On the Political Socialization of Minority Members from the Individual Perspective

Speech means that members of ethnic minorities learn, accept and internalize political culture.

And the formation process of political personality and political personality; From a system point of view

Speech is a political system that allows members of ethnic minorities to meet through various channels.

Political culture and national political subculture, which are dominated by harmony and internalization, enable it to develop.

Develop into a qualified "politician" with certain political quality.

In order to cope with the current political system and the process of political life, the implementation of cooperatives in China

Under the socialist system, the political society of ethnic minority members

Culture is mainly spread to social owners through various means and channels.

Political knowledge, political thoughts and political values of justice dominate politics.

Culture, and promote this dominant political culture and national political subculture.

Docking and integration, so that members of ethnic minorities can learn and accept the Lord.

Guide political culture and national political subculture, and obtain corresponding political state.

Degree, political belief, political knowledge and emotion, and then influence and support.

Match their political behavior and make them form qualified political roles.

It is very important to realize the high political identity of the members of ethnic minorities in China.

In order to control the negative political culture and realize the standardization of political life,

Maintain political stability and promote ethnic minority areas.

The all-round development of human beings plays a very important role. Specifically, less.

The political socialization of members of several ethnic groups has the following important functions:

First, spread, maintain and transform political culture. "Political text."

Culture is a popular political attitude of a nation in a specific period.

Yang still has feelings. This kind of political culture exists in the history and present of this nation.

Formed in the process of socio-economic and political activities, people used to

The attitude type formed in the experience focuses on the future political behavior.

An important restrictive role. Political culture affects all those who play political roles.

Their behavior, their political demands and their opposition to the law

should be "[! ](E！ ) It endows the political system with rules and gives individuals

Behavior has social significance and makes the political system have value orientation and maintenance.

And ensure the operation of the political system. The great role of political culture lies precisely in

Through political socialization. Political gain within society

Learning, integration and intergenerational transmission of social and political models

Cheng is also an internal communicator of politics and political culture.

Cheng believes that political culture can only be maintained through political socialization.

Hold, spread, inherit, develop and transform. For ethnic minorities

In other words, a basic function of political socialization is among ethnic minorities.

Disseminate, maintain and transform political culture, including leadership politics.

Governance culture and national political subculture.

Second, create political attributes, cultivate political roles and enhance politics.

Ruling ability. Members of ethnic minorities are not born with political attributes.

= Wan Fang data.

Yes, it was gradually cultivated and grown up through political socialization. some

The political attributes and personalities of ethnic members are the corresponding politics.

As a product of the socialization of governance culture, it has distinct nationality and politics.

Role refers to the role that is consistent with people's political status and identity.

A set of norms and behavior patterns of rights and obligations. Members of ethnic minorities

Only through political socialization can we form a certain political role, from

Instead, it is included in the social framework or model, which constitutes social and political interaction.

Therefore, the process of political socialization of ethnic minorities is politics.

In the process of role learning, members of ethnic minorities are compulsory and independent.

The principle of combination, learning the political values of a particular society, politics

Governance rights and obligations, political behavior, etc. , thus becoming a special

Determine political members in social life, but adapt to specific social and political students.

Living, members of ethnic minorities should also have certain political ability. this

The connotation of this ability is quite rich. As far as its scope of application is concerned, it includes

Ability to adapt to the political life of ethnic minorities and the political life of the country.

Ability; As far as its content is concerned, it mainly includes cognitive ability and participation.

Ability. The political ability of ethnic minority members first passes through political society.

Culture, and then constantly improve in political practice, and

It is also rare to be shaped into a qualified "politician" in the end.

The ultimate goal of political socialization of several nationalities. It can be said that political society

Culture is the "catalyst" for minority members to change from social people to political people.

Third, cultivate a unified political culture and maintain social and political stability.

China is a multi-ethnic country as well as a country.

In a country where many ethnic cultures coexist, the political culture of each ethnic group is different.

Similarly, this pattern of cultural diversity is not conducive to society objectively.

Will be politically integrated, which is not conducive to the political stability of the country.

Influence. If members of ethnic minorities and the existing political system accept and

Recognized political attitudes are inconsistent with political beliefs, and even alienated.

Germany will pose a serious threat to social and political stability. Through several

The political socialization of the country is conducive to cultivating a United political culture.

It is helpful to cultivate ethnic minorities' recognition of the national political system.

The support of state power, the sense of identity and trust in other ethnic groups.

As well as the concept of democracy and legal system and civic awareness, so that they can consciously

Accept the social value standard and bear the responsibility and righteousness.

Affairs to maintain social and political stability.

Second, the process and methods: minority politics

Micro-analysis of socialization

Political socialization is a continuous process.

Generally divided into early political socialization stage and adult political socialization stage.

Stage and the stage of continuing political socialization. According to members of ethnic minorities,

The different contents and ways of realizing political socialization in one's life can be divided into two parts.

The process of its political socialization is simply divided into the politics of childhood family.

Socialization of governance, political socialization of youth schools, religious groups

Political socialization and other ways in weaving.

Several stages.

(A) the family and the political socialization of ethnic minorities

Family has a long-term and profound influence on individual's political socialization.

Ring is the initial "social and political environment". Early period from family to individual

The most influential thing in social interaction is parents' words and deeds.

Political attitude, political consciousness, political values and their social politics.

Political status, the use of political terms, family relations and so on are all influences.

Factors of personal political socialization. Many ethnic minorities in China have their own nationalities.

Many members of ethnic minorities have their own religious beliefs since childhood.

Influenced by their parents' religious beliefs, their daily life began.

Most of them live according to the provisions of religious laws; Some children are.

When I was very young, I was sent to a temple by my parents to study religious knowledge.

I hope I can become a religious person like Sri Lanka and Lama. This kind of family

The combination of religious influence and religious social education has greatly influenced

The formation of their political personality. Therefore, many minority citizens

As far as the socialization of family politics is concerned, it has the characteristics of the integration of politics and religion, namely

Since childhood, they have not only accepted the influence of religion,

And accepted its political influence, which made them

The political socialization of the family has distinct religious characteristics, while the family is less.

The edification and education of this religious belief in the early days of several ethnic groups have been strengthened.

Their sense of identity with their own country socialized their politics.

Showing the characteristics of nationality.

(B) the school and the political socialization of ethnic minorities

School is the continuation of family's influence on personal political socialization. school

Education consolidates and expands the formation of teenagers under the influence of early families.

Political attitude, establish a certain political value system and political system.

The understanding and recognition of the Ministry cultivate a clear and complete political channel.

Therefore, school education is actually a conscious and purposeful education.

Formal political and cultural training process.

As far as school education in China minority areas is concerned, their

The process of political socialization is complicated. On the one hand, ethnic minorities in China

The backward economic and cultural conditions in this area limit the opportunities for many people to receive education.

Parts and opportunities; On the other hand, the strong religious consciousness of ethnic minorities makes

They are easy to receive religious education, but not easy to receive state education.

Political education, which makes the country's political education in some ethnic groups.

It is difficult to play its due role, such as many schools in ethnic minority areas.

Do not attach importance to the teaching of political lessons, ignore the political nature of political lessons.

Socialization of governance. The acquisition of political knowledge mainly lies in school politics.

In politics, the weakness of political teaching will undoubtedly affect minority politics.

In contrast, many minority citizens

But it pays more attention to receiving religious education.

(C) Religious organizations and the political socialization of ethnic minorities

! "Wan Fang data.

Many ethnic minorities in China have their own religious beliefs, some of which

Members of ethnic minorities began to receive religious education at an early age.

Therefore, religion has a great influence on their political socialization, such as the West.

There are many ethnic minorities in the north who believe in Buddhism and Islam.

There are far more local temples than schools. In every temple,

There are many people who study religious knowledge, but their knowledge of natural science

Lack of knowledge and humanistic knowledge. Most students generally lack basic knowledge.

Political knowledge and legal awareness, their behavior is mainly taught by religion.

It means to adjust and adjust. Many monasteries do not attach importance to politics in education.

Learn knowledge, not impart political knowledge.

Undoubtedly, the political socialization of ethnic minorities has a great influence.

In this sense, the process of religious socialization in some minority areas

Degree is much higher than the degree of political socialization.

(D) Other ways and the political socialization of ethnic minorities

In addition to families, schools and religious organizations, a few political

Other ways of socialization include social groups, mass media and

People's practical activities, etc. Social Groups Affecting Political Socialization of Ethnic Minorities

Mainly friends, colleagues, church members and other groups. These groups are

Small-scale, capable of frequent direct face-to-face interaction, members

Rely on emotion and informal control to maintain mutual relations, etc.

Point, so they have the political personality of minority citizens.

Significance. Many members of ethnic minorities are just talking with their peers and peers.

Things, learn political information and learn political knowledge from the communication of the parishioners.

Knowledge, and influenced by the group to form their own political values and political opinions.

Governance thinking.

Another way of political socialization of ethnic minorities is mass communication.

Media. In modern society, newspapers, books, television, radio,

Movies and other media provide all kinds of information to citizens in different ways.

Many of these messages are directly or indirectly political.

Tolerance has a far-reaching impact on the political socialization of citizens.

However, it is worth noting that due to the economic development in minority areas.

After that, people's living standards are very low, and their exposure to these media is very high.

Small. In addition, some ethnic minorities have their own languages and scripts, many of which

People don't know Chinese or Chinese characters, but learn English in their own language.

The underdevelopment of mass communication will undoubtedly weaken the political socialization of the media.

Function. Personal practice is also the political socialization of minority citizens.

Important way. Because many ethnic minorities have strong religious or group characteristics,

Expropriation, individuals rarely carry out practical activities with their own independent significance.

People's practical activities are basically group activities, and one must follow.

From the group norms and activities in a way that is unanimously recognized by the group.

It is considered normal, and once it violates the group norms, it will engage in unconventional activities.

Different activities will be considered as unsociable behaviors or behaviors.

Treason. Therefore, personal practical activities are of great significance to both ethnic minorities and individuals.

The shaping of the case and the identification of the role are not so much "individuals" as "individuals"

It is "group" and "religion". On the one hand, this phenomenon is depressing.

The growth of personality is not conducive to the formation of political independence.

Citizen's personality. But on the other hand, these shortcomings are maintained.

The existing traditional norms of several ethnic groups have maintained local social politics.

It is stable and easily regulated by the political system.

Third, society and culture: ethnic minorities.

Macro-analysis of political socialization

The social environment constitutes an ecosystem of various forms of political existence,

Economic factors, social structure factors and political system factors in the system.

Cultural factors directly affect the political socialization of citizens.

The ring. When the environment is not conducive to the smooth political socialization of citizens, it

Obstruct and restrict the normal progress of citizens' political socialization and affect citizens.

The influence of political socialization; When the environment is conducive to the political socialization of citizens

When it goes smoothly, it can promote citizens' political socialization of products.

Only by developing extremely correct goals can we receive a good political society.

Effect.

(A) Analysis of economic factors

Marxism holds that among all the factors of social development,

Economic factors are the decisive factors of the whole social life and all social ideologies.

Fixed strength and final source. Therefore, the level of economic development directly affects.

Political socialization of ethnic minorities. The first is the backward mode of production.

It is not conducive to the enhancement of the sense of political performance and political obligation of ethnic minority members.

Strong. For a long time, the self-sufficient closed agriculture and animal husbandry economy has been

The most representative mode of production in China minority areas.

The biggest feature of the mode of production is conformism, which leads to

Politically, workers instinctively tend to be autocratic, democratic and people-oriented.

The subjective consciousness is extremely weak, which not only affects the politics in minority areas.

The process of democratization also affects the political society of ethnic minorities.

Secondly, the low living standard is easy to cause problems for ethnic minority members.

Political apathy and political alienation. Economy in China Minority Areas

The level of development is relatively backward and the per capita income is low, so people are generally

Only care about their basic living problems, naturally care about political issues.

Indifference The local government will also devote itself to developing the economy.

Economy, increasing income, makes political participation and political development over time.

Political issues such as exhibitions are increasingly marginalized, and people are interested in "politics"

More and more alienated. In addition, the economic development in ethnic minority areas is backward.

Can not provide a sustained and stable process of political socialization for ethnic minorities.

The external environment is favorable, which undoubtedly affects a few political clubs.

Socialization will continue to develop effectively.

(B) Analysis of social structure factors

The traditional social structure of ethnic minority areas in China is the upper class.

Dual structure model of high integration and high dispersion of social grass-roots units

! "Wan Fang data.

This structure divides a society into two parts: modernity and tradition.

Modern parts are different in production mode and lifestyle.

In the traditional part, its first consequence was the emergence of Ming Dynasty in China.

The obvious "cultural gap" is an advanced modern culture on one side and an advanced modern culture on the other.

It is a backward and ignorant traditional culture, feudal culture and living habits.

People living in two different structures have different ways of thinking.

Lifestyle. In ethnic minority areas, clan consciousness and consanguinity consciousness

Still dominant, its social, cultural and political life will inevitably have

The strong feudal traditional color will inevitably affect minority areas.

The process of political democratization and socialization of ethnic minorities in this area. it

The second consequence is that China society has formed a "poor society"

Order mode ",people living in backward areas participate in social and political affairs.

Being marginalized for a long time, their political rights are often deprived.

Ensure that in the long run, the masses in the vast minority areas are large.

Most of them are in "no political class" and it is difficult to form the will of citizens.

Knowledge, to a great extent, caused their weak consciousness of political expression.

Sense of political responsibility. The long-term existence of dual structure is undoubtedly not conducive to the dominance of one family.

The spread of political culture in ethnic minority areas has also been greatly affected.

Effective implementation of political socialization of ethnic minorities.

(C) Analysis of political system factors

In the political development, it is institutionalized, organized and effectively managed.

As important as democratization, they can only go hand in hand.

Only by coordinating with each other can we maintain the stability and continuity of the political development process.

China's traditional political system is a centralized pyramid power structure, "everyone"

The concept of "ability" is deeply rooted in people's consciousness, and the exercise of power and

The lack of procedure in reform makes traditional politics hierarchical and closed.

Sex, the vast majority of channels to participate in politics are closed to the broad masses of grassroots people.

It's closed Although after more than half a century of socialist revolution and construction

China's socialist democracy has developed to a certain extent.

Exhibition, the people's democratic dictatorship of the socialist political system has indeed been established.

However, due to the backward productivity of minority areas in China, the construction of society

The economic and cultural conditions required for socialist democracy are still far from adequate.

Therefore, the democratic system in China minority areas is not perfect.

The level of democratization is still very low, and grassroots cadres are bureaucratic and privileged.

Thoughts are rampant, people are more important than the rule of law, and they are seriously divorced from the group.

Many people still have few opportunities or channels to participate in and discuss state affairs.

The guarantee of a strong political system undoubtedly affects and restricts ethnic minorities.

The smooth progress of political socialization

(D) Analysis of cultural factors

Political socialization mainly refers to citizens' acceptance and internalization of political culture.

Process, so political culture is important for personal political socialization.

The political socialization of ethnic minorities is influenced by China's traditional politics and plays an important role.

The dual influence of culture and national political subculture.

The influence of traditional political culture on the political socialization of ethnic minorities

Now the following aspects: first, the "ethics" that values benevolence and righteousness and ignores interests.

The culture of "governing politics" leads to the low sense of political performance of ethnic minorities.

The core of China traditional culture dominated by family culture is "benevolence and righteousness".

Although this traditional culture plays an important role in coordinating interpersonal relationships and stabilizing social hierarchy.

The preface has certain positive significance, but it will undoubtedly arouse people's concern.

Ignorance of human interests undoubtedly hinders the development of rights politics.

Function. For ethnic minorities living in remote areas, information

Occlusion makes the influence of traditional culture on them far greater than that in

People living in cities, the political attitudes of some traditional cultures towards them,

Political behavior has obvious influence, and traditional culture values righteousness over profit.

This influence often leads to their low sense of political interests and political performance.

Second, there are fewer traditional political and cultural reasons for valuing ceremony over the rule of law.

Several ethnic groups have a weak sense of citizenship. Many ethnic minorities are concerned about what is open.

People know almost nothing about their politics and civil rights.

Consciousness is a kind of subjective consciousness, which is manifested as "subjective culture"

Features. Third, the autocratic monarchy caused the politics of ethnic minority members.

Management attachment and political apathy. China's long-term autocratic monarchy.

It has caused the people to worship and alienate the regime. right

Worship of power can easily lead to personality attachment, while alienation of power is

It is easy to cause political apathy and think that politics is the business of officials.

What's the point of those who seek it? "You don't have to ask yourself, what did this lead to?

Their growing alienation from political power has produced a sense of political apathy.

Due to the differences in culture and customs among ethnic minorities in China.

Different, it has formed sub-national politics with national and regional characteristics.

Culture has a far-reaching influence on the political socialization of ethnic minorities.

For example, some ethnic minorities in Yunnan once practiced the chieftain system in history.

Degree, serfdom in Tibet, etc. , are unique people.

The national political subculture has had an impact on these ethnic members for a long time.

Political consciousness and political behavior have had a great influence. There are some now.

The political subculture of ethnic minorities has religious characteristics, such as faith.

Ethnic minorities who believe in Islam are more enthusiastic about participating in politics;

Their political culture shows the characteristics of participatory political culture.

Some Buddhist minorities are eager to stay away from secularism and politics.

Their political culture shows the style of grassroots politics.

Cultural characteristics. From the perspective of regional structure, politics between different regions

Different cultural orientations. Political sub-culture areas in ethnic minority areas

Regionality is mainly manifested in the political and cultural differences between urban and rural areas. city

Due to the influence of historical and geographical environment, the economy and culture of this city have been in

More developed status, urban citizens' awareness of openness, democracy and rights

Strong sense of interest, participation and ability, feudal politics

The influence of politics and culture is small, while the geographical position of minority areas is partial.

Closed and backward traditions such as market economy, patriarchal clan system and consanguineous ethics.

Political culture still dominates people's thinking, political blindness and fear.

The consciousness of awe and obedience is very strong, and the consciousness of citizenship and participation in politics is relatively high

! "Wan Fang data.

Weak. These places are undoubtedly traditional political culture, modern

Political consciousness and political concept have not yet formed. The operation of political power is subject to clan rights.

As well as the influence of religious rights, modern political culture is included in family and blood relationship.

Culture, compared with the city's political culture, has formed a great contrast, showing that

It shows the characteristics of "subject culture" and "grass people culture".

Fourth, the goal of political socialization of ethnic minority members.

The ultimate goal of political socialization of ethnic minorities is to cultivate and

Create ethnic minorities who can enter and adapt to current political life.

Members. For members of ethnic minorities in the process of political socialization

It is said that the external dominant political culture is internalized into its own internal knot.

Structure, the external political knowledge into their own knowledge structure, will be a

When political norms become their own codes of conduct and habits, they will

Indirect and direct political experience into their own political skills, will be a.

Set the political culture as its own political behavior mode, and form a certain.

Political personality can meet the needs of political life. Only this

Only in this way can we say that the political society of ethnic minority members has really been realized.

The goal of political socialization of ethnic minorities should specifically include the following contents.

Aspects:

From the perspective of political culture, the political society of ethnic minorities

First of all, it should be reflected in the changes in the authoritative psychology of most people, that is,

The tendency to identify with political authority has gradually changed from religious authority, clan or family.

Ethnic authority, local sectarian authority and other types of authority are transferred to a single world.

Popular, national political authority, and one after another ethnic minorities.

Step, form a psychological atmosphere that agrees with the unified political authority of the country.

Second, it is manifested in political trust and political tolerance among ethnic groups.

The general improvement of science and the gradual establishment of an open political life style,

Eliminate the political closure that exists to a certain extent. Third, the table.

Civic culture is now the foundation of the growth and development of democratic politics, and it exists in ethnic minorities.

The gradual improvement and establishment of national political life is ultimately completed by "the right people"

Culture "and" subject culture "have realized the transformation to" citizen culture ".

From the perspective of political life, it is manifested in ethnic minority areas.

The improvement of political institutionalization and democratization, minority politics

The breadth and depth of governance participation have been further expanded. Not only need to establish insurance

Mechanisms and stabilization procedures for the participation of ethnic minorities in the political process, and

To take effective measures to promote minority party member to participate in the election, to the party.

The administrative department reflects opinions and demands through discussions, letters and visits, reports, etc.

Form participation in and discussion of state affairs, so as to improve their political ability and politics.

Sense of governance efficacy and political obligation.

From the perspective of individual political development, it is manifested as ethnic minorities.

The improvement of political quality is also the product of rationality-democratic legitimacy concept.

The concepts of extreme participation and efficiency, trust and cooperation, and concern for profit.

The concept of "input" of interests and opinions, democracy and legal system is deeply rooted in people's hearts.

Heart, so that they can master and use all kinds of political skills, product.

Participate in social affairs extremely effectively. That is, from "social people"

Be a qualified politician.

Defining the goal of political socialization of ethnic minorities is an effective realization.

The premise of political socialization of ethnic minorities. How to achieve these goals?

Standards, but also need to have specific countermeasures and measures. As mentioned earlier, the impact

The main factors of political socialization of ethnic minorities are politics, economy and culture.

There are other factors, among which political factors are the key and economic factors.

It is the foundation, and cultural factors are the content. So there is little exploration and improvement.

We should rely on the countermeasures and measures in the process of political socialization of several ethnic groups.

Physical condition, give full play to the positive role of the above three influencing factors.