to inter-group control, while in their own heart each take A, B two areas for their own control. In the mistletoe control group, 2 ml of mistletoe injection was used for each rabbit. Myocardial oxygen consumption was measured by oxygen electrode oxygen measurement method. Results In the eight normal unligatured sham-operated controls, zone A was not ligatured although the chest was opened and the needle was threaded. The oxygen consumption value of their A area (proposed infarcted area) was 62.813±6.205mm HgO2, while the B area (normal control area) was 67.125±5.580mm HgO2The two were statistically analyzed and there was no significant difference (P＞0.05). In 12 infarcted group rabbits, A area (infarcted area) after ligation, its oxygen consumption value is much higher than B.
3.2. Antagonistic effect on guinea pig constant rate drip wowbaine-induced arrhythmia: guinea pig anesthesia when separated from the vein and intubated for dripping the drug with. The control group was titrated by diluting 1 ml of wowbaine into 20 ml containing 25 μg of wowbaine per 1 ml. Drug delivery group 6 ml of mistletoe injection (6 g of raw herb per 1 ml) was added to the above solution. The infusion was performed with an electronic micro pump, and the time of onset of each arrhythmia was recorded. The dose of wobbaine required to produce the arrhythmia was then calculated according to the body weight of the guinea pigs and the drip rate. Electrocardiographic changes such as sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, prolonged PR interval, and atrioventricular block were observed in both groups of guinea pigs before the development of ventricular premature beats. After the simultaneous titration of mistletoe and wowbine, the dose of wowbine-induced ventricular fibrillation and lethality had a tendency to increase, but did not reach a statistically significant level. If the dose of mistletoe was increased, it might have a more obvious antagonistic effect on wowbine-induced arrhythmia.
3.3 Effect on arrhythmia induced by intravenous injection of aconitine or calcium chloride in rats: The experimental results show that mistletoe injection has no preventive effect on arrhythmia induced by aconitine or calcium chloride, and it may even aggravate arrhythmia induced by the two drugs.
4. Inhibition of platelet aggregation:
4.1. Effect on platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, thrombin and arachidonic acid sodium salt (AA-Na): Mistletoe Injection (produced by Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Factory), each milliliter contains 10mg of total glycosides (equivalent to 2g of raw medicine). Acetylsalicylic acid and Danshen injection (produced by Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine Factory) were used as control drugs. The animals were white rabbits with big ears, and the experimental results showed that when mistletoe (total glucoside) 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4mg/ml were added into the drug tube, the inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, thrombin and AA-Na was obvious, and the inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation when mistletoe was 3.2 and 6.4mg/ml was also obvious. The above effects were similar to those of acetylsalicylic acid (8mg/ml) and Salvia divinorum injection (250mg/ml in raw form).
4.2. Effect on cAMP and cGMP levels in platelets: mistletoe (total glycosides 10mg/ml PRP) significantly increased cAMP levels in platelets, and decreased cGMP levels in platelets
4.3. Effect on platelet prostaglandin metabolites, TXA2 (Thromboxane A2) and MDA (Malondialdehyde): the effect was similar to that of acetylsalicylic acid (8mg/ml) and Danshen injection (in raw form: 250mg/ml). Malondialdehyde): Mistletoe significantly attenuated the contraction amplitude of rabbit aortic strips induced by TXA2-like substances, inhibiting the contraction rate by 36.14%. Therefore, mistletoe can inhibit the biosynthesis of TXA2-like substances in platelets. In vivo injection of mistletoe total glucoside 4mg/kg can significantly inhibit AA a Na conversion metabolism produced by MDA, MDA content decreased time density value decreased significantly, the strength of the effect is similar to that of acetylsalicylic acid.
5. The effect of cyclic nucleotide content in ischemic myocardium: the increase of cAMP in ischemic myocardium is the cause of arrhythmia, to reduce the ischemic myocardium in the cAMP or block its role in the harmful links, it may be able to fight against arrhythmia, reduce the degree of myocardial ischemia, the role of cAMP is also subjected to the effect of cGMP, the ratio of cAMP/cGMP has a significant importance on the regulation of cardiomyocyte function. The cAMP/cGMP ratio is important for the regulation of cardiomyocyte function. Mistletoe injection 2 ml (50 mg) each, tritium-labeled cyclic nucleotides, 3H a cAMP (37 ci/mmol), 3H a cGMP (15 ci/mmol), rat body weight of 377±83.9 g, cAMP and cGMP were determined with reference to the modified Gilman radiotracer protein competition binding method.
Results:
5.1. Normal values of myocardial tissues in rats: the content of cAMP in the left ventricle was 1.33±0.41 (pmol/ml wet tissue, M±SE, and the same units for the following values). The right ventricular was 0.94±0.19, the left ventricular myocardial cGMP content was 0.11±0.02, and the right ventricular was 0.12±0.02, which is similar to the rat myocardial cAMP content of 0.9-2.7cGMP content of 0.04-0.24 reported in the literature.
5.2. Myocardial infarction experiments:
5.2.1. cAMP changes: cAMP content in ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium measured at 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 5 hours for each group of experiments are shown in Table 10. cAMP content in ischemic 1-minute myocardium in myocardial infarction group is significantly higher than that in non-ischemic myocardium and in the control group of hypothetical ischemic myocardium (P<0.05), and in the 15 minutes and 5 hours there was no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). cAMP content in myocardial tissues was reduced or tended to be reduced in all groups after application of mistletoe. Among them, the decrease in myocardial cAMP content was especially obvious in 1 hour of ischemia (P < 0.05). Myocardial cGMP content in myocardial infarction 1 hour of ischemia had a tendency to increase compared with control group assuming 1 hour of ischemia (0.05 < P < 0.1), P close to 0.05, and there was no significant difference in eGMP content of each myocardial tissue between myocardial infarction and control group when compared on the two moments of 15 minutes and 5 hours. After application of mistletoe, the cGMP content of non-ischemic myocardium (NMIH) showed a tendency to decrease at 1 and 5 hours compared with non-ischemic myocardium (NMI) of myocardial infarction (0.05 < P < 0.1).
5.2.2. Changes in cAMP/cGMP ratios: The cAMP/cGMP ratios in ischemic and nonischemic myocardium obtained at 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 5 hours in each experimental group were significantly higher in ischemic myocardium of the myocardial infarction group at 1 hour of myocardial infarction (NMI) and tended to be higher in the hypothetical ischemic myocardium (MIS) than in the control group ( 0.05 < P < 0.1). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the 15-minute and 5-hour intervals.56 Myocardial cAMP/cGMP ratios were generally slightly higher in all groups compared with the values in the 15-minute and l-hour groups. After application of mistletoe, there was a tendency for the cAMP/cGMP ratio to decrease in the ischemic zone myocardium at l hour compared with that in the ischemic l hour myocardium group of the myocardial infarction group (0.05 < P < 0.1).
6. Effect on enkephalin content after reversal of experimental hypertension: Wistar purebred rats were used for the experiment, weighing 150-250g, placed in a constant temperature environment, and fed with ordinary chow. After anesthesia, the left kidney was removed, and each rat was injected with 5mg of DOCA (Deoxycorticosterone Acetate) subcutaneously twice a week, and at the same time drinking 1% salt solution. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured once a week at a fixed time using the tail-volume method, and at the end of the 6-week period, if the SBP was higher than its own pre-surgical level by 20 mmHg, and if the SBP exceeded 120 mmHg, the rats were determined to be hypertensive rats.
The hypertensive rats were then randomly divided into:
6.1.DOCA salt 6-week group, n=10, and were executed at the end of 6 weeks by severing their heads.
6.2.DOCA salt 12 weeks group, n=8, continued subcutaneous injection of DO- CA with drinking saline.
6.3. Reversal control group, n=8, stopped subcutaneous injection of DOCA with drinking saline.
6.4. Reversal mistletoe group, n=9, stopped subcutaneous injection of DOCA with drinking saline. Daily gavage with mistletoe concentrated decoction (5 g raw/each). 6.2., 6. (4.) Groups were executed by decapitation at the end of 12 weeks. The other rats of the same monthly age were taken without any treatment, and were executed at the end of 6 and 12 weeks (n=8) as the normal group. After necropsy, the brains were heated in boiling saline for about 4 minutes, and the brainstem, striatum and hypothalamus were separated according to the natural boundaries, weighed, and the homogenate of brain tissue was prepared. The contents of meiheptorphin (MEK) and leupeptin (LEK) in the above brain regions were measured by radioimmunoassay and expressed as pg/mg wet weight of brain tissue. Data statistics were expressed as X±SD, and significant differences were compared by analysis of variance (F-value) and t-test. RESULTS: In normal rats, SBP was 93.4±15.2 and 105.4±14.9 mmHg at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. in rats with the left kidney removed, BP increased rapidly 3-4 weeks after subcutaneous injection of DOCA with saline. at the end of the 6-week period, SBP was 155.4/21.7 mmHg. in both the reversed-control and reversed-mistletoe groups, blood pressure decreased significantly within 3-4 weeks of discontinuing subcutaneous injections of DOCA with saline drinking after 1 buzz? SBP decreased significantly in both the reversal control group and the reversal mistletoe group after stopping subcutaneous injection of DOCA and drinking 1 buzz? In the reversed mistletoe group, the SBP was 107±17.5 mmHg at 12 weeks, returning to the level of the normal group, and in the reversed control group, the SBP was 124.9±13.4 mmHg at 12 weeks, which was significantly higher than that of the normal group, even though the SBP decreased as well (t=2.88, P
7. Effect on immune action: A mixture of mistletoe extracts containing phytoalexin and thymus extracts, etc., can be used in tumor therapy as a cell division-promoting immunostimulant to control and regulate the immune system.
Identification
(1) Transverse section of the stem of this product: epidermal cells sometimes remain. The cork layer is more than 10 rows of cells, some containing brown material. Cortex is narrow, old stems have stone cell groups, thin-walled cells containing brown material. Middle column sheath area with stone cell clusters and fiber bundles, intermittent ring rows. Phloem very narrow, rays scattered with stone cells. Formation layer in bundles is obvious. Xylem rays 1-4 columns wide, stone cells also visible near the pith; ducts single scattered or 2-3 clustered. Pith with clusters of stone cells, thin-walled cells containing brown material. Some stone cells contain calcium oxalate square crystals or brown material. Powder yellowish brown. Stony cells square, rounded, occasionally branched, some walls three sides thick, one side thin, containing calcium oxalate square crystals. Fibers in bundles, about 17μm in diameter. Ciliated pores, reticulation and threaded ducts are common. Stellate hair branching fragments are rare.
(2) Take 5g of powder, add methanol - water (1:1) 60ml, heating reflux for 1 hour, while hot, filtered, the filtrate is concentrated to about 20ml, add 10ml of water, and then add dilute sulfuric acid about 0.5ml, boiling and refluxing for 1 hour, extracted with ethyl acetate by shaking for 2 times, 30ml each time, combined with ethyl acetate, concentrated to about 1ml, as a test solution, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. 1ml, as the test solution. Take quercetin control product, add ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml, as the control solution. According to thin-layer chromatography (Appendix VI B), absorb 10μl of each of the above two solutions, respectively, on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate prepared with 0.5% sodium hydroxide solution, with toluene (water-saturated)-ethyl formate-formic acid (5:4:1) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, air-drying, sprayed with 5% aluminum trichloride in ethanol solution, placed in the ultraviolet lamp (36.6%). The chromatograms were examined under a UV lamp (365 nm). In the chromatogram of the test product, in the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control product, the fluorescent spots of the same color.
Taste and flavor attribution bitter, sweet, flat. Attributed to the liver and kidney meridian.
Functions and Indications It is used to tonify the liver and kidney, strengthen the muscles and bones, dispel wind-dampness, and stabilize the fetus. Used for rheumatism paralysis, lumbar and knee pain, weakness of muscles and bones, leakage of menstruation, leakage of blood in pregnancy, fetal restlessness; high blood pressure.
Dosage 9~15g.
Store in a dry place, prevent moth.
Remarks
(1) For rheumatism and paralysis, insufficiency of the liver and kidney, lumbar and knee pain is most suitable, often used in conjunction with Duhuo and Niuji. It is often used in combination with Cortex Eucommiae and Cortex Eucommiae. It is also used in combination with Cortex Eucommiae and Cortex Eucommiae for those who suffer from deficiency of the liver and kidney, pain in the waist and knee, and weakness in the tendons. It is used for the deficiency of liver and kidney, not solid and solid cause of fetal leakage of blood, fetal restlessness, often with the sequestrum, cuscuta, Agaricus and other combinations. In addition, this product has antihypertensive effect, in recent years, commonly used in hypertension.
Excerpts from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia