1, physiological characteristics of chicks:
Chicks are sensitive to temperature, because the nervous system of newly hatched chicks is not well developed, and they lack the ability to regulate body temperature and keep warm from the cold. They are afraid of both cold and heat, so we must strictly control the temperature in the work of raising chicks. Later, with the increase of age, the chicken's nervous system develops gradually, and its thermoregulation function tends to be perfect. Only after 2 1 day, can it adapt to the changes of external environment, so it is very important to do a good job of heat preservation during the brooding period.
The gastrointestinal volume of newborn chicks is small, but they grow and develop rapidly. At the age of 6 weeks, the weight of Wuhei chicken is twice as much as that of 10- 12 when it was just hatched. Therefore, it is necessary to provide full-price feed with rich nutrition, easy to peck and digest in the diet of chicks, otherwise it will affect the growth of chicks and suffer from various nutritional diseases.
Chickens are weak in self-defense, easily frightened and attacked by rats, which requires a quiet environment in the henhouse; Chickens are small and delicate, with poor adaptability to the external environment and weak resistance to various diseases. If they are not careful, they will easily get sick. Therefore, the policy of "prevention first, prevention more important than cure" must be implemented in feeding.
2. Ways of brooding: brooding can be divided into natural brooding and artificial brooding.
2. 1 natural brooding: brooding with brooding hens is called natural brooding.
2.2 Artificial brooding: According to the physiological characteristics of chicks, the method of artificially creating an environment suitable for the growth of chicks is called artificial brooding. The commonly used methods of artificial brooding are as follows:
A, coal stove brooding: directly put the coal stove in the brooding house for heating, and the key point is to prevent gas poisoning.
B, electric nanny umbrella brooding: the nanny umbrella is equipped with an electric heating source and can automatically control the temperature, and each nanny umbrella can brood 500 chicks.
C, light bulb or infrared lamp for brooding: hang the light 50-60 cm above the ground, and use the heat emitted by infrared lamp for brooding. The disadvantage is that the cost of brooding is high and power supply is required.
D, infrared lamp is added to the coal stove for brooding: the brooding room is made into a kang, which is heated by the coal stove to raise the room temperature, and the kang is equipped with infrared lamp heating with automatic temperature control. This method can keep the temperature relatively stable and is more economical and practical.
3. Preparation before brooding:
3. 1 Preparation, cleaning and disinfection of chicken coops and utensils: Before brooding, the brooding room should be prepared, and it should be insulated, airtight and rain-proof. Before entering the brood 1 week, the brood house should be cleaned and cleaned, fumigated with formalin and potassium permanganate or sprayed with Xiaotongling water for disinfection.
3.2 Preheating in advance: Before chickens are fed into the brooding room 1-2 days, the bedding is paved for preheating, and the room temperature is required to reach 27-29℃, and the temperature is kept stable.
3.3 Prepare utensils, feed and medicines: prepare enough feed troughs, drinking fountains and other utensils, choose high-quality feed with comprehensive nutrition, and prepare enough commonly used medicines for chickens, such as anti-dysentery drugs, anticoccidial drugs and disinfection drugs.
4. Key points of feeding management in brooding period:
4. 1 Drinking and eating of newborn chicks: chicks should drink before eating. Drinking should be started as soon as possible to facilitate gastrointestinal peristalsis and yolk absorption. The quality of drinking water should be clean. Warm water should be used in winter, and penicillin water is usually used for drinking 1000 unit. After drinking, it is necessary to ensure uninterrupted drinking. You can drink 0.02% enrofloxacin water for 2-4 days, stop taking the drug for 3 days after 3-5 days, and then use a course of treatment to prevent gastrointestinal diseases. Start eating: After the chicks drink enough water, 2/3 chicks can start eating when they peck. The feed used after eating should be high-quality chicken feed with rich nutrition, with the principle of feeding less and adding more frequently. After 1 week, some green feed and gravel can be fed.
4.2 Temperature: Temperature is the primary condition for raising chickens well. Hens can bring the hatched chickens alive mainly by their body temperature. When brooding on the ground, whether in any season, bedding should be laid indoors so that the abdomen of the chicken will not catch cold when sleeping. The brooding temperature is required to be constant. The temperature in the first week is required to be 32-35℃, and the room temperature is 27-29℃, and then it will drop by 2℃ every week. If the temperature of brooding is too low, the chicks will be afraid of the cold, crowded with each other and piled up, and even cause colds, pullorum and other diseases; If the temperature is too high, it will affect the normal metabolism, loss of appetite, weak constitution and slow growth and development of chicks. Therefore, the temperature of brooding should be stable, and it is forbidden to make chicks difficult to adapt to it.
4.3 Humidity: Humidity has a great influence on the health and growth of chicks, such as high humidity and low temperature chicks are easy to catch cold and diarrhea; But if the humidity is too low, it will affect the absorption of yolk sac in the body. The required humidity of black chicken is 60-65% in the first week and 50-60% after the second week. According to this requirement, the natural humidity in our county is high except in winter, so it is necessary to replace the padding and increase ventilation in time to keep the house dry. Excessive humidity is easy to induce coccidiosis.
4.4 Ventilation: The purpose of ventilation is to eliminate indoor dirty air in time, inhale fresh air and adjust the temperature and humidity in the house. Chickens should not only keep warm, but also pay attention to ventilation to discharge toxic gases such as ammonia and carbon dioxide.
4.5 Lighting management: Correctly mastering the lighting is conducive to the consistency of the growth and maturity of chickens. Chicks can be exposed to light for 24 hours in the brooding stage, and the light intensity should be 2-3 watts per square meter.
4.6 Reasonable density: Density has a great influence on the growth and development of chicks. Low density is uneconomical. Too high density will make chicks develop unevenly, slow down their growth, be susceptible to diseases and increase their mortality. The feeding density of bedding cultivation is 30-35 animals/m2 before 6 weeks, 18 weeks 12- 15 animals/m2.
4.7 Grouping: The purpose of grouping is to make chicks develop consistently and improve the survival rate. Generally, timely grouping is carried out according to size and strength. For weak chicks, we should improve the nutritional level of feed and strengthen feeding management.
4.8 Daily hygiene management: the brooding room should be cleaned frequently and the padding should be replaced in time; Feed trough, drinking fountains and brooding houses are cleaned and disinfected once a week, and drinking fountains are cleaned once a day; Change clothes and shoes when entering and leaving the brooding house, and set up a disinfection pool at the door to do a good job of prevention and disinfection. The growth period generally refers to the period from 7 weeks old to prenatal period. The main task of this stage is to cultivate young chickens with strong physique, normal and uniform growth and development, and the growth rate of each week should reach or approach the weight standard. Chickens at this stage have strong digestive ability and strong appetite. If they are not properly reared, they will easily be overweight and precocious. Therefore, in management, it is necessary to limit feeding and control their weight to avoid excessive growth, premature maturity and excessive weight, which will affect the laying rate in the future.
1, weight control: 3-5% of the population is randomly selected for weight measurement every week. If it exceeds the standard weight, it is necessary to adjust the feed, increase the crude fiber content in the diet or reduce the energy and protein levels; If it is lower than the standard weight, feed should be added to improve the nutritional level of feed.
Methods of weight control: one is to use limited mass and unlimited quantity; The other is to maintain the nutritional balance of feed and limit the number of feeds.
2. Control of light: Light plays a great role in growing chickens, which is directly related to the growth and sexual maturity of growing chickens. The influence of light on sexual maturity is not the intensity of light, but mainly depends on the length of light. When hens in the growing period live in long-term light, their sexual maturity is advanced, and vice versa. The sexual maturity of chicks is advanced, and although they start laying early, their eggs are small in weight and the peak laying period is short. Therefore, in the growing period, the light should be shortened, and the method of increasing light must not be used to stimulate the premature birth of hens.
3. Grazing and feeding: The temperature of chickens in the growing period has been removed, and the adaptability to the external environment is enhanced at this time. In this feeding stage, bamboo gardens, orchards and wasteland can be used for grazing and feeding according to local conditions. Grazing can make use of natural feed resources, save expenses, and enhance physical fitness and disease resistance through exercise. Heatstroke is also called chicken heatstroke.
1.Etiology
Chicken skin lacks sweat glands, and heat dissipation mainly depends on breathing with the mouth open or spreading the wings. Therefore, in the hot and humid environment with high temperature (room temperature above 35℃) and high humidity, the disease is easy to occur due to factors such as excessive density of chickens, poor ventilation, insufficient drinking water supply and obesity of chickens.
2. Symptoms
The disease is mostly acute. The main manifestations are rapid breathing, mouth opening and neck stretching, drooping wings, increased drinking water and elevated body temperature, and then dyspnea, gait shaking, inability to stand, convulsions, and finally coma and death. This disease can cause a large number of chickens to die in a short time. Feeding broilers or laying hens in houses often occurs between noon and 5-6 pm; Long-distance chicken trucks are more common in daytime transportation in summer, and they are not well ventilated and the shading equipment is not well done.
3. Lesions
Dead chickens have slow rigor mortis, poor blood coagulation, systemic venous congestion, punctate bleeding of coronary fat and epicardium, and a large number of punctate bleeding of abdominal fat. The abdominal cavity temperature of newly dead chickens is higher. The chest muscles are pale.
4. Diagnosis
According to clinical symptoms and pathological changes, especially rapid death and abdominal fat bleeding, a preliminary diagnosis can be made.
5. Treatment
(1) Prevention: in summer and autumn, we should do a good job in heatstroke prevention and cooling in chicken houses, including spraying water, ventilation, adequate drinking water supply, and reducing feeding conspiracy; Baking soda (2 kg per 1000 kg feed) or vitamin C (200 g per 1000 kg water) can be added to feed or drinking water for drug health care. At the same time, the dosage of multivitamins (especially vitamin E and vitamin C) should be increased in feed.
⑵ Treatment: Once the symptoms of heatstroke occur, the sick chicken should be immediately transferred to a cool and ventilated place, and washed or taken with cold water. When heatstroke occurs in a large chicken farm, measures should be taken immediately to reduce the temperature (including watering, ventilation, shading, etc.). At the same time, drugs such as electrolytic multivitamin or vitamin C powder are added to drinking water in proportion for treatment. 1.Etiology
Chickens of all ages can catch cold, especially chicks. The common reasons are the large room temperature difference of brooding, the sudden cold air stress of chickens, the "thief wind" when transporting chickens for a long time, the sudden rain in the wild grazing and improper cold water cooling in hot summer. If the air quality in the brooding house or chicken house is poor (such as strong ammonia smell), it will aggravate the cold.
2. Symptoms
Sick chickens are depressed, their body temperature rises, their appetite decreases, they are slow to move, they are short of breath, their nostrils are watery or sticky with nasal discharge, and sneezing and coughing are obvious. Severe conjunctival flushing and tears can be seen; Sometimes you can hear the sound of duo; Severe cases can develop into bronchitis and pneumonia.
3. Lesions
There are different degrees of mucus in nasal cavity, throat and trachea. The diseased chickens with a longer course of disease can see that the bronchus is blocked with white cheese, and the trachea and bronchus are congested and bleeding. Severe pulmonary congestion, bleeding and lung necrosis can be seen.
Step 4 diagnose
According to clinical symptoms, pathological changes and environmental conditions, a preliminary diagnosis can be made. But it should be differentiated from infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, diffuse respiratory diseases and H9 subtype avian influenza in clinic.
5. Prevention and control
(1) Prevention: When keeping warm in the brood house, the temperature difference between day and night should be relatively stable, and ventilation should be achieved. When stocking in the wild, you should pay attention to prevent getting wet. Usually, we should pay attention to the change of environmental temperature in feeding management, and do a good job of heat preservation in chicken houses when cold air comes in winter; In hot weather in summer, spray should be used to cool down and prevent heatstroke, instead of spraying water from tap water pipes directly on chickens.
(2) There are many drugs for treating colds, such as erythromycin drinking water (0.005%~0.02%), enrofloxacin drinking water (0.005%~0.0 1%), amoxicillin drinking water (0.02%~0.03%) or doxycycline drinking water (0.0/kloc-0). When the symptoms are severe, it can be combined with some antipyretic drugs (such as metamizole tablets), expectorant drugs (such as ammonium chloride) or antiasthmatic drugs (such as ephedrine).