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Solanaceae Solanum belongs to panicum miliaceum. Also known as potato, potato, yam egg and sweet potato (commonly known in Hong Kong and Guangzhou). Tubers are edible and are important food and vegetable crops.

Some scholars believe that there are seven cultivated species of potato * * *, which are mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical areas in the Andes of South America and its nearby coastal areas. The most important potato cultivar is tetraploid. Tetraploid potatoes are cultivated all over the world. At first, the short-day type was introduced from Colombia in South America to Spain in Europe in 1570, and became the long-day type through artificial selection. Later, it spread to Asia, North America, South Africa and Australia. Potato has high yield, rich nutrition and strong adaptability to the environment. Now it has spread all over the world, and tropical and subtropical countries can cultivate and obtain high yield even in winter or cool season.

The Origin and Production of Potato

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The main potato producers in the world are the former Soviet Union, Poland, China and the United States. The main potato producing areas in China are southwest mountainous area, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeast. Among them, the southwest mountainous area has the largest planting area, accounting for about 1/3 of the national total area.

Dingxi, Gansu is rich in potatoes, often called "potato" by local people, and it is one of the local staple foods. At the beginning of April, 2006, the local government of Dingxi, Gansu Province applied to the Specialty Economic Committee of China Agricultural Association, and named the county "China Potato Town". On April 6th, a group of five people, including Sun, deputy director of the Organizing Committee for the Promotion of China Specialty Hometown, president of China Specialty Newspaper, vice president and secretary general of China Agricultural Association, visited Dingxi County, reported it to the Specialty Economic Committee of China Agricultural Association for approval, and agreed to name Dingxi as "the hometown of potatoes in China". Tengzhou, Shandong Province is known as the "granary in southern Shandong", with 323 varieties of crops and 0/45 varieties of livestock. It is listed as a commodity grain base and a high-quality vegetable base by the state and Shandong Province, and it is the largest vegetable distribution center and "green goat base" in China. Heilongjiang Province is the largest potato planting base in China. Common cultivated potatoes are propagated and grown by tubers, and their morphology varies from variety to variety. The plant height is about 50 ~ 80 cm. The stem is divided into two parts: aboveground stem and underground stem. Tubers are round, ovoid or rectangular. The color of potato skin is white, yellow, pink, red or purple; Potato meat is white, light yellow or yellow. Plants grown from seeds form slender main roots and branched lateral roots; Tuber-propagated plants have no main roots, but only fibrous roots. Primary leaves are simple and intact. With the growth of the plant, pinnate compound leaves gradually formed. Cymes are terminal, with white, light blue, purple and red. Berries. Due to different geographical and climatic conditions, potato cultivation techniques are different around the world. Tubers are mainly used for asexual reproduction. In order to avoid virus (spindle tuber, X and S mosaic virus) infection and knife ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3 ~ 3.5 cm should be selected for whole potato sowing. Potato is the most susceptible to disease, and fungal diseases include late blight, scab and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and bacterial wilt. Viral diseases include mosaic, leaf curl, viroid and mycoplasma. Pests include tuber moths, nematodes, cutworms and grubs. Most cultivated varieties are selected through cross breeding. In view of the shortage of common cultivated potato varieties, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the comprehensive genome of potato-related cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the breeding of new varieties with high yield, high resistance, high starch and high protein content.

The main breeding approaches are as follows: ① The diploid hybrids producing 2n gametes are crossed with common cultivated species. (2) The new cultivated varieties are crossed with the common cultivated varieties. Potatoes have high nutritional value and medicinal value. Generally, fresh potatoes contain starch 9-20%, protein 1.5-2.3%, fat 0.1-1%and crude fiber 0.6-0.8%. The nutritional components in 100g potato are: heat 66 ~ 1 13j, calcium1~ 60mg, phosphorus 15 ~ 68mg, iron 0.4~4.8mg and thiamine. In addition, potato tubers also contain carotene and ascorbic acid that cereals do not have. From the nutritional point of view, it has more advantages than rice and flour, and can supply a lot of heat energy to the human body, so it can be called "perfect food". People only rely on potatoes and whole milk to maintain their lives and health. Because the nutritional components of potatoes are very comprehensive and the nutritional structure is reasonable, but the contents of protein, calcium and vitamin A are slightly lower; And this is just a supplement to whole milk. Potato tuber is rich in water, low in fat and low in calories per unit volume. It contains 10 times of vitamin C, 4 times of B vitamins and several to several times of various minerals, which makes you feel full after eating. Potatoes Fresh potatoes can be used as food or vegetables. However, fresh potato tubers are bulky and have high water content, so it is difficult to transport and store them for a long time. For this reason, countries all over the world attach great importance to the production of potato processed foods, such as French frozen fried strips, fried chips, instant whole flour, starch and various cakes and egg rolls, reaching more than 100. Fresh stems and leaves of potato can be used as feed through silage, but it contains solanine to prevent livestock poisoning. In some areas of China, potato stems and leaves are used as green manure, and their fertilizer efficiency is similar to that of Chinese milk vetch.

Potato, also known as potato, potato and yam egg, is one of the main food crops in the world. Second only to rice, wheat and corn. In recent years, China's potato planting area is about 45 million mu, ranking first in the world. Potatoes are planted in all provinces (cities) in China, especially in cold areas in the north and mountainous areas in the southwest. Sichuan is the province with the largest potato planting area, which has grown from 2 million mu in the 1950s to 4.5 million mu (including the Spring and Autumn Period, excluding Chongqing), and the yield per mu in a large area is generally around 1 1,000 kg. Potato has comprehensive nutrition, high value and long storage time, and is a good food for rural residents to improve food structure and health care. In recent years, with the development of potato processing industry and the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, the area of potato intercropping, autumn and winter planting and multiple cropping has been expanding, and potato has become an increasingly important food, vegetable, feed and processing raw material crop in Sichuan Province.