Geography is mainly the study of various natural and human phenomena on the surface of the earth, as well as their interrelationships. This time I am here to give you a high school geography must study a summary of knowledge points, for your reading reference.

More Knowledge Points Related Content Recommendations ↓↓↓

Summary of Biology Knowledge Points for the High School Exam

Required Knowledge Points for the High School Geography Midterm Exam

Summary of Knowledge Points for the High School Chemistry Council Exam

High School Knowledge Points for Sodium

Knowledge Points for Sodium and its Compounds <

Summary of the knowledge points of the compulsory high school geography

1, the level of the celestial system: the total star system - the Milky Way (Extragalactic System) - the solar system --Earth and Moon system

2, the conditions for the existence of life on Earth: ① stable solar lighting conditions ② relatively safe cosmic environment ③ because the sun and earth distance moderate, the surface temperature is suitable (average temperature of 15 degrees) ④ because the mass and volume of the earth moderate, the earth can attract the atmosphere to form the atmosphere (nitrogen, oxygen is the main) ⑤ Formation and existence of liquid water

3, the impact of solar activity on the Earth:

(1) the symbols of solar activity: spikes, flares

(2) impact: impact on the ionosphere, interference with radio short-wave communications; produce "magnetic storm" phenomenon and "aurora" phenomenon; affect the

4, the geographic significance of the Earth's rotation:

① alternating day and night: day hemisphere and the night hemisphere demarcation line - the morning and evening lines (circle) - and the equator of the intersection of the time were 6:00 and 18:00 hours! -- the sun's altitude is 0 degrees -- the plane in which the morning and evening circles are located perpendicular to the sun's rays;

② local time difference: East morning and West evening, longitude difference of 1 hour every 15 degrees.

③ deflection of objects moving horizontally along the surface: no deflection at the equator, right deflection in the northern hemisphere, left deflection in the southern hemisphere. The bias increases with latitude.

5, the geographic significance of the Earth's rotation:

(1) changes in the length of day and night:

① northern hemisphere in summer half a year, the sun shines directly on the northern hemisphere, the northern hemisphere latitude day long and night short, the higher the latitude, the longer the day the shorter the night. Summer solstice - the northern hemisphere latitudes of the day reaches its maximum value in a year, the Arctic Circle and areas north of it, the polar day phenomenon. ② northern hemisphere in the winter half of the year, the sun shines directly on the southern hemisphere, the northern hemisphere latitude night is long and day is short, the higher the latitude, the longer the night and the shorter the day. Winter solstice - the northern hemisphere latitudes of the day reaches the minimum value of the year, the Arctic Circle and the region north of the polar night phenomenon. ③ Vernal Equinox and Autumnal Equinox, the sun shines directly on the equator, day and night around the globe, each 12 hours long.

④ Equator day and night are equally divided throughout the year. The situation in the Southern Hemisphere is opposite to that in the Northern Hemisphere.

(2) changes in the height of the noon sun:

the same moment, the height of the noon sun from the point of direct sunlight to the north and south, the summer solstice, the sun shoots directly to the Tropic of Cancer, the height of the noon sun from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south of the decreasing, at this time, the Tropic of Cancer and its latitudes north of the year to reach a maximum, the southern hemisphere latitudes up to the minimum. Winter solstice, the sun directly shoots the Tropic of Capricorn, the height of the sun at noon from the Tropic of Capricorn to the north and south sides of the decreasing, at this time the Tropic of Capricorn and its south of the latitude of the year reached the maximum, the northern hemisphere latitudes reach the minimum. Vernal Equinox and Autumnal Equinox, the sun directly above the equator, the height of the sun at noon from the equator to the poles decreasing.

(3) the change of the seasons (the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon changes with the seasons, so that solar radiation has the law of seasonal change, the formation of the four seasons) Northern Hemisphere seasonal division: March, April, May for the spring, 6, 7, 8 for the summer, 9, 10, 11 for the fall, 12, 1, 2 for the winter.

6. The Earth's stratigraphy is divided into inner circles and outer circles with the surface as the boundary.

(1) the Earth's inner circle according to the characteristics of seismic waves (longitudinal, transverse) is divided into the crust, mantle, core of the Earth's three circles. The crustal material is mainly composed of rocks (magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks), the soft layer of the upper mantle is the source of magma, and the Earth's core is mainly composed of iron-nickel material.

(2) External circles: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

High School Geography Essential Knowledge

1, the rocks are divided into three categories: ① magma rock (magma rising cooled and solidified) ② sedimentary rocks (rocks formed under the external forces of weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation, solidification and rock-forming) ③ metamorphic rocks (metamorphism). From magma to the formation of various rocks, the three main types of rocks can be transformed into each other, and to the production of new magma, the movement of this change process, constituting the crustal material cycle.

2, the surface morphology changes in the internal and external force factors (geological role):

(1) the role of internal forces - energy from the Earth itself, mainly the Earth's internal heat, which is manifested in crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism. Causes the surface of the earth to be uneven. Types of geological formations are folds (dorsal and oblique) and faults (barriers and grabens).

(2) External Forces - Energy comes from outside the Earth, mainly solar energy and gravity. Flatten the uneven surface of the earth. Expressed as weathering, erosion, transport, accumulation, consolidation of rock-forming action. Stream erosion landforms (V-shaped valley), accumulation landforms (alluvial fans, alluvial plains and deltas); wind erosion landforms (wind-eroded depressions, mushrooms), wind-accumulated landforms (sand dunes).

3, the name of the six plates: the Asia-Europe plate, the African plate, the Indian Ocean plate, the Pacific plate, the American plate, the Antarctic plate. Generally speaking, within the plate, the crust is more stable, the junction between the two plates, is a more active crust, volcanoes, earthquakes are also more concentrated in the junction of the plate. Growth boundary - the plate rift, often forming rift valleys, oceans. The demise of the border - plate collision, often forming mountains, trench.

4, the atmospheric heating process: solar radiation (short-wave), atmospheric weakening, ground warming, ground radiation (long-wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long-wave), atmospheric counter-radiation (thermal insulation)

(1) weakening of atmospheric radiation on the sun's role: (1) the role of absorption: selective, ozone absorption of ultraviolet light, water vapor and carbon dioxide absorption of infrared light. Very little absorption of visible light. ② reflection: clouds and particles of larger dust. Clouds have the most significant reflective effect. ③ scattering effect: air molecules or tiny dust, so that part of the solar radiation can not reach the ground.

(2) the insulation of the atmosphere on the ground: the atmosphere absorbs radiation from the ground and produces atmospheric inverse radiation (atmospheric radiation directed to the ground), part of the heat returned to the ground, the thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric inverse radiation.

5, the global near-surface there are seven air pressure zones (high and low pressure distribution), six wind zones.

(1) low-latitude circulation:

① equatorial low-pressure belt: because of the formation of thermal effects, airflow convergence upward, easy to form clouds to rain, the formation of rainy zone. Year-round under its control to form a tropical rainforest climate (Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia)

② subtropical high pressure zone: formed because of the power of the role of the airflow in the 30 degrees latitude over the accumulation and sinking, the formation of less rainy zone (except for the monsoon region of East Asia), year-round under its control to form a tropical desert climate (Sahara Water Desert, North Africa, West Asia, North America, the United States of America) (Sahara water desert in North Africa, the deserts of West Asia, North America, the United States, the western desert, South America, Chile, Peru, the western desert, Australia, the Great Desert)

③ Belt of trade winds: from the sub-high blowing to the equator of the low-pressure air currents in the northern hemisphere right into the northeasterly trade winds in the southern hemisphere left into the southeasterly trade wind.

(2) mid-latitude circulation:

(4) sub-polar low-pressure belt: formed by the warm airflow from low latitudes and the cold airflow from high latitudes to meet the movement of rising. Formation of temperate rainy belt.

⑤ Mid-latitude westerly belt: the air flow from the sub-high blowing to the sub-polar low-pressure belt, in the northern hemisphere right into the southwest wind, in the southern hemisphere left into the northwest wind, customarily known as the westerly winds, by its year-round control of the region, the formation of temperate oceanic climate in the west coast of the continent. (Western Europe, western North America, such as Canada's Vancouver neighborhood, the western side of the Andes at the southern tip of South America, the southern tip of Australia and Tasmania, New Zealand, etc.)

(3) high-latitude circulation:

(6) Polar high-pressure zones: because of the formation of the thermal effects of the cooler air sinks, the formation of the belt of less rain. However, the poles are wet areas because of low temperatures and even less evaporation, so the poles are areas where precipitation is greater than evaporation.

(7) Polar easterly wind belt: from the polar high-pressure belt blowing to the sub-polar low-pressure belt of the air flow, in the geostrophic bias force, the northern hemisphere right into the northeast wind, the southern hemisphere left into the southeast wind.

(4) the movement of air and wind belts: △ the reason for the movement: with the movement of the Sun's point of direct sunlight. △Direction of movement: in the case of the Northern Hemisphere, roughly northward in summer and southward in winter.

(5) the role of a single air pressure belt or wind belt to form the type of climate: tropical rainforest climate (equatorial low-pressure belt), tropical desert climate (subtropical high pressure belt), temperate oceanic climate (mid-latitude westerly wind belt).

(6) air pressure belt, wind belt movement formed by the type of climate: savanna climate (summer by the equatorial low pressure belt control, winter by the low-latitude trade winds belt control), the Mediterranean climate (summer by the subtropical high pressure belt control, winter by the mid-latitude westerly wind belt control).

6, common weather systems: frontal systems (cold fronts, warm fronts, quasi-stationary fronts), cyclones (low pressure) and anticyclones (high pressure), frontal cyclones. Cyclones are low-pressure, low-pressure systems often appear in the actual atmosphere as low-pressure troughs extending out in a certain direction along the center, on which frontal systems are formed. Fronts and cyclones are a whole (high pressure systems are not).

7, the water cycle

(1) type: sea and land cycle (great cycle), land cycle (little water), ocean cycle (the largest amount of water)

(2) the name of each link: evaporation, precipitation, water vapor transport, surface runoff, subsurface runoff, seepage, plant transpiration

(3) the significance of the: it makes the land water is constantly being replenished, renewal and regenerate water resources; shape the surface morphology; and link the four major circles.

8, ocean currents:

(1) types: according to the cause of wind and sea currents, density currents, compensatory currents; according to the nature of warm and cold currents.

(2) distribution: △ low latitude - subtropical as the center of the ocean circulation, the northern hemisphere clockwise flow (with the hemispheric anticyclone direction), the southern hemisphere counterclockwise flow (with the southern hemisphere anticyclone direction). △Middle and high latitudes (mainly the Northern Hemisphere) - oceanic circulation centered on the subpolar regions. The westerly drift in the Southern Hemisphere, the world's most powerful cold current. △ The monsoon currents of the northern Indian Ocean - flowing from west to east in summer and from east to west in winter (summer smooth and winter reverse).

(3) impact: ① impact on the climate: warm currents play a role in warming, humidification (the formation of oceanic climate in Western Europe, thanks to the North Atlantic Warm Current); cold currents play a role in cooling, humidity (Australia's west coast of the Vedo

Lia Desert, Peru's Pacific coast, the formation of the Atacama Desert are associated with the coastal cold streams and Peruvian cold stream of Western Australia)

② on marine life - from west to east in summer, from east to west in winter (summer and winter reversal).

② Impact on marine life - the distribution of fishing grounds: the confluence of cold and warm currents, bringing a rich and diverse bait for fish.

Hokkaido fishery - the confluence of the Japanese warm current and the Thousand Islands cold current. △ Newfoundland fishery - the confluence of the Labrador cold current and the Gulf of Mexico warm current. △ North Sea fishery - formed by the intersection of the North Atlantic warm current and the cold sea water from the high latitude south. Peruvian fishery - upwelling compensatory currents upwell deeper waters, bringing in deep-sea silicates that proliferate plankton, which in turn serve as bait for fish.

③ Impact on marine pollution: favorable to the diffusion of pollutants, speed up the rate of purification; but also make the scope of pollutants to expand.

④ The impact on the marine transportation business: downstream - navigation speed; countercurrent - navigation speed is slow.

High School Geography Knowledge Points

1 natural geography by the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, soil circle, anthroposphere composed of the organic whole. Five elements of the natural geographic environment: climate, landform (topography), hydrology, soil, biology (vegetation).

2 holistic: the elements of the geographic environment are interlinked, mutual constraints and interpenetration, forming an organic whole. Performance: ① elements of the geographic environment is not isolated development, each element is as part of the whole, and other elements of the interlinkages and interactions; ② changes in one element will lead to other elements and even the overall change (including the impact on other areas).

3 Soil: a terrestrial loose surface layer that is fertile and capable of growing plants. Fertility is an essential property of soil.

Soil-forming parent material: the material basis for soil formation and the initial source of mineral nutrients. It has an important influence on both the physical properties and chemical composition of the soil (inheritance relationship).

Climate: directly affects the soil's hydrothermal conditions and the nature and intensity of physical and chemical processes. For example, the soil organic matter accumulates most under moderate hydrothermal conditions. (Temperate semi-humid environment of the black soil is the world's most fertile soil); through the influence of the weathering process of rocks, geomorphological patterns, and the activities of organisms, indirectly affecting the formation and development of soil. For example, the weathering crust is thickest under hot and humid conditions, and the thickness of the soil layer is large. Under arid or cold conditions, the weathered crust is thin, and the soil layer is also thin.

Biological: the source of soil organic matter, the most active factor in the process of soil formation, the level of soil fertility depends mainly on the amount of organic matter content. Without the participation of organisms (biological cycle), there will be no soil formation. (Soil-forming parent material → lower plant growth → original soil → higher plant growth → mature soil). In general, forest soils have less organic matter than grassland soils.

Topography: indirectly acts on the soil through the redistribution of matter and energy. Such as the vertical zonal distribution of soil. Steep slopes: surface material migration speed, difficult to develop deep soil. Flat places: slow erosion of surface materials, stable climatic and biological conditions for the development of deep soils. Sunny slopes: good temperature conditions, but evaporation is strong, poor moisture, and vice versa for shady slopes.

Human activities: positive impact - transformation of natural soil for a variety of farming soil; negative impact - soil degradation (soil erosion, salinization, desertification, and soil pollution, etc.)

3 The holistic nature of the environment requires the development and utilization of natural resources, there should be integrated considerations and countermeasures.

Geographical differentiation

1 Natural zone: a strip-like area with consistent natural attributes. Geographic differentiation has a certain degree of order and universality.

2 Distribution of natural zones: natural zones are defined by climate type.

3 Distribution Law

Geography Compulsory Knowledge

1 Natural Disasters: natural disasters are natural events that can cause loss of life and property.

Classification: according to the cause and process, natural disasters can be divided into: geological disasters (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, mudslides, etc.)

Meteorological disasters (floods, droughts, torrential rains, cold tides, typhoons, etc.), biological disasters (pests and diseases, etc.), and marine disasters (tsunamis, etc.).

Characteristics of natural disasters: complexity, cyclicality, suddenness, multi-causal, mass occurrence, potential

2 natural disasters: the harm caused by direct economic losses and casualties, as well as a variety of indirect losses, and even affect the stability of society and sustainable development. China is one of the world's most serious natural disasters. China's highest frequency and widest range of natural disasters are floods and droughts, in addition, the degree of damage caused by earthquakes is also very large.

China's eastern frontal rainfall push law (normal year):

April, May (E), the southern coast into the rainy season;

June (D), the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, "Meiyu";

July, August (C), North China, Northeast China, more rain;

September. The rain belt moves rapidly south;

In October, the continental rainy season ends.

Other causes:

Geomorphological features of the watershed (low relief, poor drainage), distribution of vegetation (forest cover)

Human activities: indiscriminate cultivation and deforestation, destroying vegetation, leading to soil erosion, siltation of rivers; enclosure of lakes to make fields, leading to shrinkage of lakes.

Governance measures: afforestation, restoration of natural vegetation, construction of reservoirs, river training, reinforcement of the embankment, the return of the field to the lake; non-engineering measures: the construction of flood storage projects, strengthen the management of floodplains, the establishment of early warning systems, the implementation of flood insurance and so on.

How to learn geography

First, cultivate their interest in geography, interest is the best teacher. If you lack the necessary interest in geography, you must cultivate it in your study life. For example, in the poem "Spring wind does not pass through the Jade Gate", then you have to study it, why would the ancients write such a poem? After understanding, it turns out that "spring wind" refers to the summer wind that affects our country, and Yumen is in the non-monsoon area, so the summer wind can't affect this place, and thus the precipitation here is scarce and desolate. This is why the rainfall is so scarce and the area is so desolate.

Second, correct learning attitude, proactive. As a student, there must be a student should have the appearance, do not believe that the genius of how how, do yourself a good job, down-to-earth learning, do not understand to ask students or teachers. "If three people walk together, there must be my teacher." Teachers will very much like to stick to their students, the heart will be doubly gratified, for fear of not understanding also froze their own research, closed-door car, then it is likely that the problem is more and more accumulated.

Third, before class, carefully study the content of the lecture, mind; class to listen carefully, concentrate on "class to seriously complete the homework independently, check the gaps. Classes of a moment of error, distraction, it is likely to fall behind and difficult to make up. Sometimes, the knowledge of the classroom understanding, spend several times the time in class may be difficult to break through, then it is twice the effort.

Fourth, secondary school geography, especially high school geography, especially emphasize the understanding of memory, hard to memorize the method is not understanding the level of impression more profound. For example, the rotation of the earth and the rotation of the earth involves the time zone time difference, more drawings, more understanding, more brain to do the right topic. In addition, you can also memorize some smooth talk and so on, such as memorizing the demarcation line between Asia and Europe can be remembered in this way - "two Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Great Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, the Turkish Straits, the Mediterranean Sea)

Fifth, geography can not be separated from the map to learn! The aid. Geography learning from the map to speak that is very difficult to go far, see more large and small maps, pay attention to different categories of maps, rivers, mountains, cities and other locations are needed in the brain to have a map exists. Especially in junior high school geography left the map, that knowledge is basically no attachment, junior high school geography can be more tracing map, such as tracing down the Yangtze River and the main tributaries of the map, and then according to the map to fill in the origin and estuary, the main cities along the river, the main topographic areas in the watershed, and so on.

Sixth, I do the actual battle, is a mule is a horse, to the topic see. The topic is as vast as a sea of smoke, must pay more attention to their own weaknesses in the design of the topic, do the question must be completed independently, avoid copying books, etc., self-deception harm or their own ah! After the teacher explains the topic to learn to reflect, ask a few more why, why would they do this question wrong? Is it carelessness or is there really a knowledge loophole? If you're not careful, you're not going to make the same mistake again. Really have loopholes, not terrible, terrible is not to summarize and organize, such as the conditions of agricultural development in a certain place, that includes natural conditions and socio-economic conditions of the two categories, natural conditions include climate, topography, soil, water, etc.; socio-economic conditions, including the market, transportation, agricultural technology, national policy, labor, etc., if the answer to the question of a point lost, to be reflected in the notebook, and then do not recur.

Seventh, they should often I do a stage summary, to have their own study plan. After the weekly or monthly exams and other exams, we should summarize the problems exposed in the exams, analyze their recent learning, and communicate with teachers and students, so as to regulate and improve.

Methods for learning geography

1, learn to generalize.

Study as long as the focus. For example, the complexity of the South Asian landforms can be summarized in eight words, that is, the mountains and rivers, longitudinal distribution.

2, integration of knowledge.

The information you need to learn, made into a mind map, will make the brain thinking organized and clear, easy to remember to grasp.

3, make full use of the globe and map.

Learning to use textbooks and textbooks is not only a tool for mastering knowledge and skills, but also a basis for developing self-learning skills.

4. Grasp key concepts.

The mastery of geographic principles, essentials, does not require as physics, mathematics formulas, theorems as shrewd, as long as you grasp the key and the main points, it is easy to understand and master.

5, pay attention to geographic observation.

Observation is to think while looking closely. Look at the face of the local geography, and how people are active in the local area. Through the newspaper, television programs, pictures to get geographic information, exercise our talent.

6, good at geographic imagination.

Observation can only get local intuition, maps can only provide location intuition, imagination can make the two linked, so that you get a comprehensive view of the geographic environment, and then show you the future of geography.

7, learn to read and understand geography textbooks.

The pillar of geography learning is the reading comprehension of the textbook, geography is different from the other two liberal arts is that the textbook knowledge points must be understood and memorized rather than rote memorization, in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the teacher's guidance must be carefully studied.

High School Geography Essential Knowledge Points Summary Related Articles :

★ High School Geography Essential Knowledge Points Summary (People's Teaching Edition)

★ High School Geography Essential Knowledge Points Summary Daquan

★ High School Geography Essential Knowledge Points Concise

★ High School Geography Essential Knowledge Points (People's Teaching Edition) )

★ Summary of compulsory high school geography knowledge points (Xiangjiao version)

★ Summary of compulsory high school geography key knowledge points

★ Summary of compulsory high school geography chapter knowledge

★ Compulsory high school geography knowledge points

★ Compulsory geography chapter 3 summary of important knowledge points

★ Compulsory high school geography knowledge points summary (2)

var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document.createElement("script"); hm.src = "/hm.js?8a6b92a28ca051cd1a9f6beca8dce12e"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })();