Chrysanthemum is a famous flower in China, with a wide variety and bright colors. Besides its high ornamental value, it also has a certain value of use and food. It has been deeply loved by the people for thousands of years. Chrysanthemums can be divided into early chrysanthemums that open in September, autumn chrysanthemums from October to November, and late chrysanthemums from December to January according to the flowering time. In northern China, there are many autumn chrysanthemums in autumn. After beginning of autumn, they can be seen proudly in street flower beds, green belts and balconies of residential areas.
Chrysanthemum is a perennial herbaceous flower, which likes an environment with cool climate, abundant sunshine and good ventilation, and can withstand severe cold and frost. It has strong adaptability and vigorous growth, and the daily management of potted chrysanthemum is very simple.
watering: the number of watering times and the amount of water should be determined according to the characteristics of chrysanthemum in each growth period. Under normal circumstances, chrysanthemum seedlings are smaller and watered less in spring, which is beneficial to the development of roots; In summer, when the plants are large, the temperature is high, and the water evaporates quickly, sufficient water is needed to replenish them in time, and water should be sprayed around the branches and leaves and the ground to increase the air humidity; The temperature difference between day and night in autumn is large, which is the vigorous period of chrysanthemum growth, so watering should be increased appropriately; In winter, flower seedlings overwinter, so it is necessary to control water. Water in the basin should be avoided at all times in the four seasons. In addition, when watering, we must be careful not to let the muddy water contaminate the leaves, because it is not only troublesome to clean, but also affects the ornamental of chrysanthemums.
fertilization: the growth period of chrysanthemum is dominated by nitrogen fertilizer, so that it can be applied with thin fertilizer and diligent application. Nitrogen fertilizer should be stopped and potassium fertilizer should be applied once a week during bud pregnancy. You can also master it flexibly according to the growth of the plant. If the chrysanthemum leaves are thin and yellow, it means that fertilization is needed, while the leaves are thick and black, which means that the fertilizer is enough and no fertilization is needed.
plastic pruning: timely pinching and pruning can lower the height of plants, avoid lodging, promote side branches and prolong flowering period. Generally, when potted chrysanthemums grow about 5 leaves after field planting, they can be cored for the first time, and then they can be cored again when their lateral branches grow 4 or 5 leaves ... This is repeated until the work stops a few days before and after beginning of autumn. During this period, plants will sprout many axillary buds, which should be pinched off by hand in time to reduce the consumption of nutrients.
Propagation: Chrysanthemum is generally propagated by dividing plants in family. After chrysanthemum blooms in autumn and winter, the mother plant will be cut off, and many new buds will soon grow. After the spring of the following year, these small buds were dug up together with the mother plants and divided into potted plants. How to raise chrysanthemum potted plants
Chrysanthemum potted plants should be dry and wet, avoid water accumulation, make base fertilizer, control height and like sunshine. How to raise chrysanthemum with broken leaves in potted plants
The planting of chrysanthemum has certain technical difficulties. High temperature in winter will lead to excessive aphids, so you should always open the window for ventilation and keep a suitable room temperature. But it can't be placed in the shade, and chrysanthemums also need plenty of sunshine. Don't fatten up every day just because chrysanthemums are born in cold weather. When watering the flowers, pour some low-concentration fertilizer into the water. Fertilization should be stopped when the flowers show color until next year in beginning of autumn.
The methods of raising chrysanthemums can be roughly divided into the following:
1. Because chrysanthemums are herbaceous plants, and their temperament likes cold, it is best to buy flower seedlings in spring and summer.
2. After buying flower seedlings, you should bury the base fertilizer in the flower soil to make them grow strong and strong, and water them every other day to ensure that the flower seedlings can get enough water.
Make it grow better.
4. When the flower seedlings are fully grown, they should be cultivated one by one. Chrysanthemums do not have seeds, but only rely on underground roots to propagate new seedlings.
5. If bugs appear on the flowers and leaves after flowering, never spray them with pesticides, which will damage the flower plants. Spray them with ash water, although it is efficient.
(1) Cutting can be divided into bud cutting, twig cutting and leaf bud cutting. Bud cutting, cutting plant foot buds for cutting in autumn and winter. The criteria for selecting buds are that they are far away from the plants and the buds are full. Remove the lower leaves, plant them in flowerpots or bed inserts in greenhouses or greenhouses according to the plant spacing of 3-4 cm and the row spacing of 4-5 cm, keep the room temperature at 7-8℃, and plant them outdoors after spring warming. Shoot cutting is the most widely used method, which is more than April-May cutting. Take 8-1 cm shoots as cuttings, take root at 18-21℃ for about 3 weeks, and then plant in about 4 weeks. Insert the bed in the open ground, the medium should be plain sand, and the bed should be shaded. Full-light spray bed insertion without shading. Leaf bud cutting, cutting a leaf with axillary buds from branches, this method is only used to propagate rare varieties.
(2) Generally, before and after Qingming, the plants are dug out, separated according to their natural forms, and planted in other pots.
(3) Grafting In order to make the chrysanthemum grow strong, it can be used to make "Shixiangjin" or big chrysanthemum, and Artemisia annua or Artemisia annua can be used as rootstock for grafting. Artemisia species are sown in greenhouse in late autumn, or raised in hotbed in March, moved in pots or planted in fields in late April when the seedlings are 3-4 cm high, and grafted in sunny days in May-June.
(4) Tissue culture Chrysanthemum is propagated by tissue culture technology, which has the advantages of rapid propagation, large number of seedlings, virus-free and maintaining variety characteristics. The basic medium is MS, supplemented with appropriate amount of plant hormones, pH5.8. Using chrysanthemum stem tips, tender stems or flower buds as explants, cut into .5 cm pieces and inoculated. The temperature of the culture room is 25℃+1℃. 8 hours per day, the light intensity is 3-4 lux. After 1-2 months of culture, seedlings can be induced.
2. Cultivation
(1) Cultivation and management of potted chrysanthemums can be roughly summarized into three ways.
One-stage root system cultivation method is commonly used in the Yangtze River, Pearl River Basin and Southwest China. That is, cutting in May. Pot in June, stop pinching in early August, strengthen fertilizer and water management in September to promote its growth, and blossom in October-November. There are five ways to pot chrysanthemum in different places: the pot is put after cutting, which has the advantages of less root damage, positive color and long flowering period, but it is more labor-intensive; Plant the pot on the tile cylinder, plant the cutting seedlings in the tile cylinder surrounded by three tiles for cultivation, and dig up the pot when the flower buds are colored. This method saves labor compared with the former, but it is easy to hurt roots when digging seedlings, and the quality of flowering period and flowers is not as good as the former; In-situ planting and pot-covering method, the cutting seedlings are planted on the high ridge, and a large-hole pot is put on in early July, so that the seedlings extend out of the pot hole, soil is added several times, and the underground roots are cut off when the color is displayed; Pot grafting method: sow Artemisia annua seedlings in March, graft chrysanthemum on Artemisia annua seedlings in May, and then manage it in the same way as cutting in pots. By this method, the plants are strong, the flowers are large and bloom earlier, but it takes a lot of labor. By ground planting and grafting in pots, the cultivated Artemisia annua seedlings are planted in the border in March, grafted in May, and the buds are moved into pots when they are colored. Its advantages are convenient management, strong planting and large flowers. The disadvantage is that the root injury is heavier.
Two-stage root system cultivation method is commonly used in Northeast China, and also applied in Jiangxi and Hunan. In May-June, when the stalks are planted, the seedlings are put into the pot after survival, and the soil is added to 1/3-1/2 of the depth of the pot. Stop pinching from late July to early August. After the lateral branches grow along the edge of the basin, adjust the height of the plant by the method of disk branch, fix the branches to make them evenly distributed, and cover the upper part, and soon roots will grow on the branches pressed by disk. When the branches grow to a certain height, they can be adjusted again and then added with rich soil. Using this method, the chrysanthemum has neat and beautiful appearance, short plants, plump leaves, strong branches, large flowers and long flowering period. Because it takes root on the branches, it is called two-stage root system cultivation.
Three-stage root system cultivation is a common cultivation method in North China. It takes one year from winter stalk insertion to flowering in November of the following year. The famous artists of Beijing Yiju summarized the following four stages, namely, survival in winter, primary selection in late autumn and winter, cutting and raising seedlings with strong foot buds; Spring planting: in mid-April, divide seedlings into pots, put common rotten leaves on the pots without adding fertilizer, and set in summer, and use coring to promote the growth of foot buds. By mid-July, when the foot buds unearthed are about 1 cm long, select the seedlings with sound development and plump buds, change pots and plant them in autumn. In mid-July, move the selected strong seedlings into pots with a diameter of 2-24 cm, and add .5% calcium superphosphate to the pot soil. Pour out the chrysanthemum seedlings in the small pot with the soil lump, plant with the new buds as the center, cut off the redundant tillers, add soil to the depth of the original seedlings and compact. After the pot is changed, the new plant and the mother plant grow at the same time. After the new plant has grown sturdily, the old plant is cut off even with the soil. After cutting off the female parent, loosen it, fill it in ordinary culture, and add 2%-3% decomposed compost. At this time, the pot was already 8% full of fertile soil. After one week, new roots were born in the third section, and strong roots were formed in the new and old sections. During the whole cultivation process, the pot was changed once, the soil was filled twice, and the plants took root three times.
(2) Cultivation and management of modeling chrysanthemum, that is, chrysanthemum is artistically processed to form a specific pattern.
Cliff chrysanthemum is generally selected from Xiao Ju. One end of a bent bamboo piece is inserted into a pot, and the other end is fixed on a frame, so that the plant grows along the bamboo piece and forms a 45-degree angle with the ground, and it is bound every 2-3 knots. The main branch is allowed to grow, and the lateral branches are repeatedly cored until the end of September. After budding, peel the buds several times and move them to a large basin for maintenance. Cliff chrysanthemum generally has a main branch about 1.5 meters long, which is placed beside the stone and on the rockery. The branches hang down and the flowers are numerous, which is quite distinctive. For example, cutting must be carried out in July-August in advance, and the daily light consumption should be increased to more than 14 hours from August to March of the following year to prevent the emergence of flower buds in that year. Because the cliff chrysanthemum plant grows up, it needs more water and fertilizer, so it should be fully supplied.
Chrysanthemum morifolium is a kind of big flower with strong branching and soft branches. After careful cultivation for 1-2 years, each plant can bloom dozens to thousands of flowers, which is suitable for exhibitions and halls. The right is cultivated by cutting. Extra-large chrysanthemum is usually grafted with Artemisia, and cultivated for 2 years with long sunshine. The key points of cuttage cultivation are as follows: in September, dig 5-1 cm long strong foot buds and insert them in shallow pots, then move them into pots with a diameter of 12 cm and overwinter indoors. Moved into the big basin in January of the following year. When the seedling has 7-9 leaves, leave 6-7 leaves for coring. Leave 3-4 lateral branches on the upper part, and then leave 4-5 leaves on each lateral branch for repeated coring. After planting in warm spring, pinching will be done once every 2 days, and it will stop in early August. Plant a thin bamboo, fix the trunk, and then insert 4-5 bamboo poles around to tie the side branches. Moved into the big basin in early September. After beginning of autumn, water and fertilizer management was strengthened, and buds were often removed and peeled. When the diameter of the bud reaches 1-1.5 cm, make a flat-topped or hemispherical bamboo ring with bamboo pieces and tie it firmly with the connecting wires of each pillar, and then tie it evenly on the pen ring with thin lead wire for continuous maintenance. The chrysanthemum cultivated in this way can civilize hundreds of flowers.
Taju (Shixiangjin) grafted chrysanthemums with different patterns and colors on a 3-5-meter-high Artemisia annua L., the main branch of the rootstock was not cut off, and it was allowed to grow, and grafted in layers on the side branches, showing a dry revolutionary shape. All kinds of flowers bloom at the same time, colorful and spectacular. When selecting scion varieties, we should pay attention to the coordination of flower pattern, color and flower size and the similarity of flowering period in order to make the whole plant behave harmoniously.
the desk chrysanthemum is short and big, so it can be used to decorate the hall and several cases. It has the advantages of small floor space, short growth period and long viewing time. The cultivation of chrysanthemum morifolium mainly includes three points: variety selection, timely seedling raising and hormone treatment. Short varieties with big flowers, plump patterns and fat leaves should be selected for desk chrysanthemums, such as Lv Yun, Green Peony, Shuaiqi and Dancer under the lamp. The suitable time for cutting seedling is August-September. When the root system is strong, it is moved into a pot with a diameter of 1 cm. After one week, the fertilizer is completely applied, and then the fertilizer concentration is gradually increased, and the fertilization is stopped when the bud is transparent. Don't pour too much water every time. After the cuttage survives, it is treated with 2% aqueous solution of chlormequat B9(N-2 methylaminobutyric acid), and then treated once every 1 days until the color appears, with a total of ***4-5 times, so that dwarfing can be realized.
(3) Cultivation and management of cut chrysanthemum. Cut chrysanthemum ranks first among the "four cut flowers" in the world, accounting for about 3% of the total.
the annual supply of chrysanthemum cut flowers and the production of fresh cut flowers must be balanced every year. There are spring chrysanthemum, Xia Ju, autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum (cold chrysanthemum) cultivated conventionally, and there are many varieties. In the month when chrysanthemums do not bloom, the supply problem is solved by artificially delaying the flowering period. Flower bud differentiation and flowering of chrysanthemum are related to the number of leaves, plant height, sunshine and temperature. The flower bud differentiation needs to grow to about 1 leaves and the plant height is more than 25 cm, and it takes 45-6 days to bloom. Generally, the flower buds of autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum differentiate rapidly (1-15 days) under the condition of short sunshine, but the flower buds do not differentiate under the condition of long sunshine. However, the flower buds of Xia Ju varieties can be differentiated under the condition of long-term old photos. Under the condition of conventional cultivation, the latest flowering varieties of Xia Ju in Guangzhou are June Yellow, June White, Guifeihong, etc. However, due to the high temperature in summer and strong daily use, these varieties should also be placed under the shade when flowering. The earliest flowers of autumn chrysanthemum are Zaohuang, Zaobai, Baixiezhao and Huangnijin, which usually bloom in late October or early November. In July, August, September and October, artificial lighting or shading, adjustment of temperature and humidity, etc. can make the autumn chrysanthemum blossom ahead of time, delay the flowering of Xia Ju, and make the cut flower production go on the market in batches throughout the year. Artificial lighting usually uses 1-watt or 6-watt light bulbs to hang 1 meter above the plant, and each lamp has an irradiation area of 4 square meters. There are three ways to add light and shade: first, add light intermittently or briefly, that is, add light for .5-1 hour at night; second, give it dark treatment for several hours during the day (shading during the day); Third, add light in advance in the morning and evening to increase the sunshine hours, or shade to extend the dark time.
the cultivation methods of cut flowers are similar to those of general cultivation methods, and the most important thing is to choose fertile sandy loam with good drainage. About 6 cut flowers are planted per mu in the auxiliary field, that is, 8-9 plants are planted per square meter. Leave 5 branches per plant, remove the top 2 days after planting, often peel off the lateral buds, and peel off the buds in time at the budding stage. About 3, cut flowers can be harvested per mu. Common diseases include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew and root rot. The pathogens of the above diseases are all fungi, which are caused by too high soil humidity and poor drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is appropriate to choose a place with good ecological conditions for cultivation, and pay attention to drainage, remove diseased plants and leaves, and burn residual roots. Pot soil should be disinfected with 1: 8 formalin solution, and sprayed with Bordeaux solution, 8% wettable zineb solution, or 5% wettable Tobezin solution during the growth period. Pests include aphids, red spiders, inchworm, chrysanthemum tiger, grub, leaf miner larvae and so on, which can be controlled by artificial killing and spraying.
Appreciating Chrysanthemum is a famous flower in China, which has been cultivated for more than 3, years. In the famous poet Qu Yuan's Lisao, there is a famous sentence, "Drink the dew of Mulan in the morning and the autumn chrysanthemum in the evening." The ancients began to love chrysanthemums from the practical value. For example, Shennong Herbal Classic records: "Chrysanthemum clothes are light and fit to withstand old age". With the evolution of the times and the development of chrysanthemum in various forms, the hobby of chrysanthemum has gradually developed to appreciate its posture and praise its style. "I don't think the old nursery is pale in autumn, but I still think the yellow flowers are particularly fragrant." This is a poem written by Han Qi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, praising chrysanthemums for blooming in late autumn. It's late autumn, the chill is biting, and all the flowers are withered. Only chrysanthemums are colorful and varied at this time, and Ao Shuang is in full bloom. Tao Yuanming's "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" in the Jin Dynasty shows that it has become a fashion to appreciate chrysanthemums and express their feelings.