Because Chinese cabbage varieties have been cultivated in different ecological environments for a long time, and then bred by hybridization, there are complex variations in morphology, growth and development habits, ecological adaptability and so on. However, the variation of various characters among many varieties is almost continuous. This makes it more difficult to clearly divide Chinese cabbage into several varieties and types from the perspective of horticulture and cultivation. In 1963, Li Jiawen put forward a preliminary opinion on the classification of Chinese cabbage subspecies in China based on the data of local varieties investigated in various places in the 1950s, and formally divided them into four varieties in China Chinese Cabbage published in 1984. At the same time, Chinese cabbage varieties with different cultivation centers and ecological conditions have produced three basic ecotypes, and there are some hybrids of these three basic ecotypes.
The legend in Figure 4-2 above is as follows:
Figure 4-2 Evolution and Classification Model of Chinese Cabbage
A.var。 Dissotali is the prototype of Chinese cabbage. The terminal bud is underdeveloped and does not form a leaf ball. Rosette leaves are oblanceolate and plants are generally upright. Usually planted in spring and summer, it is mostly used as green leafy vegetables, such as Xianhebai in Beijing, Qingyazi and Huangyazi in Jinan. In remote areas, there are also some loose-leaf Chinese cabbages cultivated in autumn and winter, such as Shenmu equisetum in Yanbei area.
B. infarcted plum has developed the terminal bud outer leaf, holding the ball. However, due to the undeveloped inner leaves, the ball is empty, and the top of the ball is completely open and hemispherical. Rosette leaves and bulbous leaves are often used as products. Strong ability to adapt to climate. Most of them are distributed in areas with short growing season, high cold or drought. Representative varieties include Shanxi Dabu and Liaoning Dadang cuisine.
C.var。 Laxasen et lee has a well-developed terminal bud, forming a fairly solid bulb. Bulb-shaped leaves are gathered together in a pleated way. The tip of the blade is turned outwards, and the turned part is light in color, showing white, light yellow or yellow. The top of the ball forms a so-called "flower heart" shape. Generally, the growth period is short, and it is mostly used for early summer and autumn cultivation or spring sowing; Generally not resistant to storage. Representative varieties include Beijing Fanxin Yellow, Fanxin White, Feicheng Juanxin and Jinan Xiaobaixin.
D. Pulsatilla chinensis develops terminal buds and forms seedling bulbs. The petals of the ball are folded, and the tip of the ball does not turn outwards, so the top of the ball is nearly closed or completely closed. This variety is formed by further strengthening the cohesion of the terminal bud of the flower heart variety. It is an advanced variety of Chinese cabbage and the most widely cultivated variety. Maturity includes extremely early-maturing varieties that mature in 45 days; Mid-ripening in 70 ~ 80 days, until typical late ripening in 120 days. The adaptability to temperature includes both heat-resistant varieties and cold-resistant varieties. There are three basic ecotypes in this type because of the different climatic conditions in producing areas and cultivation centers.
D. The leaves of Prunus ovata are ovoid, and the sphericity index is about 1.5, and the bulb tip is sharp or blunt, nearly closed. The bulbous leaves are obovate or broadly obovate, and the embracing mode is "pleated" lotus-shaped. The origin and cultivation center are in Shandong Peninsula, which belongs to marine climate ecotype. It requires mild climate without drastic changes, small temperature difference between day and night, even rain and moist air. This ecotype variety is mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, as well as in the mild and humid areas of Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces, except in Jiaodong Peninsula. Representative varieties are Baotou in Fushan, cabbage in Jiaoxian and Lvdagen.
D. the bulb of platyphylla is in an inverted cone shape. The sphericity index is about 1. The dome is flat and completely closed. The bulbous leaves are transversely obovate, and the embracing mode is "folding". The origin and cultivation center is in the middle of Henan Province, which belongs to continental climate ecotype. Can adapt to bad climate change and dry air. It requires a large temperature difference between day and night and sufficient sunshine. It is distributed in the southeast of Shaanxi Province to the south of Shandong Province and the north of Jiangsu Province along the Longhai Railway, and in the south of Henan Province to the middle of Hebei Province and the south-central of Shanxi Province along the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway. This type of variety is also cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. Representative varieties include Luoyang Baotou, Taiyuan Erbaotou and guanxian Baotou.
D. The bulblets of plum are slender and cylindrical, and the sphericity index is greater than 3. The top of the ball is sharp and almost closed. The bulbous leaves are oblanceolate, and the embracing mode is "twisting". The origin and cultivation center are in eastern Hebei. The local area is close to Bohai Bay and basically belongs to the maritime climate. However, because it is close to Inner Mongolia and often influenced by continental climate, it is an ecotype where maritime and continental climate meet. This ecotype has strong adaptability to climate. The representative varieties are Tianjin Qingmaye, Yutian Baojian and Hetao.
See Table 4-4 for the hybrid combinations between two varieties or between two ecotypes. As can be seen from the results in Table 4-4:
Table 4-4 Two-source Hybridization between Varieties and Ecotypes
① The characters of low-grade varieties have strong heritability. (2) The leaf-ball characters of hybrid combinations among varieties with ball bearing are the characteristics of parents, and new balls such as cylindrical, straight flat head and oval flat head appear. ③ Folding is the most heritable way to hold leaves, mainly folding and twisting.
Through natural hybridization and mixed selection, the following excellent varieties were formed in China:
① flower center ellipse (CD): the leaf ball is oval, with spherical index 1 ~ 1.5, and the flower center is at the top of the ball. Distributed in the south of Shandong Province on the Jin-Pu line. Representative varieties such as Feicheng Huaxin and tengxian Lion Head. Tonghua cabbage and Huachuan cabbage in the northeast also belong to this type.
② Flower-centered straight tube (CD): The leaf ball is straight tube with a spherical index > 3, and the flower center is at the top of the ball. Distributed in the north of Shandong Province, along the Jin-Pu line. Representative varieties such as Dezhou Xiangbazi, Taian Qingya and Huangya.
③ Flat-headed ellipse (DD): the lobe ball is short and cylindrical, and the spherical index is close to 1. Chengyangqing and other representative varieties.
④ Cylindrical shape (DD): The leaf ball is thick and cylindrical, and the spherical index is close to 2. Distributed in northern Shandong Province and eastern counties of Hebei Province. Representative varieties such as Zhanhua Cabbage in Huangxian (now Longkou), Baotou and Zhuzui in Yexian (now Laizhou).
⑤ Flat-headed straight tube (DD): The upper part of the leaf bulb is enlarged, the lower part is smaller, and the spherical index is close to or greater than 2. Distributed in the suburbs of Beijing. Representative varieties such as Beijing Daqingkou, Xiaoqingkou, Niuxinqing, Tiepiqing, etc.
(2) Classification according to the characteristics of leaf bulbs
1. According to the number and weight of the lobes.
The bulb weight of Chinese cabbage leaves is mainly composed of the number of bulbs and the weight of each leaf. According to the number of bulbous leaves and the proportion of each single leaf to the weight of bulbous leaves, it can be divided into three types:
(1) There are about 45 blades with a blade length greater than 1cm in each blade ball, but the weight of a single blade near the blade ball is quite different from that inside the blade ball. The blade weight that plays a decisive role in the blade ball is mainly 1 ~ 15 blade weight, and the number of blades further inside is more, but it is very important for the ball.
(2) In the leaf number type, there are about 60 leaves in each leaf ball whose leaf length is longer than 1cm. In a large range (1 ~ 30 leaves), there is little difference in the weight of individual leaves, and the factors that determine the weight of leaf ball are mainly related to the number of leaves with a certain weight.
(3) The number of intermediate leaves, which plays an important role in the formation of leaf ball yield, is between the first two, and the weight of single leaf is smaller than that of heavy leaf type and larger than that of leaf number type.
These classifications are relative. Some varieties with heavy leaves do not necessarily have a small number of bulbous leaves, while varieties with many leaves do not necessarily have a large number of bulbous leaves.
2. Classification according to the core form of leaf bulb.
(1) The center of the closed ball is not exposed, the upper part of the ball blade bends beyond the central axis of the ball blade, and the outer blade covers the apex of the inner blade. You can't see the apex of the inner leaf from the top of the ball.
(2) The center of the flower or the revolving ball is not exposed or slightly exposed, and the upper part of the ball leaf is slightly bent outside or below the central axis. At the top of the ball, the outer leaf is slightly shorter than the inner leaf. From the top of the ball, you can see the tips of multi-layer leaves, sometimes a hole is exposed in the center, and sometimes it is not exposed.
(3) The vertical center of the ball is exposed, and the upper part of the ball leaf does not curl inward.
(4) Semi-closed center is the transition type from vertical center to closed center.
3. Classification according to dome type
(1) The bending angle of the flat-headed spherical blade is close to or less than 90, and the chord height of the spherical top arc is less than 1/4 of the spherical diameter. The dome of the vertical-centered variety is also flat-headed.
(2) The bending angle of the round-headed spherical blade is greater than 90, the chord height of the spherical top arc is greater than 1/4 of the spherical diameter, and the spherical top is not sharp.
(3) The difference between a pointed head and a round head is the center of the ball.
4. Classification according to the embracing way of the blades in the ball.
(1) overlap means that the upper part of the leaf bends downward and overlaps the lower part, or the leaf overlaps the petiole. Accordingly, any type of upper part of the ball cutter with inward and downward bending tendency can be called overlapping. Such as Daqingkou, guanxian Baotou, Jinan Dagen and Zhengding Erzhuang.
(2) Folding means that the leaves are folded into a fan shape along several longitudinal veins. Such as quail shop, Jiexiu flat head, Fushan Baotou and other varieties.
(3) The original intention of wringing botany is that leaves roll along the midvein, one side rolls in and the other side rolls out. In fact, Chinese cabbage has no typical wringing water. For example, Niuxinqing, Tianjin Qingmaye and other varieties are similar. Twist hugs can be grouped separately, or combined into folded hugs or folded hugs.
(4) Folding means that both sides of the blade are folded inward along the longitudinal direction of the middle rib. Such as Jiaoxian cabbage and other varieties, there is this folding trend.
5. Comprehensive classification according to the characteristics of leaf bulbs.
Sphericity is related to the sphericity index (the height/diameter of the lobe), the position where the maximum diameter appears and the shape of the dome. Their comprehensive description shows the shape of the lobe (Figure 4-3).
Figure 4-3 Pattern Diagram of Leaf Bulb Shape of Chinese Cabbage
(1) The sphericity index is above 3.0, and the thickness of the top and bottom is nearly equal, or the maximum diameter is near the base.
Sharp cannonball shape (such as some varieties of green hemp leaves, Yutian sword and other varieties)
The long cylinder has a round head to a flat head (such as river head, big green and white, big yellow head, etc.). )
(2) Sphericity index 1.5 ~ 3.0
Nearly equal thickness from top to bottom, with round head or flat head and high tube shape (such as drenched water white, Dafeiling cuisine, etc.). )
Upper part of maximum diameter
High-pointed altar (such as Niuxinqing and other varieties)
Round head to flat head inverted oval (such as Baotou Qing, Daqingkou and other varieties)
Near the middle of the largest diameter
Pointed olives (such as yellow cliff cypress in Ganzhou and Chinese cabbage in Fuzhou). )
(3) The sphericity index is below 1.5, and the upper and lower thicknesses are almost equal.
Short-pointed pile shape (such as Jiaoxian cabbage, Fushan, Baotou and other varieties)
Round head to flat head with short tube shape (such as Zhucheng cabbage, Xiaxian Lvgang and other varieties).
The maximum diameter is on the upper side, and the round head is inverted conical (such as Zhengding Erzhuang and Jinan Dagen).
The largest diameter is near the middle, and the round head is nearly spherical (such as Baotou and Gangu cabbage in Dingxian County).
In addition, the production is also divided into green cabbage and white cabbage according to the color of leaf bulb and leaf help; According to the length of growth period, it is divided into early-maturing, middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties; According to whether it is stored after harvest, it is divided into ready-to-eat dishes and cellar dishes.