1. History of the Bullet

People often love to use the term 'projectile' to describe an area as small.

It's true that projectiles are small, and the projectile of a rimfire bullet in particular is even smaller. But you do not look down on this small bullet, it has a long history and some quite unusual experience, in the entire history of firearms development also occupies an important seat.

About eight hundred years ago, China has appeared 'gun'. In the Song Dynasty, there was a special leader called Chen Gui who made 20 'muskets' out of long bamboo poles.

But at that time there were no bullets, but only by spraying gunpowder to produce fire fillings to burn the enemy and war equipment. At that time, the composition of black powder is very complex, in addition to saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal, three main ingredients, but also often carry arsenic, croton, dry paint, asphalt and other smoky poisonous substances.

Therefore, the gunpowder combustion is incomplete, there are always many dregs of the fire with the filling with the jet out, these dregs of the human body and a certain degree of lethality. Over time, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of the military.

l232 years the Jin people in the defense against the Mongolian army of pleased Beijing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) in the defense of the war, had in the 'flying gun' in the filling gunpowder and iron slag, magnetic end. These iron slag, magnetic end can be called the germ of the bullet.

A few decades later, the world's earliest gun cartridges were finally born in our country Ding. In 129, the Southern Song Dynasty Shouchunfu (now Shouxian, Anhui Province) soldiers and civilians in the fight against the Mongolian army, had created a 'sudden fire gun' gun equipped with a 'Zi Xue'.

Although the specific shape of the 'areole' is still divided, but the Chinese and foreign firearms historians unanimously affirmed that the 'areole is the world's earliest gun After the introduction of bullets, in a long period of time is only a number of irregular round projectiles. China's late Yuan Dynasty and the early years of the Ming Dynasty (14 ~ 15 century) military guns (then known as 'Singijeon', generally firing iron sand.

The Ming musket, which appeared in Europe at the end of the R century, was also made of irregular solid projectiles, made of iron and later lead. With the development of the war, the gun's range and shooting accuracy also requires more and more high, this size of the projectile is very difficult to take this important task.

As a result, both guns and bullets were improved. This improvement was first realized in Europe in the 15th century, and then spread to Japan and then to China, where it became known as the 'bird cannon', because it could be aimed to hit flying birds.

A bird gun is a front-loading gun, where the projectile and firing charge are loaded separately. Every time it is fired, it is necessary to load the firing powder from the muzzle first; use the gunpowder to build up the gunpowder and then put down the lead bullet, and use the gunpowder to send it to the bottom; then open the fire door on the barrel and fill the priming powder; and when it is fired, pull the firecord to ignite the priming powder.

The whole process is very complicated, a few minutes to complete a launch. In the battlefield, the launching speed of the crossbow is three or four times faster than it, so the musket often can not resist the attack of the crossbow to catch the high loading speed which has become a prominent topic of improvement in the next few centuries.

In the past, the musket is smoothbore, when the gap between the projectile and the chamber is too small, loading is very laborious; gap is too large, the launch will leak more gunpowder gas, affecting the shooting accuracy and range, in order to solve this contradiction, many people have made a lot of effort to solve the end of the fifteenth century, the Prussians were the first to make a breakthrough, in the chamber engraved with a straight line groove to reduce the loading of projectiles when the friction of the chamber; but also the bullet wrapped with a layer of oil-impregnated. The projectile wrapped with a layer of oil-impregnated woolen fabric or linen, called oil-impregnated projectile clothing, to fill the gap caused by the rifling, and make the projectile can slide smoothly.

The loading speed of this gun caught high. In the 17th century, the Swedes have an outstanding invention, the projectile and the launching agent installed in the same paper tube, when loading the paper tube will be torn (bite), the launching agent and the projectile loaded into the chamber to go, not only simplify the loading process, but also to ensure that the launching agent of the quantitative loading, which heralds the emergence of a new type of fixed cartridges, the 19th century, the rapid development of science and technology, the gun ammunition also bid farewell to its long 'Childhood and enter the 'adolescence'.

In the early 19th century, the British Ming hit with a hammer to detonate the detonation of mercuric ignition method, and in turn made a mercuric fire cap, used for rifle ignition. 1825, the French military officer Delvin designed a barrel tail with a chamber of the rifle; loading, the diameter of the caliber of the gun than the caliber of the soft lead pellets can be smoothly slipped and rolled into the chamber and stopped in the chamber at the front end, and then use the through the bar to impact the soft lead pellets, flatten it, make it tight against the chamber wall, so that it is not a good idea to use it. Then it is hit with a through-bar to flatten it and keep it tight against the chamber wall.

This improves the loading speed, but there is an Achilles heel, that is, the projectile from the ball to flatten, shooting accuracy is greatly affected. In 1830, Delvin invented the long projectile, which was epoch-making in the history of firearms.

The long projectile is superior to the spherical projectile, first, the same weight, the diameter of the long projectile is much smaller than the spherical projectile, and its head can be made into a pointed shape, which can reduce the flight of air resistance. Can greatly reduce the caliber of the gun, reduce the weight of the gun, improve the sturdiness of the gun; secondly, the long projectile with the chamber contact area is much larger than the spherical projectile, can be better embedded in the rifling, and thus can reduce the depth of the rifling.

Engels highly valued this outstanding invention of Delvin, whom he called 'the father of the modern rifle' in his article 'History of the Rifle'. Later, Touvenan and Migne of France improved the Delvin rifle.

Touvenant placed a steel-centered rod in the center of the rifle's chamber so that punching the projectile with a through-bar produced a regular expansion. Migne is the bottom of the projectile hollowed out into a cone, and then plugged with a hollow bowl-shaped iron plug, firing gunpowder gas pushed the top of the iron plug so that the expansion of the projectile embedded in the rifling; this projectile does not have to be punched with a through-bar, the well to improve the ding closed gas.

Migne-style rifle first widely used by European countries. But the inventions of Delvin, Touvenan and Migne did not break through the front-loading category.

The front-loading rounds should be loaded from the muzzle, the loading line is long and slow, the human body has a large range of motion when loading, the barrel needs to be vertical, and therefore easy to expose the target. 1805, the British Bawley had made a bold attempt to rear loading robbery, the ammunition itself with an ignition device, but unfortunately failed to achieve results.

In 1835, the Prussian Dreiser invented a new rear-loading percussion rifle and fixed cartridges. This cartridge used a paper tube for the shell and combined a projectile, firing charge and primer all in one.

When loading, the gun is used to push the snatch into the medicine choke from the back, and when the trigger is pulled, the firing pin on the gun pierces the paper casing and hits the primer. It ignites the powder and shoots the projectile.

This greatly simplifies the entire loading and firing process, increasing the rate of fire by 4 to 5 times, while the shooter is able to reload the gun in any kind of position or in motion. The Dreiser rifle showed such great promise that the Prussian government immediately bought the invention and produced it in secret and clandestinely.

Until.

The more famous World War II rounds include the German 8mm Mauser round

The U.S. Springfield .30-06 round

The Japanese Arisaka round

The British 7.7

The Soviet Union's 7.62*54 rimfire round

The ammunition of the World War II period was generally a full-power round, which was overpowered by today's standards.

That's why there were intermediate power rounds

The 7.62 used in post-war rifles didn't seem to have changed much in caliber, but the weight of the bullet and the amount of ammunition fired were much reduced

Then there was a wave of smaller calibers

The Soviet Union's 5.45, the U.S.'s 5.56

Including China's belated 5.8

The Soviet Union's 7.62*54 rimfire cartridge

The Soviet Union's 7.62*54 rimfire cartridge was the first to be used in World War II. 5.8

In recent years the U.S. has been exploring re-increasing the caliber

The more famous ones are the 6.5 and 6.8

Because these calibers have a better stopping action, and good performance when silencers are added

But there is not much of a pressing need for them nowadays ......

But there's no urgent need for it now

So it's basically not very influential

What time in history did rifles switch to cartridges with casings? The first was the Frenchman 'Le Fouchard' who invented the "? Stinging Fire". This type of rifle was the first of its kind in the world. It was made of metal, and only the bottom was metal. It is made of metal, only the bottom is made of metal, the bottom is made of metal, the bottom is made of metal, the bottom is made of metal. The rafter is made of metal. This one? It's a very good one. What's that? - It sticks out. What's wrong with it? What's going on? What's up? Careful with the small boat? It's a launching pad. By 1860, the British were in a position to make the most of the situation. Colonel Bock. The metal was rolled out of brass. The amusement of the metal was used. By 1870, the U.S. Colonel Bourdain invented it. The "Pushpin"? The chrysalis. It was the first of its kind. The rafter was a fixed-metal bullet of the F-generation and was easy to manufacture and could be produced in large quantities ...

4.

4. Who knows the model origin of this bullet

M43,7.62 * 39, domestic is the 56 type, Ak47, 56 type gun family, 81 type use

The main plurality of elements

The diameter of the bullet head is 7.92 millimeters

The diameter of the bottom edge of the cartridge case is 11.35 millimeters

The cartridge case is 38.7 millimeters in total length

The weight of the firing charge is 1.6 grams

The total length of the bullet is 56mm

5. What kind of coincidence is the marriage made by a bullet

The world is full of wonders, and it takes time for a couple to go from knowing and loving each other to marrying each other and of course, it takes some fates as well.

The ultimate goal of a couple in the biological sense is to reproduce, so having children is an issue that must be considered after marriage. In feudal times, the wife's ability to bear children was an important factor in her ability to remain in the man's family.

Many women who were unable to bear children were abandoned by their husbands and had to watch them take new wives. Of course, such divorces are no longer permitted in modern civilization, but the presence or absence of children is still an important factor in determining the integrity of a family.

There are also couples who married because they had a child first, and their child was born without their knowledge. This happened to a young officer during the Second World War.

One day, a female doctor brought a one-year-old baby to the barracks and told the officer that the baby was his son. The officer was very surprised because he had never been with a woman in the same room, how could he have a child?

Especially in France, a country that was defeated at the beginning of the war, the status of soldiers is not very honorable, so many young soldiers are single. So when he was told about this, he didn't understand.

The woman doctor explained this to the officer, who was surprised. About a year ago, the officer was involved in an extremely brutal battle.

The German attack was so fierce that his regiment was attacked and suffered heavy losses. The officer was not spared when he risked jumping out of a trench to save a comrade and was hit by a bullet.

He fell to the ground in pain, but he didn't die because the bullet hit his testicles. It didn't kill him, but it was enough to make him sterile.

What is puzzling is that the bullet passed through his testicles and then shot him in the abdomen next to a female doctor who was on the battlefield rescuing the wounded, and then both were sent to the hospital for rescue, and fortunately, they did not have to worry about their lives. The next thing is even more mysterious, the female doctor in more than nine months actually pregnant and gave birth to a child, but he had never been in love before, let alone live with the opposite sex.

Her reputation was tarnished, and she had to go to her doctor for answers. After some research, the doctor concluded that a bullet had been removed from her abdomen during her operation nine months earlier, and that the bullet had been laced with the man's ***, which had been injected into the woman's ovaries, resulting in conception.

After some investigation, the doctor determined that there was indeed a male officer with a testicular injury in the same place on the battlefield. The female doctor accepted this explanation, which led to the scene at the beginning of the story.

The male officer was very willing to accept such a child, and the two soon formed their own family. After the war, the officer was discharged from the army and lived a happy life.

A small bullet has led to a marriage, and the coincidences in the world are really unexpected. But what a small probability that the bullet would hit the officer's testicles and not stay in them, but go through the body and into another man's.

Coincidence.

Coincidentally, neither one of them died, which is quite a coincidence under the conditions of war.

6. History of the 7.62mm NATO rifle cartridge

The 7.62*51mm NATO standard cartridge was originally the American T65 .30-inch rifle cartridge, and the development of the T65 was related to the improvement of the M1 Galant during the early stages of World War II, when many infantrymen wished to load more ammunition into the M1 rifle and have a continuous-fire function, and at the same time thought that the M1 Carbine with its relatively fast rate of fire and high capacity was not powerful enough. rounds were not powerful enough.

In September 1945, after initial testing, the U.S. Ordnance Technical Commissioners intended to develop a new rifle cartridge to replace the .30-06 rifle cartridge. Originally they intended to refer to the German 7.92mm short round or the Soviet Union's 7.62*39mm, two intermediate power rounds. However, traditional thinkers in the U.S. Army always felt that the intermediate power rounds were limited in effective range and power and could not meet the requirements of the U.S. infantry. The Ordnance Technical Committee finally came up with a compromise, which was to shorten the .30-06 M2 rifle cartridge slightly.

The new caliber was the 7.62*51mm T65 rifle cartridge, which was half an inch shorter than the .30-06 M2 cartridge, but still had a muzzle velocity of 2,800 fps (848m/s), which was essentially the same as the .30-06 M2, because the newly developed propellant made it possible to generate the same pressure as the .30-06 M2 cartridge even with a smaller charge.

When the U.S. standardized the 7.62*51mm round as the T65, it began to force NATO members to accept the new round as the standard NATO caliber. Although the British considered the .280 caliber (7mm) to be the ideal rifle cartridge through testing, it was determined in October 1953 that the U.S. T65 cartridge should be designated as the standard NATO rifle cartridge.In 1957, the U.S. finalized the 7.62mm NATO-caliber M14 rifle, and the other NATO member countries also finalized standard rifles of this caliber respectively, such as the German G3 or the Belgian FN FAL and so on, in addition to the rifle, such as the U.S. M60 machine gun and the Belgian FN MAG are used in this caliber.

But two years before the T65 was established as the NATO standard round, Winchester Ammunition (a division of Olin) marketed a rifle round that looked like the civilian version of the T65, and officially named the caliber .308 Winchester in 1952.

The ammunition specifications for the military 7.62mm NATO and the civilian .308 Winchester are slightly different, but the two rounds are completely interchangeable, and this interchangeability is in full compliance with the SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute - Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute). SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute) safety standards, and there will be no safety incidents when mixing. Generally speaking, the chamber pressure of military cartridges is higher, the thickness of the cartridge wall is also larger, and the depth of the chamber of military-type rifles is slightly deeper than that of civilian-type rifles (the difference is about 0.33mm), but the two kinds of cartridges won't cause any safety accidents even if they are mixed together, only that people who play with reloadable cartridges need to be careful to calibrate the whole size of the cartridge case instead of just dealing with the neck, so as to avoid the weak striking pin when firing the cartridge because of the short cartridge being loaded into the deeper chamber. Failure to fire due to weak firing pin strikes when firing a shorter case into a deeper chamber. In the civilian world, the military 7.62mm round is sometimes referred to as the .308 rifle round.

7. Who knows what bullet this is, it says 53.2 .321.

Hello, this is a Type 53 mounted rifle cartridge.

7.62x54mmR rifle round

It is still used today, for example, the 85 sniper rifle uses that round!