Video of planting method of yam in shallow trough I. Soil selection
Directional cultivation of purple yam in shallow trough does not require much soil. Neutral or slightly weak acid and alkali sandy soil, loam, clay, depth of soil layer and groundwater level can be used for planting, but sandy loam with rich soil, deep soil layer and convenient irrigation and drainage is more conducive to its growth, achieving the goal of high yield and high efficiency.
Second, seed potato treatment and germination acceleration
1, seed potato treatment: select potato pieces that meet the characteristics of this variety, have no pests and diseases, and are fully mature as seeds. 25-30 days before planting, cut the yam seed tuber into small pieces with skin of 50-100g, soak the seed in 800 times solution of 25% carbendazim wettable powder for disinfection10min, take it out and dry it, and then accelerate germination directly; Or dip the cut of seed potato tuber with quicklime or plant ash, and sun-seed 1-3 days at the head, middle and tail respectively, so as to break the dormancy of seed potato and promote germination. The degree of seed drying is that the small wound of seed potato shrinks inward and splits from the middle of the section.
2. Accelerating germination: firstly, spread 3-5cm river sand on the border of indoor or field, spread small pieces of seed potato on the river sand to a thickness of about10cm, and then cover with 3-5cm wet straw or river sand. In case of low temperature or rainy weather, support and cover with a small arch shed to keep warm and prevent rot. After 20-25 days, when the buds from small pieces of seed potato grow about 5 cm long, they should be planted in time.
3. Soil preparation, putting into shallow trough and substrate, and applying base fertilizer.
1, soil preparation: single-row planting is adopted, and each furrow is covered with1.8m. With high terrain, low groundwater level and convenient drainage, the furrow can be smaller and shallower. First, the soil is deeply ploughed and sun-dried, and the border is made from late February to early March, with a border height of 30-40cm and a border width of1.3-1.4m.. According to the plant spacing18-20cm, use a small hoe or corresponding agricultural machinery and tools to dig parallel inclined ditches with a width of 7cm and a length of120cm, with an inclination of 15 degrees, an upper end depth of10-15cm and a lower end depth of 25-30cm.
2. Putting into the shallow groove and substrate: after the parallel inclined ditch is excavated, put into the shallow groove suitable for yam growth in time, and apply enough soft filler into the shallow groove. The soft filler can be powder sand, or decomposed wood chaff, mushroom residue, bagasse, dregs or chaff with convenient sources, and then 200-300 kg of decomposed chicken manure or pigeon manure, 0/00 kg of bio-organic fertilizer/kloc and 25-50 kg of calcium superphosphate are added per mu and mixed well with the soft filler. Except for the upper part of shallow trough10-15cm, only soil is backfilled, and the rest space of shallow trough should be filled with enough soft filler, which has an important influence on the normal elongation and straight shape of tuber.
3. Application of base fertilizer: The absorption roots of yam directionally cultivated in shallow trough are mainly distributed in the topsoil, and the base fertilizer does not need to be applied deeply, but can be applied to the soil layer of 5-15cm. After adding soft filler, combined with backfill soil, 200-300 kg of decomposed chicken manure or pigeon manure is evenly spread per mu as base fertilizer. When backfilling soil, cover 5 5- 10/0cm soil layer. It is required that both ends of shallow trench should not be exposed or lower than the trench bottom. Sowing marks are left at the upper end of the shallow trough for planting.
Fourth, planting
1, planting time: It is advisable to plant in sunny or cloudy days from late March to mid-April according to the local climate characteristics. When the temperature rises to above 15℃ and the ground temperature reaches above 12℃ stably, it is advisable to plant in the afternoon, generally to avoid exposure to the hot sun.
2. Planting method: place small pieces of seed potato with buds in parallel with the shallow trough, and require the seed coat and buds of the small pieces of seed potato to face upwards, and cover the soil with a thickness of 5 5- 10/0cm. When planting, only 1-2 robust buds are left per plant, and the extra buds are completely removed. Be careful not to break the buds when covering with soil.
V. Field management
1, weeding: after planting 1-2 days, when the soil is wet or after rain, spray it with 350 times of 90% acetochlor emulsifiable solution or 2000 times of 96% jinduer emulsifiable solution, and spray it on the border, border and ditch at the lower end of the shallow trough. If there are weeds during the growth period, 300 times of Gramoxone can be sprayed with water to control them, but it should be noted that the liquid medicine can not be splashed on the yam vines. You can also choose to weed manually or cover with black plastic film.
2. Covering the border with plastic film: It should be done after rain or after getting wet before scaffolding after emergence. Cover the border with a black plastic film with a width of 1.5 m and compact it.
3. Erection for leading vines and pruning: After planting 10-20 days, when the height of seedlings is 20 cm, hedgerows should be inserted in time for erection. The commonly used scaffolding methods include row fence frame, cross-ditch herringbone frame, cross-ditch tic-tac-toe frame or shed frame, and cross-ditch tic-tac-toe frame is wind-resistant, ventilated and light-permeable, and convenient for field operation. When inserting hedge bamboo, you should be careful not to insert it in the shallow trough. Each yam leaves vines 1 piece and leads the vines to be put on the shelves, so as to avoid the difficulty in removing the lateral vines caused by the natural winding of the young vines, or the young vines are too long to be put on the shelves and fall down on the ground and burn to death. From June to September, several young vines growing from seed potatoes should be removed from the base in time, and the remaining vines should also be removed from the lateral vines growing between leaf axils below 1.5 meters.
4. Fertilize and cultivate soil. Top dressing once every 20-30 days after full seeding, and continuous application for 3-4 times, with compound fertilizer of 5- 10 kg per mu each time. After planting 120 days, when the tuber growth period starts, the potato attack fertilizer is applied again, and 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer, 25 kg of peanut bran or bio-organic fertilizer 100 kg is applied per mu. Fertilization should be done after rain or irrigation, and soil should be cultivated in time. The soil layer covering the shallow trench is kept10-15cm thick.
5. Water management. Yam is drought-tolerant, and its water requirement is not strict. It is better to keep the soil moist at the seedling stage and the initial stage of tuber growth, but after the tuber enters the vigorous growth stage, sufficient water should be ensured to be supplied evenly. 9- 1 1 month is the period of rapid elongation and expansion of yam tuber, so it is especially necessary to keep the soil moist. If the water supply is insufficient, the yield will be greatly affected, so drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation should be installed as far as possible to ensure water supply. Water should be stopped 20 days before tuber harvesting, so as to facilitate post-harvest sales or storage.
Six, pest control
The main pests and diseases of yam are Spodoptera litura and anthracnose. 10% herbicide suspension, 5% herbicide suspension and 20% midan suspension can be used to control Spodoptera litura by spraying, and the pesticide should be applied during the incubation period and the young larval stage. 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 25% prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate and 30(%) benpropiconazole suspension concentrate are used to control anthracnose, and the spraying effect is better before the rain comes in summer and autumn. The principle of medication is that prevention is more important than cure, and various drugs are used alternately.
Seven, fine harvesting
Harvesting usually begins in first frost. Harvesting should be done on a sunny morning. After the shallow soil layer is slightly turned over, the whole yam tuber can be easily taken out, dried on the spot, and packaged and transported in stages. When harvesting, the breakage rate of potato pieces should be reduced as much as possible, and the tuber should be lightly loaded, transported and unloaded to prevent mechanical injury. After harvesting yam tubers, keep the shallow furrow in the bed, turn over the sun for a period of time, then add the soft filler and cover the soil again, and continue planting when the season is suitable, and put it in the shallow furrow without re-arranging it in 2-3 years.
Planting techniques of yam in shallow trough ⅰ. Soil selection
The directional cultivation of Purple Ginseng in Huaishan Mountain, Taiwan Province, does not require much soil. It can be planted regardless of sand, loam, clay, soil depth and groundwater level, but sandy loam with rich soil, deep soil layer and convenient irrigation and drainage is more conducive to its growth.
Second, seed potato treatment and germination acceleration
1, seed potato treatment: select potato pieces that meet the characteristics of varieties, are free from pests and diseases, and are fully mature as seeds. 25-30 days before planting, cut the seed tuber of Dioscorea opposita into small pieces with skin of 4-5 cm, soak the seed in 800 times solution of 25% carbendazim wettable powder for disinfection 10 minute, take it out and dry it, and then accelerate germination directly, or dip the seed tuber incision with lime or plant ash, and dry the seed at the head, middle and tail for 1-3 days respectively. The degree of seed drying is that the small wound of seed potato shrinks inward and splits from the middle of the section.
2. Accelerating germination: firstly, spread 3-5cm river sand on the border of indoor or field, spread small pieces of seed potato on the river sand to a thickness of about10cm, and then cover with 3-5cm wet straw or river sand. In case of low temperature or rainy weather, support and cover with a small arch shed to keep warm and prevent rot. After 20-25 days, when the buds from small pieces of seed potato grow about 5 cm long, they should be planted in time.
3. Soil preparation, putting into shallow trough and substrate, and applying base fertilizer.
1, soil preparation: single-row planting is adopted, and each furrow is covered with1.8m. With high terrain, low groundwater level and convenient drainage, the furrow can be smaller and shallower. First, the soil should be deeply ploughed and sun-dried, and the border should be raised in late February and early March, making it 30-40cm high and 0.3-1.4m wide. According to the plant spacing18-20cm, use a small hoe to dig parallel inclined gullies with a width of about 7cm and a length of120cm, with an inclination of about 15 degrees, a depth of about10cm at the upper end and 25-30cm at the lower end, and can be dug per acre.
2. Putting into the shallow trench and substrate: after the parallel inclined small trench is excavated, put into the special shallow trench (semi-circular sleeve) suitable for the growth of Huaishan Mountain in time, and apply enough soft filler into the shallow trench. The soft filler can be powder sand, or decomposed wood chaff, mushroom residue, bagasse, dregs or chaff with convenient sources, and then 200-300 kg of decomposed chicken manure or pigeon manure, 0/00 kg of bio-organic fertilizer/kloc and 25-50 kg of calcium superphosphate are added per mu and mixed well with the soft filler. Except for the upper part of shallow trough10-15cm, only soil is backfilled, and the rest space of shallow trough should be filled with enough soft filler, which has an important influence on the normal elongation and straight shape of tuber.
3. Application of base fertilizer: The absorption roots of Dioscorea opposita cultivated in shallow trough are mainly distributed in the topsoil, and the base fertilizer need not be applied deeply, but only 5-15cm. After adding soft filler, combined with backfill soil, 200-300 kg of decomposed chicken manure or pigeon manure is evenly spread per mu as base fertilizer. When backfilling soil, cover 5 5- 10/0cm soil layer. It is required that both ends of shallow trench should not be exposed or lower than the trench bottom. Sowing marks are left at the upper end of the shallow trough for planting.
Fourth, planting
1, planting time. It is advisable to plant in sunny or cloudy days from late March to mid-April according to the local climate characteristics. When the temperature rises to above 12℃ and the ground temperature reaches above 10℃ stably, it is advisable to plant in the afternoon.
2. Planting method. Place small pieces of seed potato with buds parallel to the shallow trough, and require that the seed coat of the small pieces of seed potato is downward, the buds and cut surfaces are upward, and the soil is covered with 5- 10 cm thickness. When planting, only 1-2 robust buds are left per plant, and the extra buds are completely removed. Be careful not to break the buds when covering with soil.
V. Field management
1, weeding: after planting 1-2 days, when the soil is wet or after rain, spray it with 350 times of 90% acetochlor emulsifiable solution or 2000 times of 96% jinduer emulsifiable solution, and spray it on the border, border and ditch at the lower end of the shallow trough. If there are weeds during the growth period, 300 times of Gramoxone can be sprayed with water to control them, but it should be noted that the liquid medicine can not be splashed on the vines of Huaishan Mountain. You can also choose manual weeding.
2. Covering the border with plastic film: It should be done after rain or after getting wet before scaffolding after emergence. Cover the border with a black plastic film with a width of 1.5 m and compact it.
3. Erection for leading vines and pruning: After planting 10-20 days, when the height of seedlings is about 20 cm, hedgerows should be inserted in time for erection. The commonly used scaffolding methods include row fence frame, cross-ditch herringbone frame, cross-ditch tic-tac-toe frame or shed frame, and cross-ditch tic-tac-toe frame is more typhoon-resistant, ventilated and light-permeable, and convenient for field operation. When inserting hedge bamboo, you should be careful not to insert it in the shallow trough. Leave vines 1 per plant in Huaishan, and lead vines to be put on the shelves, so as to avoid that it is difficult to remove lateral vines caused by natural winding of young vines, or that young vines are too long to be put on the shelves and fall down on the ground and burn to death. From June to September, several young vines growing from seed potatoes should be removed from the base in time, and the remaining vines should also be removed from the lateral vines growing between leaf axils below 1.5 meters.
4. Fertilize and cultivate soil. Top dressing once every 20-30 days after full seeding, and continuous application for 3-4 times, with compound fertilizer of 5- 10 kg per mu each time. After planting 120 days, when the tuber growth period starts, the potato attack fertilizer is applied again, and 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer, 25 kg of peanut bran or bio-organic fertilizer 100 kg is applied per mu. Fertilization should be done after rain or irrigation, and soil should be cultivated in time. The soil layer covering the shallow trench is kept10-15cm thick.
5. Water management. Huaishan Mountain is drought-tolerant, and its water requirement is not strict. It is better to keep the soil moist at the seedling stage and the initial stage of tuber growth, but after the tuber enters the vigorous growth stage, sufficient water should be ensured to be supplied evenly. 9- 1 1 month is the rapid elongation and expansion period of yam tuber, so it is especially necessary to keep the soil moist. If the water supply is insufficient, the yield will be greatly affected, so drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation should be installed as far as possible to ensure water supply. Water should be stopped before tuber harvesting 10 days, so as to facilitate post-harvest sales or storage.
Six, pest control
The main pests and diseases in Huaishan are Spodoptera litura and anthracnose. 10% herbicide SC 1500 times solution, or 5% mequat SC 1500 times solution and 20% Miman SC 1000 times solution can be used to control Spodoptera litura, and the pesticide should be applied during the incubation period and the young larval period. 600-fold solution of 70% Antaisheng WP, or 10% Shikao WP 1500-fold solution, 500-fold solution of 70% mancozeb WP, 2000-fold solution of 25% Spock EC or 600-fold solution of 70% Run Qian SC are selected for the prevention and control of anthracnose, and the spraying effect is better before the rain comes in summer and autumn.
Seven, fine harvesting
Generally, harvesting can start around1February, and the harvesting period can last until April of the following year. Harvesting should be done on a sunny morning. After the shallow soil layer is slightly turned over, the whole yam tuber can be easily taken out, dried in situ, and packaged and transported in stages. When harvesting, the breakage rate of potato pieces should be reduced as much as possible, and the tuber should be lightly loaded, transported and unloaded to prevent mechanical injury. After harvesting the tuber of Dioscorea opposita Thunb., keep the shallow furrow in the furrow, add the soft filler and cover the soil again after a period of sun-drying, and continue planting when the season is suitable, and put the shallow furrow in the shallow furrow for 2-3 years (the shallow furrow can be used continuously for 3-5 years).
According to estimates, after the shallow trough directional cultivation technology is adopted, each person can harvest 500-600 plants per day, which is 0.03 mu and 50-60 plants per person per day compared with deep ditch cultivation, saving 25-30 laborers per mu. And the planted yam tuber is straight, long, round, full, smooth and good in skin color, and the yield is increased by 20-45%. Tubers are resistant to storage and have high commodity value, which is worth popularizing in a large area.
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