Careful protection, don't relax
Prompt language
6-month-old babies, some nutrients and antibodies against infectious diseases obtained from their mothers have been largely consumed and gradually disappeared, and the chances of babies suffering from nutritional diseases and infectious diseases have increased. Parents should learn the common methods of family medical care.
A few babies started teething this month. Parents have another task to protect their baby's teeth.
Your baby is growing strong, so help him (her) to do some exercises of turning over, standing and sitting alone consciously.
Characteristics of infant development
In the sixth month, the baby grows rapidly, and some nutrients such as vitamin D and iron obtained from the mother in the fetal period have been consumed in large quantities. The nutrients obtained from milk (including breast milk or milk) are no longer enough for the baby's activities and growth, so it is necessary to add complementary food in time and correctly.
In the sixth month, the baby's immune function is immature and its resistance to diseases is low. Therefore, it is still easy to get sick. Because the antibodies against infectious diseases obtained from the mother gradually disappear, the chances of babies suffering from infectious diseases, such as chicken pox, are gradually increasing.
Weight. In the sixth month, the baby's weight increased rapidly, increasing by 500 ~ 650g, and the weight could reach 6500g ~ 7500g at the end of the sixth month.
Height. In the sixth month, the baby's height increased rapidly, increasing by1.2 ~ 2.0 cm, and the height could reach 62 ~ 68 cm at the end of the sixth month.
Head circumference. At the sixth month, the baby's head circumference increased by1.0 ~1.5 cm, and reached 41~ 43 cm at the end of the sixth month.
Teeth. The order of teething. A few babies teether in the fifth month, and most of them teether in 6 ~ 8 months. There are 20 deciduous teeth in infancy, including 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 canines and 8 deciduous molars. Generally, the order of teething is the earliest mandibular incisors, followed by maxillary incisors. Mandibular first deciduous molar, maxillary first deciduous molar; Mandibular canine, maxillary canine, mandibular second deciduous molar, maxillary second deciduous molar.
Matters needing attention when teething:
The performance when teething. Some children have no performance when teething, and some babies have certain irritation to oral mucosa, which often causes children to drool and itch their teeth, bite their nipples and suck their fingers; Sometimes it can cause infection and lead to redness and slight swelling of the gums.
Keep your mouth clean. Mother should clean the nipple before feeding, and feed the child with some water after feeding to clean the mouth, or dip a sterile cotton ball in 2% soda solution and gently rub the child's gums to facilitate teething (be careful not to rub them back and forth in one place when scrubbing, so as not to cause gum mucosa damage and infection). If children's gums are red and slightly swollen, some 1% gentian violet liquid medicine can be applied to the red and swollen parts to prevent infection.
In the process of teething, children should ensure the nutrition supply. Children should be given more nutritious and digestible foods rich in calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, vitamin A and vitamin C.
When children drool, they should be wiped with a clean and soft handkerchief in time, and the small bib should be changed frequently to keep the skin and clothes clean.
During teething, children must protect their deciduous teeth and avoid all trauma such as bumping.
Motor development.
Turn over. At the sixth month, the baby can change from the lateral position to the prone position. At this time, the baby can be taught to raise his head and chest with small arms. Babies can also turn from prone position to supine position. In the training process, talk to the baby, guide it with toys, be careful not to press the face when changing the body leap, and don't lie prone for too long.
Practice sitting. In the sixth month, babies should further exercise sitting alone. Generally speaking, sitting alone will not last long and often leans to one side. After the baby can sit, the content of life has changed a lot. He can look around and have a broader vision, and his vision and hearing will be developed by sitting. In order not to affect the baby's spinal cord development, don't let him sit too early and for too long, otherwise it will easily lead to hunchback in children.
Practice standing. The baby of the sixth month can hold his waist and let the child stand in front of the table for a while. Practice supporting the station.
Hand movements. Before 6 months, the baby's hand movements were almost grasped by hand, and the thumb didn't play any role; After 6 months, the thumb and forefinger are separated, and you can hold things with your fingers. Babies 6 months ago, when one hand grasped things, the other hand would loosen. Now they can grasp things with both hands and change toys from one hand to the other. Can use hand toys.
Language ability. Can mumble monotonous syllables.
Intellectual development. I can recognize human voices, look at Byakki Smoker and laugh, distinguish acquaintances from strangers, and play with my own hands.
Tips for parenting
Measuring the body temperature can sometimes tell whether the baby has a fever. Keep a thermometer at home.
When the baby is not well fed and mentally ill, the baby's temperature should be measured immediately. People's normal body temperature varies with the location and time measured. On the same day, it is the lowest from 4: 00 am to 6: 00 am, and gradually rises after getting up. The temperature is the highest from 6: 00 pm to 8: 00 pm, and the change in the morning and evening does not exceed 1℃. Before measuring the body temperature, the thumb should be used to hold the body temperature tightly, indicating the end without mercury, and the wrist should be swung downward and outward rapidly, and the mercury column should be thrown below 35℃. There are three parts of hypothermia:
Measure the axillary temperature. Is the most commonly used method. Wipe off the sweat under the armpit first, and put the thermometer under the armpit. The mercury end should not exceed the armpit. There can't be underwear between the thermometer and the skin. Help bend your arm to clamp the thermometer for 5 minutes, and then you can measure your body temperature (it needs to be measured every 20 minutes after bathing). When the axillary temperature exceeds 37℃, the temperature fluctuation exceeds 1 .2℃ within1day.
Measure the oral temperature. It has been less used in recent years. Put the thermometer under your tongue and close your lips tightly. Don't bite your teeth. Take it out after 3 minutes. Oral temperature over 37.2℃ is fever.
Measure the anal temperature. In recent years, it is rarely used, only for patients with shock or when the axillary surface temperature cannot be measured. Apply a small amount of oil to the mercury end of the thermometer, slowly insert the mercury end of the thermometer into the anus for 3 ~ 5cm, and the baby's mercury end is1.5 ~ 2cm. Hold the upper end of the thermometer by hand to prevent it from falling off and breaking, take it out after 3 minutes, and wipe the thermometer with soft paper.
To check the thermometer's degree, you should hold the upper end of the thermometer horizontally with one hand. It is best to stand in the backlight so that the thermometer is parallel to the eyes. Turn the thermometer gently to clearly see the degree of the mercury column. After measuring the temperature, clean the thermometer with cold water and soap, dry it and put it in the sleeve for later use. Infected patients should be soaked in 70% alcohol for 30 minutes for disinfection, and hot water should never be used for scalding.
The pulse is consistent with the heartbeat. Measuring the speed of pulse has certain reference value for understanding the baby's condition.
Pulse counting pulse is the pulse of blood flowing to the artery after the heart beats. The number of pulses is basically the same as the number of heart beats, so we can know the situation of heart beats by counting pulses. Generally speaking, the pulse is counted by the torsion artery near the thumb of the wrist, that is, the place where Chinese medicine feels the pulse. It is best to use the index finger or the middle index pulse, and the pressure should be able to find out the pulse of the artery. The baby's pulse should be counted in the case of poor complexion, poor spirit, weak breathing or exertion. The pulse time should be 1 min. The pulse of normal people is strong and even, with 60-80 beats per minute for adults, 70-90 beats per minute for older people (7-1 2 years old), 80-1 00 beats per minute for children (10 years old or younger). Pulse is too fast or too slow, weakness, weakness or illegibility are all abnormal manifestations.
Normal children breathe regularly and evenly. If you find abnormal breathing such as increased breathing times, shallow breathing and uneven rhythm, you should send it to the hospital as soon as possible.
Breathing is the most important activity of human body, and it is the guarantee for human body to inhale oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. 10 minutes without breathing can cause serious brain lesions and even death. Breathing mainly depends on the number of breaths, breathing concentration, breathing rhythm, breathing difficulty, etc. Breathing too fast or too slow, too shallow or too deep, fast or slow, and dyspnea are all abnormal phenomena and critical phenomena.
Breathing times. Normal adults14 ~ 20 times per minute, older children (7 ~12 years old)18 ~ 24 times, young children (1~ 7 years old) 22 ~ 30 times, and infants 30 ~ 40 times. The specific method can be observed by observing the number of times the chest wall falls together, or putting a cotton thread at the nostril to observe the number of times the cotton thread is blown.
Breathing depth. Breathing too deep or too shallow is abnormal. Breathing can be divided into chest breathing (chest lifting when inhaling oxygen) and abdominal breathing (abdomen lifting when inhaling oxygen). Of the above two kinds of breathing, one is too strong and the other is too weak.
Respiratory rhythm. Uneven breathing rhythm, such as deep breathing, shallow breathing, intermittent breathing, fast breathing and slow breathing, can sometimes occur in normal newborns (especially immature infants).
Difficulty in breathing. Breathing is laborious, there are depressions on the sternum, clavicle and intercostal space when inhaling, the tip of the nose pushes, the breathing surface is shallow and accelerated, the breathing is nodding, the cock crows when inhaling, and the person who exhales is dyspnea.
Four home medical care methods to help you take care of your baby.
Physical cooling. Physical cooling is a method to treat diseases by using lower temperature. It has local analgesic and hemostatic effects, and has cooling and sedative effects on the whole body. Commonly used cold compress methods include cold wet compress, ice pack cold compress, warm water bath, alcohol bath and so on. They are introduced as follows:
Cold wet compress method. Fold a small towel or clean old cloth for several layers, soak it in ice water or ordinary cold water, and twist it into a semi-dry, so as not to drop water. If it is used to stop pain and stop bleeding, it should be applied locally, if it is used to reduce fever, it should be applied to forehead, pillow, armpit and groin. It is best to use two pieces alternately and replace them every 1 to 3 minutes.
Cold compress with ice packs. Break an appropriate amount of ice cubes into pieces the size of walnuts and put them into a basin. Rinse them with water to dissolve the sharp edges and corners of the ice cubes, so as not to damage the ice packs. Fill half of the ice in the bag, add a proper amount of cold water to fill the gap between the ice bags, then lay the ice bags flat, press out the gas by hand and tighten the plug cover, wrap the outside with a towel, and put them to the parts that patients need.
Warm water bath. It is mainly used to reduce fever in infants with high fever (39℃). A basin of warm water at 34℃ ~ 36℃, and two pieces of gauze or small towels are soaked in it. Take off the clothes of the sick child first, and then cover the sick child with a sheet. Wipe in sequence with a small wet towel, and massage while wiping. Expose one upper limb first, from the outside of the upper arm to the back of the hand, and then wipe the chest and armpit to the palm. Rub the other upper limb in the same way. Then make the sick child lie on his side, exposing his back and chest, wipe the whole back and chest from the neck down, and put on his coat after drying. Next, wipe the lower limbs. First, from the hip to the instep along the outside of the leg, and from the inside of the groin to the ankle. Rub it from the lower thigh to the heel through the armpit. Also wipe the other lower limb, finally dry it and put on pants.
Alcohol bath. Alcohol is volatile, so rubbing the whole body with alcohol can dissipate the heat in the body quickly, which is mostly used for adults with high fever. You can use 60% liquor or 70% alcohol with double water. The wiping method and sequence are the same as warm water scrubbing. Rub it on the armpit, elbow, groin and armpit several times to improve the cooling effect. Infants under 3 months are not suitable for use.
Hot compress Hot compress can make patients warm and comfortable, relax muscles, dilate blood vessels, relieve pain, promote blood circulation and accelerate the localization and dissipation of inflammation. There are two kinds of hot compress: dry hot compress and wet compress. Hot compress is mainly used for initial furuncle, sty, local trauma, pain, etc.
Hot water bag method. It is used for half water and half cold water, and the water temperature is about 50℃ ~ 70℃. Pour it into the hot water bottle to about 2/3. Slowly level the hot water bottle so that the water flows to the mouth of the bag to exhaust the gas. Tighten the cover of the hot water bottle, check whether there is water leakage, wrap the hot water bottle with cloth or towel, and place it at the place where hot compress is needed. After placing the hot water bottle, check whether there are any abnormal changes such as redness on the skin to prevent burns.
Wet hot compress method. First, apply oil (vaseline or edible oil) to the local skin that needs hot compress, cover it with a layer of gauze, put a small towel in hot water and wring it dry, and put a dry towel on it to keep the heat. It is better to be able to withstand scalding, and replace it every 3-5 minutes, and continue to do it for 20-30 minutes. You can also put a hot water bag on the warm cloth to keep the temperature.
Simple laxative method. Children are prone to dry stools, and sometimes need artificial defecation. There are two kinds of simple and commonly used in the family:
Salted radish strips for relaxing bowels. Cutting radish into thin conical strips with a length of 3-5cm and a diameter of 1 cm, and soaking in 40-50% salt water for 4-6 days; It can also be made from dried salted radish on the market. Rinse with cold boiled water first, dip a little cooking oil or liquid paraffin, then slowly stuff it into the anus for 5 ~ 6 cm, put a piece of toilet paper on the outside, gently massage it with your hands for 3 ~ 5 minutes, and then you will feel hot in your rectum and defecate.
Soap bar laxative method. Cut ordinary soap into the same shape as the radish strip, dip it in a little water, and slowly stuff it into the anus to support automatic defecation; You can also plug kaisailu or glycerin into the anus to defecate.
Drug feeding method. To enable children to take medicine well, adults should first not scare children by taking medicine or giving injections in their daily lives; When adults take medicine by themselves, they should also behave calmly in front of children, so that children can form a concept that taking medicine is not painful. Be patient when giving medicine and strive for children's cooperation. Pay attention to the following points when giving medicine to children:
Read the label clearly and ask about the dosage of the medicine, so as to avoid taking the wrong medicine and taking too much or too little medicine. Don't take expired and ineffective drugs.
When feeding tablets and powder, the medicine should be mixed with sugar water before feeding. When feeding aquatics, shake the liquid medicine well before feeding.
To prevent drugs from choking the trachea when feeding, the child should be picked up and taken in a semi-recumbent position. For babies who refuse to take medicine, 1 parent holds the baby's cheek with both hands so that the baby can't bite. Then, the prepared liquid medicine is sent to the mouth with a small spoon close to the child's mouth, and the liquid medicine is gently injected by pressing the root of the child's tongue, and then the small spoon is taken out after the child swallows it.
Go to the hospital for a physical examination of the baby.
Breast milk is still the main diet of infants in the sixth month. Breast milk alone can't meet the needs of infants' activity ability, so complementary food must be added correctly and timely.
When mixed breast feeding cannot meet the nutritional needs, fresh milk or milk powder should be supplemented as needed.
Artificial feeding people who have no breast milk at all can feed fresh milk or milk powder. Feed it 6 times a day, every 3 ~ 4 hours 1 time, less at night 1 time, each time120 ~150 ml.
Matters needing attention in increasing complementary food:
On the basis of adapting to rice porridge, millet porridge, batter, egg yolk, mashed vegetables and fruits in the fifth month, rotten noodles, pork liver, tofu, fish and shredded pork can be added in the sixth month.
Chop and boil. Since most babies in the sixth month have no teeth, all complementary foods for babies must be chopped and boiled before they can be digested and absorbed.
Clean and hygienic. Because babies have low resistance, they are prone to diarrhea and vomiting. Therefore, food supplements must pay great attention to the cleanliness of the diet. The food should be fresh, and the food for the baby should be cooked and eaten once, and the rest of the parents should eat it, and don't leave it to the baby for the next meal.
Choose the right time. Children are easy to accept new foods when they are hungry. When adding new complementary food, it is easier to be accepted if it is given before feeding. Don't add new food when children are sick or the weather is hot or they have just changed their environment, so as to avoid gastrointestinal discomfort and indigestion.
Don't chew with your mouth to feed the children. Some people think that chewing food with their mouths is easy for children to digest, so some mothers often chew food and feed it to their children mouth to mouth, or send the chewed food to their children's mouths with fingers and spoons, which is unhealthy. Adults often have a lot of bacteria in their mouths. Feeding chewed food to children is easy to pass the disease directly to children. The taste of food can stimulate the secretion of saliva and help digestion. Chewing food for children, the fragrance is eaten by adults, and the taste becomes weak in children's mouths; Coupled with reduced saliva secretion, it will affect the digestive function of the baby over time.
Common complementary food making methods.
Egg yolk mashed potatoes. Add the cooked egg yolk into the mashed potatoes, grind and stir evenly, and put salt and other condiments on fire for 5 minutes.
Liver mud. Wash pig liver or chicken liver and boil it in water. After removing blood, boil it in water 10 minute or so, peel off the liver skin (grind it with the back of a spoon to make it muddy), add a proper amount of seasoning or chicken soup (broth) and stir it into a paste.
Milk tofu. Boil the tofu in exothermic water, control the moisture, then put it in a pot, add milk and broth, mix them evenly, and cook on fire. After cooking, sprinkle some seasoning or boiled cabbage leaves.
Jujube paste porridge. Cook the jujube, peel, remove the core, press it into mud and add it to the rotten porridge.
Egg congee with green vegetables. Slowly add the beaten eggs to the boiled porridge or noodles, and then add the fried chopped vegetables after boiling.
One-day cookbook for the sixth month baby
The first breast milk, or milk, or other milk substitutes, vegetable water or puree 3 Liang, feed concentrated cod liver oil.
Second breast milk or milk, half yolk, milk cake 1 piece (half small bowl) or rice porridge, millet porridge or green vegetables egg congee.
Third breast milk, milk or milk substitute.
Fourth breast milk, milk or milk substitute, half yolk, rotten noodles or tofu milk.
Fifth breast milk or milk
Every time the interval is 4 hours.
Vaccination can effectively enhance the resistance of infants to infectious diseases. Remind you to take the triple vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine for the third time this month.
The triple vaccine of "DTP, DTP" should be injected for the third time at the beginning of the sixth month.
Hepatitis B vaccine was injected for the third time at the end of the 6th month.
Questions and answers about parenting knowledge
What kind of disease is whooping cough? How to prevent it?
Pertussis is an infectious disease caused by Haemophilus pertussis, which is transmitted by airborne droplets and is highly contagious, and there is a risk of complicated bronchopneumonia. Pertussis is a very dangerous disease for young babies.
Infants are usually vaccinated to prevent whooping cough. For children with pertussis, careful treatment and meticulous nursing are the key to prevent complications. The ward should pay attention to ventilation and sufficient sunshine to avoid factors that cause children to cough, such as smoking, cold and hot. To strengthen nutrition, eat some digestible food, and children with frequent vomiting can be fed a small amount of times. In addition, some drugs should be taken under the guidance of a doctor. When there are complications, they should be sent to hospital for treatment immediately.
Because whooping cough is a highly contagious and stubborn disease, effective treatment measures must be taken. Early detection and isolation of sick children. The isolation period is ***6 weeks from the onset date.