Turn the dark highway,
Walk into a corridor of light.
-"Night Walk"
Figure 1 Sanlitun at night, people calling cars on the roadside.
The night is getting dark and the lights are on. The A-side life during the day is over, and people start the B-side life at night.
With the improvement of social productive forces and the intensification of urbanization, the traditional production and living habits of working at sunrise and resting at sunset have also changed, and the time has continued into deeper nights, becoming a productive force that cannot be ignored, which is called "night economy".
The term "night economy" originated from a personal capital put forward by Britain in the 1970s, aiming at improving the phenomenon of empty nests in urban centers at night. According to academic knowledge, night economy is one of the formats of modern cities, which refers to economic and cultural activities from 6 pm on the same day to 6 am the next day. Its formats include night shopping, catering, tourism, entertainment, learning, film and television, leisure and so on.
At night, the economy is supported by traffic. It is reported that Shanghai will extend the subway operation time on summer weekends and holidays by 60 minutes this year, hoping to increase the turnover of shopping malls with the help of "precious 1 hour". Last year, some lines of the London Underground operated 24 hours a day, and the all-night subway plan will bring 77 million pounds of income to the London economy every year.
Travel enables economic activities at night to survive, and it has also become the most obvious performance. The more intense a city travels at night, the greater the intensity of economic activities. Below, let's analyze the night travel situation in China through Didi Travel Big Data.
Stars shine in 400 cities.
Join the night "Hu Huanyong Line"
First of all, from a national perspective, we use a dynamic and people-centered approach to observe this problem. We draw a "starlight shining" map from day to night through the order of Didi Chuxing.
Fig. 2 Heat change of 24-hour travel in 400 cities of China.
Tourism is the appearance of a city with popular gathering, active nightlife and prosperous city. Active cities attract people, often with more developed economies and more prosperous industries. The glowing spider web is a metropolis, and the bright spot is an isolated big city, while some small cities and ghost towns are bleak at night.
When the time is fixed at 18, it can be found from Figure 3 that the activity in the southeast half is much higher than that in the northwest, and the brightest areas are the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, connecting the coastal cities of Liaoning with the continuous coastline of Chinese mainland.
Figure 3 18:00 Travel Heat Map of 400 Cities in China.
The heat in the central cities of Zhengzhou, Wuhan and Changsha is more prominent; In the west, Xi, Chengdu and Chongqing are the brightest places to travel at night. It is worth noting that according to Figure 2, even after 22 o'clock, many cities in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang and Tibet are still active. Northeast China, three provinces, one night alone.
Connecting major inland cities will become an active "Hu Huanyong Line" at night, even breaking through from west to north, and the right side of the line includes more cities.
Mobile Internet technology has leveled the travel between the east and the west, just as Xinjiang is far away from the economically developed eastern coastal areas. As an international metropolis in Central Asia, Urumqi's smart travel development complements the "Belt and Road Initiative" and its travel demand is growing rapidly.
Previously, academic circles used the night lighting map of NASA to study economic development and urban development. Brighter night lighting is closely related to higher GDP, and the satellite observation data of a local lighting can reveal the local economic development level more accurately (Chen & nordhaus, 2011; Henderson et al., 20 12). The "light" drawn by the nocturnal trajectory also has the same effect.
Figure 4 Top Ten Cities with the Highest Travel Rate at Night (22:00-06:00)
From the perspective of 400 cities across the country, Didi Chuxing big data shows that among the top ten cities with the highest proportion of night trips, 8 are in southern cities, which is probably related to the perennial warm climate, rich nightlife and living habits of residents in the south; There are also six coastal cities, which are rich in food. Most residents have the habit of midnight snack, and many of them are also tourist cities, so they are very active in late-night travel.
Sleepless from midnight to sunset,
What type is your hometown?
Next, we selected the provincial capital cities with top orders and other *** 100 cities. 16:00-24:00, use different colors to express the activity intensity, and draw the trend map of night travel distribution. As can be seen from Figure 5, the major cities in China are divided into four types.
Figure 5 Distribution trend of nighttime travel in major cities in China (click on the picture to view a large HD image).
City that never sleeps, activity index ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆.
The first-tier cities from Guangzhou to Shenzhen and some Pearl River Delta and eastern coastal cities (represented by Foshan, Dongguan and Xiamen) are extremely active at night, with obvious double peaks. In addition to the evening peak around 18:00, there will be another evening peak at 2 1:00-22:00.
22 o'clock city, activity index ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆.
Second-and third-tier cities represented by Wuhan, Fuzhou and Changsha are more active at night. Although there is an obvious late peak, the travel volume in each period before 22:00 is maintained at a high level.
Dead of night type, activity index ☆☆☆.
Third-and fourth-tier cities are the main cities, with Wuxi and Yantai in the east and Luzhou, Mianyang and Nanchong as the representatives in the central and western regions. The peak of travel is between 18:00- 19:00, and travel at night is extremely inactive.
Sunset type, activity index ☆☆.
This type is mainly in the northeast cities, and the taxi activity increases obviously from 16:00, reaching a peak between 17:00- 18:00, and the activity is extremely low after 22:00 at night, and the number of trips per hour during peak hours is insufficient15.
Fig. 6 Comparison of activity intensity of typical cities in different time periods (click on the picture to view a large HD image)
Different urban types also reflect the living habits and economic development of residents in these cities. Taking a typical city as an example, Harbin is the city with the earliest evening peak, reaching the peak before 17:00, while the northeast city has short days and long nights. This kind of work habit continues all the year round, going to work early and getting off work early, but after the evening peak, it gradually enters a quiet period, and the travel volume after 22:00 is very small.
The city with the latest evening peak is Urumqi, and the peak appears at 19:30, which is probably greatly affected by the time difference. As China adopts Beijing Time (UTC+8) as the standard, the local time in Urumqi, located in the East Sixth District, will be two hours later than Beijing Time. Beijing time 19:30 is equivalent to Urumqi local time 17:30, which is also a normal off-duty time.
The most active city for traveling at night is Beijing, with the travel peaks at 18 o'clock, 2 1 o'clock and 22 o'clock, and then it drops slowly after 23:30. The least active city is Jiujiang, and the travel volume drops sharply after 19:00. Lijiang, on the other hand, is a city with no night peaks. As a tourist city, the evening peak of commuting disappears, and a wave of tourists' climax ignites the ancient city at night.
It is also a night trip, and the proportion of destinations in each city is different, which reflects the character of the city and the living habits of residents.
Figure 7 Beijing 2 1:00-22:00 destinations are residential areas and consumer places (blue represents residential areas and orange represents leisure and entertainment places).
Figure 8 Guangzhou 2 1:00-22:00 Travel Trajectory Destinations are residential areas and consumer places (blue represents residential areas and orange represents leisure and entertainment places).
In Figure 7 and Figure 8, blue represents taxi orders to residential areas, and orange represents taxi orders for leisure and entertainment. Comparing with Beijing-Guangzhou, we can see that Beijing has the highest proportion of returning home after 2 1:00, and a large number of people have poured out from Guo Mao, Xi 'erqi and Wangjing Center, and 20 million people in Beijing are busy with their lives. People in Guangzhou spend much longer at night than in residential areas. They prefer to relax after work, and life and work are in harmony. Guangzhou140,000 people are enjoying life.
Ben Rogers, director of the research institute London Center, believes that people's travel directly affects the prosperity of the night economy. According to the data, the peak passenger flow of more than 654.38 million people in Wangfujing, Beijing is in the night market. Night business sales in Shanghai account for 50% of the daytime, more than two-thirds of catering turnover in Chongqing is realized at night, and 55% of service industry output value in Guangzhou comes from night economy.
Because of traffic restrictions, night activities often have to come to an abrupt end. After 10 in the evening, the midnight bell strikes, and people are worried about missing the last bus like Cinderella. At this time, online car rental has become a powerful supplement to the infrastructure at night, which facilitates people's travel and prolongs the time of economic activities.