Environmental requirements of sugar beet
Beet, also called sugar radish, is native to the western and southern coasts of Europe. There are four varieties: leaf beet, root beet, feed beet and sugar beet. People usually say that sugar beet refers to sugar beet, which is a major sugar source other than tropical sugarcane.
Beet is a biennial herb belonging to the genus Betula of Chenopodiaceae. The leaves of beet are about 20 cm long, and the leaves are wrinkled. The root system of beet belongs to the taproot system, and the main roots are hypertrophy, and the fleshy tubers formed are mainly wedge-shaped and cylindrical. By the time of harvest, the taproot is buried, about 30 cm deep. Roots contain a lot of sugar, which can produce sugar.
The first year of beet production is mainly vegetative growth, and rich nutrients are accumulated in the hypertrophy roots; In the second year, sugarbeet mainly grows in reproduction. Beet is a thermophilic crop, but it has strong cold tolerance. The optimum temperature for the germination of sugarbeet seeds is 25℃, and the accumulated temperature is 2800~3200℃ during the whole growth period. The temperature difference between day and night is directly related to the increase of root tuber and the accumulation of sugar. When the temperature difference between day and night reaches about 10℃, the photosynthetic efficiency of sugarbeet can be greatly improved and the accumulation of sugar can be increased. The maximum soil water holding capacity suitable for root tuber growth is 70%~80%. Under the condition of weak light, photosynthesis is reduced, root tuber growth is slow, and sugar content of sugar beet is reduced.
Efficient cultivation techniques of sugar beet
I. Soil preparation
Preparing the land suitable for beet growth is the first step to obtain high quality and high yield of beet.
1, land selection
The harvest of sugar beet is underground roots, and the well-grown tuberous roots generally grow to about 30 cm, so the sugar beet planting should choose sandy loam with deep soil, loose and fertile soil and weak alkaline soil. The rotation of sugar beet for more than 4~5 years is beneficial to increase yield and reduce pests and diseases.
2. Deep ploughing and subsoiling
Beet is a deep-ploughed crop, and deep ploughing or deep loosening is beneficial to tuber expansion and root growth, which is the basis of high yield and high sugar content of beet. The period of ploughing and subsoiling should be arranged in autumn, so that the soil can better accept the rain and snow in autumn and winter, extend the leisure period of the land and be conducive to soil maturation. Insufficient root depth is an important reason for low yield of sugar beet. It is very beneficial to increase root weight by using large-scale machinery to plough with a depth of 25~30 cm. But more than 30 cm, it may turn raw soil to the surface and reduce soil fertility. It is best to use a subsoiler for loosening, which can effectively reduce the immature soil from turning to the surface. Deep tillage and subsoiling can increase soil porosity and water permeability, increase sugar beet 10% and increase sugar content by 0.3 degrees.
3. Applying base fertilizer
Improving fertilization level is an important technical link to achieve high yield of sugar beet. Beet is a crop that needs more fertilizer, so it must be supplemented by fertilization to supplement the lack of soil nutrients. Adequate base fertilizer lays a good foundation for the nutrient demand of sugar beet during the whole growth period. The base fertilizer can be applied in autumn ploughing, with 3000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure, 5-20 kg of diammonium phosphate/kloc-0, 5 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium fertilizer10-0/5 kg per mu, before sowing and soil preparation. Mix the chemical fertilizer into the soil with the soil preparation.
4. Soil preparation
Soil preparation is carried out on the basis of deep ploughing. The harrow depth is 4 ~ 5cm, usually harrow 1~2 times, harrow clods, loosen soil and level the ground, which provides good conditions for the emergence of seeds, which is also the key to the preservation of seedlings by one sowing. Soil preparation is generally carried out when the soil is thawed in spring, which can reduce water evaporation and is beneficial to soil moisture conservation.
Second, timely sowing and transplanting
1, select high-quality seeds
According to the local frost-free period, soil, water and fertilizer conditions, select the varieties suitable for the local area. Generally speaking, high-quality varieties from all over the world have the advantages of high yield, high sugar content and strong stress resistance. Compared with common seeds, seeds coated with pesticides, herbicides and nutrients can prevent plant diseases and insect pests at seedling stage, promote seedling growth and improve seedling survival rate in the field. The main varieties used in China are middle and late maturing varieties with high yield and high sugar, such as KWS3 148, KWS3 1 17. High-quality seeds can be sown in advance, when the average ground temperature of 5 cm is stable at 4~5℃ and the average temperature is 3~4℃ for 5 consecutive days. In the suitable sowing period, the yield per mu of root tuber can be increased by 20 kilograms and the sugar content can be increased by about 0.5 degrees every time sowing is earlier 1 day.
2. Low-tube seedling transplanting technology
Beet paper tube seedling can be sown one month earlier than direct seeding, which can prolong the growth period by 30~35 days and increase the accumulated temperature by 300℃. The straight tube seedling can preserve the seedlings and strengthen them, the yield of root tuber can be increased by 30%~40%, the sugar content can be increased by 0.7 ~ 1.5, and the sowing time of paper tube seedling can be advanced from March 25th to April 10.
Before seedling raising, the seedling soil should be prepared according to the standard of 3 parts of screened seedling soil, farm manure 1 part, diammonium phosphate 3% of the total weight of seedling soil and 1.5% potassium sulfate.
Preparing the seedling paper tube and squatting and loading the soil are the key links of beet seedling. Slowly pull out the paper tube and put it in the soil squatting machine. When loading the soil, the seedling soil should be loaded several times, and the soil should be squatted by the soil squatting machine. Usually, the soil should be squatted for 50~60 times. The paper tube is not solid, and there will be root peeling and root cutting during transplanting, which will affect plant growth. Cover the bottom plate over the paper tube, turn the paper tube over by 180 degrees with the squatting plate facing upward, move the paper tube to the seeding table, and remove the squatting plate.
Sugarbeet seeds are usually sown with one seed per hole, because beet seeds are relatively small and difficult to handle by hand. Usually, a paper tube seeder should be used for hole sowing. After sowing, the seedling soil should be covered with a thickness of 1~2 cm. Put the paper tubes after sowing the seeds in the seedling field, and the paper tubes on each side should be tightly squeezed, flat and neatly arranged to make the seedbed flat and tidy.
After sowing, the sugarbeet will emerge in about 10 days, and the root system will grow quickly after emergence, but the aboveground part will grow slowly. After emergence, seedlings should be prevented from overgrowth or freezing injury, and root system development should be promoted. Generally, the temperature in the shed is kept at around 20℃ during the day and above 5℃ at night. If the shed temperature is lower than 5℃, the straw curtain should be covered in time to do a good job of heat preservation to prevent freezing injury.
3. Reasonable close planting
When the seedling age is 25~30 days, the sugarbeet seedlings grow to 6~7 cm, the local average temperature is above 10℃, and the lowest temperature is stable at 5℃, the transplanting is usually carried out from May 1 day to May 10. It should be noted that the early transplanting is easy to cause freezing injury, and the yield of root tuber is low. Transplanting is too late, the temperature is high, and the transpiration of seedlings is large, which is easy to cause withering and water shortage, which is not conducive to survival or prolonging the slow seedling stage, and affects the growth of root tubers. Insufficient planting density and high seedling shortage rate of sugar beet are the main reasons for low yield per mu and low sugar content in root tuber.
After adopting new technologies such as paper tube seedling raising and transplanting, it is better to plant 5000~6000 plants per mu with row spacing of 50 cm and plant spacing of 26~28 cm. Compared with traditional planting, the density of 2500~3000 plants per mu has doubled. The general requirements of the quality standard for transplanting are: the transplanted seedlings should not hang up, sink, nest roots and be in close contact with the soil, and should be planted upright, straight and solid, but the leaves should not be buried, and the transplanting depth should be about15cm. Farmers should pay attention here: it is not recommended that you use herbicides to weed after sowing beets. Watering should be done in time after transplanting, and the amount of watering should not be too much. Flood irrigation is prohibited.
4, film-covered paper tube seedling cultivation
The combination of paper tube seedling raising and plastic film mulching is a kind of heat preservation and moisture preservation, and it is an effective measure to further improve the yield and sugar content. Compared with the traditional direct seeding planting method, the yield of root tuber is increased by 40%~50%, and the sugar content of root tuber can be increased by 0.5~ 1 degree. The disadvantage of plastic film mulching is that it can't be transplanted mechanically, which is more labor-consuming.
Before transplanting the paper tube seedlings, use a film mulching machine to cover the film. The film can be covered with black film, and the film is separated by 50 cm. The film must be compacted with soil to prevent the film from being blown up by strong wind. After plastic film mulching, artificial transplanting should be carried out, and the row spacing and plant spacing of transplanting should be the same as that of paper tube seedling transplanting, and watering should be done in time after transplanting. Ensuring enough surviving plants is the basis of increasing yield and sugar, so it is very important to check and replenish seedlings. Paper-tube sugarbeet seedlings should be checked once after transplanting for 2~3 days. If there are missed seedlings or abnormal seedlings, they should be replanted immediately to improve the seedling protection rate.
Third, field management after transplanting
1, weeding in time
As the saying goes, Three-point planting, seven-point management, ten-point harvest before insurance? Scientific management is the guarantee of high yield. Weeding should be done in time when the beet seedlings grow to 10 cm in late May, so as to avoid the competition between weeds and beets for nutrients and affect the growth of beets.
In early July, sugar beet has been closed, and weeds in the field are still relatively strong at this time, so attention should be paid to weeding in time.
2. Water at the foliage stage and the root swelling stage.
Sugar beet is a water-loving crop, and water plays an important role in the growth and development of sugar beet. Irrigation of sugarbeet by sprinkler irrigation is the guarantee of high quality and high yield. The advantage of sprinkler irrigation is that it sprays water evenly, and the ground temperature drops significantly when spraying water, and it saves water. Sprinkler irrigation can change the microclimate in the field, enhance photosynthesis and increase yield obviously. The yield of root tuber by sprinkler irrigation is generally about 15% higher than that by furrow irrigation.
In addition to the need for watering in the seedling stage, the emergence of new leaves is accelerated from late June to early July in the leaf cluster stage and root swelling stage, and the leaf area is constantly expanding. In addition, the temperature is gradually rising, soil evaporation is increasing, and the water demand accounts for 60% of the whole growth period. If there is no rain or less precipitation, water it in time. The watering amount in the foliage stage is 20~30 cubic meters per mu each time; During the swelling period of root tuber, the sugar beet has been closed and the water demand has increased. Generally, it needs to be watered twice, 40~60 cubic meters per mu each time.
3. Topdressing foliar fertilizer
Skillful topdressing is an important link to obtain high yield of sugar beet. Because of the application of base fertilizer, in order to avoid the overgrowth of stems and leaves, there is no need to apply fertilizer at the leaf cluster stage of sugar beet. July and August are the expansion periods of sugarbeet tubers, during which sugarbeet needs a large amount of fertilizer. In order to meet the nutrient requirements of sugarbeet root tuber expansion period in time, foliar fertilizer should be applied topdressing, which can generally increase root tuber yield by about 8%~ 12% and sugar content by 0.2~0.8 degrees.
Topdressing can be carried out after adding 200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to water 1000 times per mu, and spraying 1 time every 10 day, preferably 2-3 times in total. Spraying should be carried out in sunny afternoon or cloudy day, which can not only supplement phosphorus and potassium, but also improve the stress resistance of sugar beet. It should be noted that topdressing should not be too late.
Fourth, the appropriate period of late harvest
The harvest time is not only related to the yield of root tuber, but also related to the sugar content and impurity content of root tuber. The results of planting for many years show that under normal conditions, sugar content of sugar beet can be increased by 1~ 1.5 degrees every 10 day. Therefore, early harvest not only leads to low yield, but also low sugar content in root tuber, and there are many non-sugar substances and poor quality.
Under the premise of not being damaged by freezing, appropriately delaying the harvest and prolonging the growth period of sugar beet are beneficial to the accumulation of sugar in root tuber. Generally, after entering the mature stage, delaying the harvest for 5 days can at least increase the sugar content by 0.2 degrees. The suitable harvest period of sugar beet in North China is1mid-October, the planting area in Northeast China is from late September to early1mid-October, and the planting area in Northwest China is from late September to early1mid-October. Of course, the specific harvest time should be determined according to the actual situation of beet growth in that year.
Five, improve oil recovery and commodity grade
Mechanized harvesting of sugar beet has greatly improved the harvesting efficiency and speed, which also created conditions for moderately delaying harvesting and improving sugar yield. Commercial beet tubers should be non-rotten, non-frozen, non-broken, non-wilting, and not mixed with stems and leaves. A lot of soil is attached to the surface of harvested sugar beet, which reduces the commercialization of sugar beet. Before it is transported to the sugar mill, it should be removed by sugar beet soil cleaner before loading and transporting it.
In the process of sugar beet planting, the paper tube seedling transplanting technology is adopted, which not only prolongs the growth cycle of sugar beet, but also greatly improves the yield and sugar content of sugar beet, so it is worth learning and popularizing.