The ancient cooking methods in Song Dynasty included roasting (Sheng Hui Fang), nine steaming and nine exposure (Zheng Lei), soaking in rice (General Record), frying in yellow (Woman), and burning ashes to preserve the nature (Zhu Shi). In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there were methods such as boiling (Confucianism) and soaking in wine (Danxi). In the Ming Dynasty, cooking methods such as steaming and baking with wine (General Prescription), frying with salt water (Outline) and frying with salt water (Baoyuan) were used. In the Qing Dynasty, there were nine cooking methods, such as nine steaming and nine drying (Dacheng), frying for the end (Discrimination of Righteousness), soaking and baking in wine (Fengyuan) and frying black (Huibian).
Modern processing method
1, Platycladus orientalis leaves: take the original medicinal materials and remove impurities and hard stems.
2. Charcoal of Platycladus orientalis leaves: take clean Platycladus orientalis leaves, put them in a frying container, heat them with strong fire, fry until the surface is brown, spray a little water to extinguish the sparks, and take them out and let them cool thoroughly.
The characteristics of decoction pieces: the leaves of Platycladus orientalis are irregular multi-node branches and leaves with bluish green or yellowish green surface, crisp quality, slightly fragrant gas and bitter taste. The surface of arborvitae charcoal is brown and slightly shiny.
Quality standard: The impurity of Platycladus orientalis leaves shall not exceed 6%, the moisture shall not exceed 1 1.0%, the total ash shall not exceed 10.0%, and the alcohol extract shall not be less than 15.0%. The quercitrin content shall not be less than 0. 10%.
Processing purposes Platycladus orientalis leaves taste bitter, astringent and cold. Return to lung meridian, liver meridian and spleen meridian. It has the functions of cooling blood, stopping bleeding, promoting hair growth and blackening hair. Raw Platycladus orientalis leaves can clear away heat and cool blood, relieve cough and eliminate phlegm. It is used for various bleeding syndromes of blood-heat rash, such as cough with excessive phlegm, damp-heat leukorrhagia and alopecia. After frying charcoal, the coldness tends to be peaceful, and it is specialized in astringency and hemostasis. It is often used for various bleeding syndromes with insufficient heat and evil.
clinical application
1.
(1) Blood-heat rash: It is often used with Radix Rehmanniae, Folium Nelumbinis and Folium Artemisiae Argyi to cool blood and stop bleeding. It is used for hematemesis and epistaxis due to blood-heat rash, such as Sisheng Pill (Woman).
(2) Cough and asthma: It is often used with almond and Peucedanum, which can enhance the effect of relieving cough and eliminating phlegm, and can be used for phlegm-heat blocking lung and cough and asthma. It can be used to treat chronic tracheitis if it is combined with Herba GnRH.
(3) Hair loss and premature graying: grinding Platycladus orientalis and applying sesame oil. Or fresh products are soaked in 60% ethanol and rubbed on the scalp to relieve itching and promote hair growth. Platycladus orientalis leaves can be taken orally to blacken hair.
2. Preparation (charcoal medicine)
(1) Hemorrhage due to deficiency-cold: It is often used with Folium Artemisiae Argyi and Zingiberis Rhizoma to warm meridians and stop bleeding.
(2) Hemoptysis, hematemesis and epistaxis: It is often used with Cirsium japonicum, Cirsium japonicum and Rhizoma Imperatae, and has the functions of cooling blood, arresting astringency and stopping bleeding, and can be used for hemoptysis, hematemesis and epistaxis caused by blood heat, such as Shihui Powder (Record after Classics like Xiu Yue Lu).
(3) Hematocrit in the stool: it is often used with Sophora japonica to stop bleeding and regulate intestines, and can be used for bloody stool, bloody bowel wind, bloody dirty poison and other diseases. Combined with lotus leaf, dried rehmannia root and paraquat, it can cure hematochezia by decocting in water (National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine).
(4) metrorrhagia: Combined with Radix Dipsaci, Colla Corii Asini, Carapax Trionycis preparata, and Calcined Halloysitum rubrum, it can cure those who are weak in vitality and leak blood during metrorrhagia, such as Baiye Powder (Woman).
Modern research shows that the leaves of Platycladus orientalis contain volatile oil, and the oil contains Platycladus orientalis, Platycladus orientalis ketone, fennel ketone, pinene, caryophyllene and so on. It also contains flavonoids such as citrinin, quercetin, myricetin, platycladi biflavone, amentoflavone, quercitrin, etc. In addition, vegetable oil also contains fatty acids and their esters; The leaves also contain trace elements such as potassium, sodium, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Pharmacological experiments and clinical observations have proved that Platycladus orientalis leaves not only have hemostatic, antitussive, antiasthmatic, expectorant and sedative effects, but also have inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Catarrhagia, Shigella dysenteriae, Typhoid Bacillus, Diphtheria, Streptococcus B and Bacillus anthracis, and have good therapeutic effects on metrorrhagia, pertussis, herpes zoster, burns, mumps and alopecia. The alcohol extract of Platycladus orientalis leaves contains strong anti-inflammatory components, and its mechanism is related to inhibiting the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Ethyl acetate extract from Platycladus orientalis leaves can inhibit the contraction of tracheal smooth muscle induced by acetylcholine and potassium chloride, which may be related to the transmembrane transport of Ca2+. Processing has certain influence on its physical and chemical properties and pharmacological effects.
Some people compare the chemical composition of raw leaves of Platycladus orientalis and charcoal products. The results showed that the content of volatile oil in the roasted leaves of Platycladus orientalis was significantly lower than that in the raw leaves (based on the raw leaves content 100%, the charcoal product decreased by 42.11%). Water-soluble extracts and charcoal products increased slightly compared with raw products; Compared with raw products, the content of tannin has not increased significantly. It shows that the enhancement of astringency and hemostasis after charcoal frying is not caused by the increase of tannin. In TLC, there are 7 spots in raw products and only 5 spots in charcoal products under natural light; Under ultraviolet light, raw products show seven fluorescent spots, while carbon products only have three, and the color, intensity and Rf value of the spots are different. It shows that some chemical components of Platycladus orientalis leaves have disappeared and some have been transformed into new components after charring. The content of quercitrin is related to processing temperature and processing method. When the baking temperature is 100℃ and 150℃, the content of quercitrin in processed products is one ten thousandth. When the baking temperature exceeded 200℃, quercitrin was not detected in the processed samples. Quercetin in different processed products of Platycladus orientalis was determined by HPLC. It was also considered that the processing temperature and time had a great influence on the content of quercetin, and the quercetin was destroyed in different degrees due to the influence of temperature during the processing. The order of quercetin content change was as follows: raw products >; Steamed wine > Fried yellow goods > Fried products with vinegar > Salted fried food > Fried coke > Steamed products > The quercitrin in the fried charcoal products is almost lost. Quercetin, a new component, is produced in charcoal products compared with raw products. It is speculated that quercitrin bond may be broken to produce aglycone quercetin, and its content gradually increases first and then decreases with the increase of heating temperature. When the heating temperature is fixed, the content of quercetin increases first and then decreases with the extension of frying time. The content of quercetin can obviously indicate the processing degree of carbon in Platycladus orientalis leaves, and quercetin can be used as an index component for the determination of carbon content in Platycladus orientalis leaves. The contents of total flavonoids, tannins, trace elements and TLC were also used as indicators to compare the raw, baked and charcoal products of Platycladus orientalis leaves. The results showed that the contents of flavonoids and tannins were: raw >; ; Baked products > ; Charcoal. The content of calcium is: charcoal > ; Raw products > ; Baked goods. The content of trace elements in each processed product is different. The thin-layer qualitative experiment shows that the chemical composition of each processed product has changed qualitatively. Baked products and charcoal products do not contain rutin, and charcoal products only show one spot. It is also reported that the content of main components of Platycladus orientalis leaves has changed after being processed by different methods. The contents of total flavonoids and volatile oils are related to the processing degree, and the heavier the processing degree, the lower the content of them. The experimental results also show that moderate processing can increase the tannin content, but too much carbonization will decrease it. GC-MS was used to analyze the changes of the volatile oil composition of raw Platycladus orientalis, dried Platycladus orientalis and carbon Platycladus orientalis. The compounds 3,7- dimethyl-1, 3,6-octtriene (4.95%), camphene (5.24%) and β-2- camphene (7.67. β -humulone (6.44%) was added to the baked product, and the content of 1 and 8- terpenoid increased. N- docosane and y- cineole were added to the charcoal, and the contents of 1, 8- terpinene and limonene increased.
Taking the hemostatic effect of Platycladus orientalis charcoal as the index, the processing technology was optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the charcoal of Platycladus orientalis should be processed by calcination, and the calcination temperature should be controlled between 240 ~ 270℃ for 40 minutes. The content of various trace elements in this kind of processed products has obviously increased. At the same time, the experimental results also show that the hemostatic effect of the high tannin content in the carbon sample of Platycladus orientalis is not the strongest; The tannin content is lower than that of raw products, but it has a significant effect on shortening the coagulation time of animals. It shows that tannin is not the main hemostatic component in arborvitae charcoal. In addition, the charcoal preparation of Platycladus orientalis leaves by stewing can reduce the loss of volatile oil content, increase calcium content and strengthen hemostasis. In addition, it is considered that the main active part of hemostasis is the total flavonoids. Using orthogonal test and quercetin as the index component, the optimum processing technology of Chinese arborvitae charcoal was determined as follows: the frying temperature was controlled at 280℃ and the frying time was 5 minutes, and the properties of Chinese arborvitae charcoal pieces met the requirements of Pharmacopoeia. It has also been reported that the temperature of roasted Platycladus orientalis leaves is easy to control, the yield of finished products is high, the loss of components is less, and the hemostatic effect is good. It is considered that the baking method is superior to the traditional charcoal frying method. The technological parameters of this baking method are160 ~180℃ for 20 minutes.
According to the experiment, when the baking temperature of Platycladus orientalis leaves is100 ~ 200℃, the hemostatic effect is very significant, and the hemostatic effect of charred Platycladus orientalis leaves is similar to that of baked products at 200℃, and they have very significant differences compared with the normal saline control group. The bacteriostatic test showed that all the processed products of Platycladus orientalis had certain bacteriostatic effect in vitro, and the strength of their effects was as follows: raw products >; ; Baked products > ; Charcoal.
attach
1. Modern processing methods include roasting, steaming and wine making.
2. Excerpt from the document "Baked Slightly Yellow" ("Shenghui Fang"). "Nine steaming and nine exposure, smashing Luo is the end" ("Syndrome"). "Burning ash is persistent, grinding it into fine powder, wrapping it in paper, and covering the bowl on the ground for one night, which will lead to fire poison" (Ten Drugs). "Wine poisoning blood, cypress leaves nine steamed nine sun ... for the honey pill at the end. ..... the water is constantly on the moon, and the leaves of Platycladus orientalis are roasted ... and the wine is decocted "("Holding the Spirit "). "To stop bleeding by frying black" ("Seeking Truth").
Summarize the processing methods of Platycladus orientalis leaves from Song Dynasty, such as roasting, frying, steaming, steaming, wine processing, salt processing, bean processing and charcoal frying. In recent years, most of the processing standards in various places have collected raw arborvitae leaves and arborvitae charcoal. Modern experience generally believes that the raw products of Platycladus orientalis leaves are good at clearing away heat and cooling blood, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm, and growing hair and blackening hair, and are mostly used for hematemesis, epistaxis, cough and alopecia caused by blood heat. Charcoal from Platycladus orientalis leaves tends to astringe and stop bleeding, and is mostly used for various bleeding syndromes. China Pharmacopoeia (20 10 edition) contains raw arborvitae leaves and arborvitae charcoal.
The chemical composition of Platycladus orientalis leaves has changed differently after charcoal making, and some components have decreased or increased. Some components have been transformed or new components have been produced. The changes of these components are closely related to processing methods, processing temperature and time. Based on the composition and hemostasis of Platycladus orientalis leaves, the processing technology was comprehensively investigated. It was considered that the processing of carbon from Platycladus orientalis leaves by baking method was worthy of further research and popularization, but the processing parameters of baking method, quality control standards and detection methods of decoction pieces should be worked out as soon as possible.
According to literature research, the clinical application of Platycladus orientalis leaves in past dynasties can be divided into two parts: useful and prepared. The method of preparation is mainly roasting (frying), and its purpose is to relieve dryness and enhance the efficacy. Moreover, both raw products and products have good hemostatic effect. At present, there are many uses of Platycladus orientalis leaves in clinic, such as useful, micro-fried, charcoal-making, etc., but these methods lack scientific control indicators and process parameters. In addition, the trace elements increased in different degrees after the charcoal was made from the leaves of Platycladus orientalis. In addition to the reasons for the enrichment of elements after charcoal-making, it is also related to the physical and chemical changes during charcoal-making. The mechanism and clinical significance of its increase need further study. Platycladus orientalis leaves not only have the functions of stopping bleeding, relieving cough and asthma, eliminating phlegm, etc., but also have been used to treat metrorrhagia, pertussis, burns, mumps, etc. Clinically, and good results have been achieved. How the processing affects these functions also needs further study.