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brief introduction
The art of creating a visual static spatial image with certain materials and means. Including architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts, design, calligraphy, seal cutting and so on. Generally called art, it is a grasp of art in material materials and means.
Modeling is the creation of the body, and the body is the main feature of art. The term plastic arts originated from German, and German literary theorist G.E. Lessing first used this concept. It was not until the 20th century that China widely used it and incorporated calligraphy and seal cutting into its extension.
The characteristics of plastic arts are compared with its relative concept-acoustic arts. The difference is that the former uses visible materials to express images; The latter uses sound and music to express images or emotions. In addition, the former always exists in a certain space, expressing the dynamic process in a static form, relying on visual feelings, also known as space art, static art and visual art, while the opposite sound art is called time art, dynamic art and auditory art. The above characteristics of plastic arts are determined by the materials and means of expression they use, and the concept of plastic arts contains all of them, so it is considered to be the most appropriate name. Regarding the classification of plastic arts, T. Lips divides them into image arts and abstract space arts. The latter is often referred to as space art for short, but it is narrower than ordinary space art. Imagery art refers to paintings and sculptures that reproduce specific images and concepts of nature or society, while abstract space art refers to arts and crafts and various designs composed of abstract space and volume. The characteristic of plastic arts is expressiveness. M. Volvollin divides plastic arts into two types: natural expression and conceptual expression, which are called object modeling and conceptual modeling respectively. It is considered that the plastic arts of Paleolithic age are object modeling; After the Neolithic Age, with the development of abstract thinking, conceptual modeling was formed. Since then, in the history of plastic arts, these two types have coexisted, developed and merged.
Plastic arts include architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts, design, calligraphy, seal cutting and so on.
Class. Generally called art, it is a grasp of art in material materials and means. Modeling is the creation of the body and the main feature of art. The term plastic arts originated in Germany and was not widely used in China until the 20th century. It also brings calligraphy and seal cutting into its extension. The characteristics of plastic arts are compared with its relative concept-acoustic arts. The difference is that the former uses visible materials to express images; The latter uses sound and music to express images or emotions. In addition, the former always exists in a certain space, expressing the dynamic process in a static form, relying on visual feelings, also known as space art, static art and visual art, while the opposite sound art is called time art, dynamic art and auditory art. The above characteristics of plastic arts are determined by the materials and means of expression they use, and the concept of plastic arts contains all of them, so it is considered to be the most appropriate name. Regarding the classification of plastic arts, T. Lips divides them into image arts and abstract space arts. The latter is often referred to as space art for short, but it is narrower than ordinary space art. Imagery art refers to paintings and sculptures that reproduce specific images and concepts of nature or society, while abstract space art refers to arts and crafts and various designs composed of abstract space and volume. The characteristic of plastic arts is expressiveness. M. Volvollin divides plastic arts into two types: natural expression and conceptual expression, which are called object modeling and conceptual modeling respectively. It is considered that the plastic arts of Paleolithic age are object modeling; After the Neolithic Age, with the development of abstract thinking, conceptual modeling was formed. Since then, in the history of plastic arts, these two types have coexisted, developed and merged.
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Historical origin
Few artifacts in prehistoric times attracted so much attention as reindeer sculptures excavated in caves in Dordogne. We saw many antlers in the remains of human beings and animals, as well as in stone and bone utensils.
Pieces engraved with patterns. Those carvings are probably copied from animals, because they are clear and unmistakable, enabling people to identify animals immediately. What are wild horses, reindeer, goats or bison? You can't make mistakes. One of the most distinctive is a staghorn knife, the handle of which is carved with a jumping reindeer figure, which is exquisite in workmanship, even for modern artists. As we have said, the carving material is reindeer's horn; According to experts' judgment, antlers can only be carved when they are fresh, so we conclude that this unknown artist is contemporary with those reindeer in southern France, in other words, that figure belongs to the farthest ancient times. Since the discovery of Boucher DEBAI, our concept of human age has been significantly improved. But no one expected that ancient people would have such artistic achievements. This kind of artistic work is so incompatible with the civilization of Archaean times that naturally some people deliberately dismiss this inconvenient excavation as a fake. 1 However, it is said that it must be proved that it is false, but the situation at the time of excavation is not doubtful. If some travelers hadn't seen the same artistic activities among modern barbarians, I'm afraid this reindeer-era art work would have been put aside like other unsolved prehistoric problems. It is strange that the most primitive people have such outstanding talents to create realistic and natural works.
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Development history
/kloc-When the term "plastic arts" was first used in Europe in the 0/7th century, it mainly referred to artistic styles with aesthetic significance such as painting, sculpture, literature and music. It is an artistic concept put forward to distinguish it from practical arts and crafts. In/kloc-laocoon, a German aesthetician in the 8th century, the concept of "plastic arts" was brought into view by comparing laocoon's sculpture with poetry (literature).
In the category of space art, non-space and non-visual art forms such as literature are excluded from the concept of plastic arts. Around the May 4th Movement, this concept began to be widely used in China's art circles and literary theory research.
Judging from the history of human development, plastic arts is one of the oldest cultural phenomena. In addition to the very rough stone tools used by early humans, such as auditory cutters and scrapers, archaeologists have also found traces of plastic arts in the excavation of many primitive cultural sites. 1879, the Spanish discovered a batch of rock paintings of bison, wild boar and wild deer painted with red, black, yellow and dark red pigments in the caves of Milla in Altai region, totaling more than 150. According to textual research, they belong to the Paleolithic Age, which has been around for 1 and more than 50000 years. 1940, the French discovered a cave mural "Lascaux Cave Mural" composed of deer, cattle and wild horses in various colors near Montinia. Murals also belong to the Paleolithic Age, about 654.38+0 million years ago. Pottery with decorative patterns was found in Neolithic sites such as Cishan and Peiligang in China. By around 4000 BC, ceramic statues of animals and figures appeared in the two river basins. It is from the plastic arts activities in the primitive state of human beings that the plastic arts gradually enriched and developed with the evolution of human civilization, and evolved into a huge art family composed of modern painting, sculpture, photography, architecture, arts and crafts and other art forms. What people see today, such as the beautiful Mona Lisa oil painting, the magnificent Forbidden City building and some mysterious and even complicated modernist sculptures, all come from the bison painted on rocks by our ancestors with box stones, or the wave symbols on a pottery.
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Aesthetic characteristics
In the field of plastic arts, different kinds of arts have different aesthetic characteristics because of different materials and means of expression. For example, painting and sculpture, photography and painting, sculpture and arts and crafts, their differences are also
It may be a world of difference. Although they all belong to the category of plastic arts, we have different aesthetic requirements for them. However, although each category of plastic arts has its own personality characteristics, we can still find something from it. Galesin said: "Beauty is the highest law of plastic arts.
To sum up, the aesthetic characteristics of plastic arts mainly include the following points:
1. Modeling: As a space art form, the aesthetic feature of plastic arts is modeling first. Modeling is the most basic feature of plastic arts. It means that artists use certain materials and means to create artistic images in a certain space. Because this kind of artistic image is the direct form of spatial existence, people's vision can feel their existence without obstacles, thus triggering aesthetic feelings. In painting and photography, artists use lines, colors, tones and detention to create two-dimensional images with a sense of plane or three-dimensionality; In sculpture, architectural art and arts and crafts, artists use mud, wood, stone and metal as materials to create three-dimensional images with real materiality in three-dimensional space. The material medium of plastic arts determines the static durability of its works. It always shows motion by quietness, motion by quietness and sound by quietness, and expresses profound historical and aesthetic implications in a permanent material form.
2. Permanence and instantaneity before reaching the apex: Plastic arts, by its nature, are not suitable for expressing the movement and process of things, because they create a static image of a visible space. Therefore, the artistic image created by the artist with certain materials and means can only be solidified at a certain moment in the process of artistic image movement, and it (or he) can construct the image in an instant. Lessing once said in "laocoon": "Because the symbols or imitation media used in painting can only cooperate in the air, it is bound to completely abandon time ..." The instantaneity of plastic arts in aesthetic characteristics shows that it is only a space art rather than a time art. Because of this, plastic artists must learn to observe the process of time, life and things, and learn to capture the instantaneous image of the intersection of dynamic and static things. Although posture expression can imply a characteristic action, it should only show the beginning or preparation of that action, or an intention, otherwise it will show that the action stops and returns to a static state. A spirit that contains all the possibilities of the whole world is in a static and independent state, which is the most ideal for the carved image.
3. From reappearance to expression: Another aesthetic feature of plastic arts is that it is good at reappearance and strives for expression. From the traditional point of view, plastic arts are good at copying, but not good at expressing. Lessing once said that painting deals with "a static viewing state, in which all parts are juxtaposed in space." Draw for use.
Symbols or imitation media can only cooperate in space, which is bound to completely abandon time; Therefore, continuous action, because it is continuous, cannot be the theme of painting. Painting can only be satisfied with spatial juxtaposition of actions or simple objects, and a certain action can be implied by gestures. "There is no doubt that plastic arts have greater certainty in reproducing the image of things.
As a static modeling, it is different from literature and art, it can directly express the inner world of characters and express their thoughts and feelings through language. Different from music and other time arts, it directly expresses the author's strong and sincere feelings. However, the modern development of plastic arts has broken the traditional reproduction barrier, and more and more people are turning from reproduction to expression. This expressiveness means that artists express and convey their consciousness and emotional tendency through creative activities of plastic arts. In this regard, the French modernist painter Matisse once said: "We have higher requirements for painting, which is to express the artist's inner fantasy." Whether in painting, sculpture, photography, architecture, arts and crafts and other plastic arts, people can not only see the external image of these plastic arts themselves, but also often feel the consciousness and emotion of artists or authors through them. In the religious paintings of the Renaissance, people can appreciate the humanistic tendency of the masters of art to pull the world full of religious ideals to the world.
In Rodin's sculpture Citizen of Calais, people can appreciate the author's infinite sympathy for Yimin's tragic fate. In modernist works of art, people can find artists mocking and even criticizing the existing world. The reason why plastic arts can become a medium for audience to communicate with artists is that artists always choose creative themes according to their own consciousness or feelings, and create their own works according to their own tendencies. At the same time, this tendency should be integrated into the works. It is precisely because of this that when people appreciate the plastic arts, they can approach the artists rationally and emotionally. Similarly, plastic arts have also become the condensation of artists' consciousness and emotional tendency. Reproducibility of plastic arts mainly means that plastic artists tend to express their consciousness and emotional tendency by reappearing life. Realistic tendency in painting. Functionalism design, news photography and non-abstract sculpture in architecture all belong to this category. The value of this reproducible plastic art lies in some kind of "artistic truth" and will not cause obstacles to the appreciation of the appreciator. The expressiveness of plastic arts mainly means that plastic artists tend to express their consciousness and emotional tendencies in unrealistic abstract ways. Modernism in painting and sculpture, non-beauty tendency in architecture and unbalanced design in practical art are all listed here. In expressive performance, the meaning of form itself exceeds the theme of plastic arts, and the meaning of audience's self-appreciation and appreciation exceeds the general meaning of works. The appearance of this kind of works puts forward higher requirements for the audience's appreciation and understanding. However, because of the expressive performance, the modeling works are often turned into polysemous symbolic objects, and higher requirements are often put forward for the audience's appreciation activities. Plastic arts always try to break down the barriers of reproduction, strive to express, pursue and construct a far-reaching world because of its inherent characteristics of reproduction.