Handstring
Introduction:
Handstrings are beads, formerly known as "rosary beads", which refers to a portable instrument that uses a thread to pass through a certain number of beads and is used to count when chanting Buddha or holding a spell. In Buddhist classics, the origin of beads is generally based on the enlightenment of the Buddha to the exiled king contained in the Muzhu Sutra. Although beads have become an important symbol of Buddhists, they are not created and used by Buddhists. Buddhism believes that beads are "a tool to learn from the foundation of the universe and guide course learning".
Origin:
In Buddhist classics, the origin of beads is generally based on the enlightenment of the Buddha to the exiled king contained in the Muzhu Sutra. Jing Yun:
The Buddha said to the king: If you want to get rid of troubles and report obstacles, you must stick to the pegs 180 times, so that you can keep following; If you walk, sit, or lie down, you will never be distracted. The name of Buddha, Dharma and Monk is a journal. If there is, step by step, if ten, if twenty, if hundreds, if thousands, or even millions. If you can get more than 200,000 times, your body and mind will not be chaotic, and you will be happy forever if you die on the third day. If you can recover more than one million times, you will be cut off from 180% and finish your studies. You will start to be famous for your life and death, you will be interested in mud, and you will never get any results. ..... Wang Dahuan was so happy that he saluted the Buddha from a distance: Great mercy and great compassion! I should follow it. In other words, officials privately run rafts, thinking that there are thousands of rafts, and all the relatives and the country are related to one. Wang often said that although he was close to the army, he did not abandon it.
Classification of beads:
According to the use, beads can be divided into three categories:
1, holding beads-hand twisting or holding beads;
2. Zhu Pei-a bead worn on the wrist or arm;
3, hanging beads-beads hanging around the neck.
Why is the 18mm bracelet 13 beads? Generally speaking, chanting Buddha is calculated by integer multiples of 7, 49 and 108, so the number of beads is 7, 49 or 108, which is more in line with the specifications.
2. Set the number of trees suitable for wearing on the hand, which is convenient for carrying and wearing;
3. The number of randomly determined trees is unorganized.
13 beads can be counted from the mother bead to the end of the mother bead, so the sentence 14 is twice as much as 7, which is just in line with the habit of chanting Buddha.
Why are all the Agrocybe aegerita sold in the market dry? Dry goods are usually stewed soup. If it is scalded or fried, it needs to be soaked in advance. If you don't soak it, it will be hard to chew. The dry goods of Agrocybe aegerita and Flammulina velutipes are ok, but they can't be chewed. If Hericium erinaceus is not soaked, it can't be eaten even if it is cooked for an hour, and the taste is still bitter. Dry Agrocybe aegerita and Flammulina velutipes need to be soaked in warm water at 60℃ 1-2 hours in advance (Flammulina velutipes needs to be soaked for a little longer than Agrocybe aegerita), and then boiled.
What is sold in the market is successful. Is it harmful? Why? What? Books?
What jade is on the market at present? To identify jade, we should observe its shape, look at its color, talk about its quality and feel its feeling. Among the old colors of jade, jade appraisers are most concerned about the influence of other elements contained in the soil when jade is buried in the soil, which will produce color changes. In ancient literature, it was called Qin color, among which rust color, patina, dark yellow and black and white were more common. People often call it rust mud, copper mud, earth mud, mercury mud and water mud. Except that white can greatly change the quality of jadeite, which is not very popular, other jadeite with color change is often more expensive than jadeite without color change.
Pan jade is the friction between hands or skin and jade. Some jade articles with Qin color will change color due to the friction of human body. This color change is called "flooding". Generally speaking, the old jade plate will have a sense of familiarity after being put for a long time. If the color of old jade is dark blue, the color will change if it is held by hand for a long time. If there is no dark blue jade, it will have a delicate luster after a long time. Some collectors will look at the old and new jades according to the color of the plate when choosing jade. Especially in the Neolithic Age, things were generally not temporary funerary objects made during burial, but had been used for many years or even passed down from generation to generation. Therefore, in use, they are all touched by a plate, the surface is delicate, and there is a good fine light in the work. Although this thin light is buried and deeply colored, it can still exist. It is in the leather shell on the jade surface, under the floating color. This phenomenon is particularly obvious in Hongshan culture jade articles.
The natural color of jade is the color of jade material. The ancients called the standard of natural color of jade "symbol" and put forward the theories of "red is phoenix" and "yellow is indigo", that is to say, the above standard is the most precious among all kinds of jade materials. Of course, when selecting and evaluating jade materials, in addition to the depth of color, it also depends on its distribution and whether there are cracks. The uniform color is the best, and the picturesque color change is also the best.
The color of jade skin is the color change caused by natural weathering of jade materials, among which dark yellow, ochre brown, white and other weathering depth changes are the most common and progressive changes. These changes mostly come from the surface of jade materials, especially the pebble-shaped sub-materials found in rivers, so it is called jade skin. The color of jade skin is often difficult to distinguish from that of Qin color jade, so it is used as Qin color jade. Generally speaking, the weathering color should be more uniform.
Dyeing is a skill in jade manufacturing, especially when imitating ancient jade. Natural jade is rare and expensive, but inferior materials are rich and cheap. Imitators often make fake ancient jade with inferior materials. There are various dyeing methods, which can generally be divided into good jade dyeing and secondary jade dyeing. The dyeing of secondary jadeite is more recognizable and less valuable. Good jadeite dyeing is either to cover up defects or to enhance the value of the work. Common dyes are burnt black, fried silk amber perm, artificial white and rust yellow. The so-called black is burning or region, or whole. Jade turned black after burning, and now it turns gray and cracks appear. Burning black is often difficult to distinguish from black. Frying is to heat jade with fire and then cool it in water, so that cracks appear on the surface of jade. When adding beams, the colors are diverse and silky.
Amber ironing is an ancient method. In this way, the surface of jade is covered with amber, which is very beautiful. Artificial white is the use of chemical raw materials to make the surface of jade appear white, soft texture, and sometimes reveal the color of jade. Rust yellow is to soak jade in rust water to make its surface rust. Modern jadeite dyeing methods are strange and varied, and most of them are confidential. One is to try to read more jade-dyed works, and the other is to remember the color characteristics of unearthed jade.
Ancient jade appraisal has several points:
Identification of process trace. Oxidation identification III. Coagulation identification IV. Artistic level appraisal v Qin color appraisal VI. Smell recognition. Which is divided into (1), modeling and discrimination. (2), jade, jade material discrimination (3), decoration discrimination (4), style discrimination.
The identification of Qin color focuses on learning and understanding the color change between ancient jade and objects that have been in contact with various storage environments for a long time, but it is actually a physical phenomenon, and the natural quality change it produces is color change. We usually call it "Qin color". For example, ancient jade stored in red paint may be red, black paint may produce black, and buried in loess may produce yellowish brown mud. Observing under strong white light, Qin color usually occurs in the place where jade contact is weak or naturally cleavage wrinkles. Then along the cleavage or fissure, the penetration expands, which can seriously soak the whole organ, which is called "total immersion". After playing, the color is bright, and the color of the piano mostly changes from gray to red. The important point is: under normal circumstances, genuine products are relatively simple; The darker the color, the more chaotic the piano color and the bright piano color are questionable. Even if the real jade has cleavage and cracks, it is not a contact part and does not necessarily have bright colors. Imitate the color of the piano by chemical or physical methods, usually the whole piano. There is also a kind of regional soft clay, which is characterized by more Qin color. It is not necessary to burn pseudo-ooze in the soft rib or crack of jade. This can be observed under intense white light. However, it is useful to use high technology to carry out laser forgery along the cleavage or ridge of jade. Another point is that the storage environment of jade is dry or jade is dense. Look at the color: natural jadeite has natural color, uneven distribution, prolonged green trend and generally no fluorescence.
Look at the polished surface: the polished surface of natural jadeite is fine and smooth, with grease showing a strong glass luster. If you look closely at the polished surface, you can usually see the mottled crystal interwoven structure. In general, the variegated crystal particles of the same jadeite are uniform in size; At the same time, slightly transparent to opaque white fibrous crystals can be seen, commonly known as "stone flowers".
Listen to the sound: tap the natural jade gently, making a crisp and pleasant sound. If it is artificially processed, it will make a dull sound.
In addition, because of the high density of jadeite, it feels like a thug by hand; Jade has a strong water-holding ability. When it drops on it, the water drops protrude higher.
At the same time, experts remind consumers that when buying high-priced jewelry and jade, they should choose regular and well-known jewelry stores or large and reputable shopping malls. Also remember to ask the merchant for the jewelry and jade appraisal certificate with "CMA" and "CAL" marks. Usually, every precious piece of jewelry and jade has a certificate to ensure that the purchased jewelry and jade are consistent with the certificate, and the certificate is accompanied by photos.
First-class jade, moist, thorough and greasy, is moist in your hand. The main method to identify the authenticity is to use a magnifying glass or microscope to see that there is a fiber interwoven structure inside the jade, and the particles are fine; Artificial glass has no structure and bubbles can be seen. You can also carve it in an inconspicuous place with a knife. What can be carved must be fake jade, but what cannot be carved is real jade. As the saying goes, "Gold is valuable, but jade is priceless". Because the top grade Hetian jade is getting scarce, it can reach tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of yuan per kilogram, while the average Qinghai white jade and Russian white jade are only a few thousand yuan per kilogram, so some people mix it with Hetian jade. The minerals of these jadeites are basically the same as Hetian jade, but the surface color is dark and not soft, which will be even dimmer after a long time.
Old jade and new jade can be distinguished from two aspects. There is an oxidized jade skin on the surface of the old jade, commonly known as "patina", which is similar to the skin of autumn pear and obviously different from the natural color of jade, while the new jade does not. Judging from the theme of sculpture, ancient jade is a symbol of rank and power, and there are many mythical flowers, birds and figures, such as dragons and phoenixes. New ones are generally auspicious themes.
Jade has been closely related to China culture since ancient times.
In the eyes of China people, jade is a symbol of good fortune, so China people like to use jade to protect themselves, keep peace, ward off evil spirits, and even bury them with jade; Westerners mainly appreciate the elegance, grace, mystery and romance of jade.
Classification of jade:
Jade can be divided into nephrite and jadeite, which are two different minerals. The colors of nephrite are translucent white, yellow, green and black, and the colors are evenly distributed. As for jadeite, there are mainly white, purple, yellow and green, and the uniformity of color distribution among different germplasm will be different.
The vast majority of jades produced in China are nephrite, and "sheep fat white jade" is a treasure in nephrite, with delicate texture and white color. Many exquisite jade works of art are carved from nephrite.
Jadeite is mainly produced in Myanmar and is even rarer than nephrite. Because jade is superior to nephrite in quality, color and price, jade ornaments on the market are mainly jade, and the demand of consumers is very great, so we focus on jadeite.
Appreciate jade:
The appreciation of jadeite should pay attention to color and germplasm, which can be subdivided into color, transparency, clarity, cutting and cracking, generally starting with its color.
colour
Color is the most important factor affecting the value of jadeite, and the color of jadeite can be evaluated from the following four areas:
Purity: Purity refers to the ratio of primary color to secondary color of jadeite. Take green jadeite as an example, pure green is the best, followed by yellow or blue, and gray is the worst.
Appropriate shade: when it comes to the depth of color, of course, the thicker the better. But if the color is too thick, it will have the opposite effect and reduce the quality of jade.
Be bright: the brighter the color of jade, the more attractive it is. The more gray or black it contains, the darker the color.
Uniform: The more uniform the color distribution, the better, and the higher the value.
transparency
The transparency of jadeite affects the refraction of light, thus affecting the overall aesthetic feeling. When the light enters the transparent and delicate jade, it will reflect beautiful light, which will make people feel the crystal clear of jade and greatly increase its aesthetic feeling. On the contrary, if light meets jadeite with low transparency and rough texture, it will reflect dark light, which will greatly reduce the attractiveness of jadeite.
clean
Cleanliness refers to the defects contained in jadeite, mainly white and black, which are caused by other minerals contained in jadeite. Relatively speaking, black defects are more ugly than white ones. The less impurities in jadeite, the better.
incision
The processing of jadeite products can be divided into two categories: light body and carving. Because the surface of the bare finished product is not covered, the requirements for raw materials are high. In addition to no cracks, the proportion of cutting work, the thickness of the product and whether it is symmetrical are also very important, which can affect the appearance of the finished jade. For example, the sliced "egg noodles" should not be too thick or too thin, and the position of the "pot" should be in the middle and the proportion should be moderate.
The evaluation of flowers mainly measures their aesthetic feeling and the fineness of carving. Usually jadeite with cracks will be carved to cover up its defects.
crack
Cracks will greatly reduce the value of jadeite. If there is a crack in the jadeite jewelry, it may crack along the crack if it is slightly collided. Therefore, you need to be extra careful when buying jade ornaments. Generally speaking, with a flashlight, it is easy to detect the existence of cracks.
High-quality jadeite can be sold at a considerable price, but the supply in the market is limited. In order to get better profits, some businessmen do not hesitate to manually treat jadeite. So commodities A, B and C appeared in the market.
Artificial jadeite
C goods
C goods refer to fake colored jade that has been artificially colored. The method is to infiltrate the dye into the colorless jadeite at high temperature and high pressure, so that all or part of it is dyed into emerald green or purple, but its color will fade and become dim with time.
Class b goods
B refers to the chemical removal of jadeite with defects, impurities and yellow parts on the surface, leaving only the original green and white elements, and then injecting epoxy resin glue into jadeite as consolidation, so that the whole jadeite looks more transparent and the color is more vivid. Because the interior of jade has been destroyed in the process of chemical treatment, the structure has become loose, so B goods are prone to cracks on the surface. In addition, if dyes are added during the treatment, it is called B+C goods.
natural jadeite
A goods
A goods refer to natural jadeite that has not been artificially treated at all.
In the long-term practice of jade processing and production, the predecessors of China's jewelry industry have summarized a lot of experience about jade, and expressed these characteristics of jade in the form of concise aphorisms. Remembering these maxims and being able to understand and appreciate their profound connotations will benefit you for life.
Don't look at the color under the lamp.
In fact, any jewelry should not be evaluated under the lamp. This is especially important for jadeite. This is because the color of jadeite, especially the color of jadeite such as flashing gray, flashing blue and oil blue, has a much better visual effect under light than under natural light. Therefore, under the light, we can only look at the cracks, water head length, reflection degree or other characteristics of jadeite. But to investigate and evaluate the green color of jadeite under natural light.
The color difference is first-class, and the price difference is ten times.
For high-grade jadeite, the price difference is more than ten times. For example: a 500,000 yuan jade ring face and a 5 million yuan jade ring face, what is the quality of jade? Style, size, planting moisture, defects? Both are first-class and impeccable, and the key to the price difference between them lies in the degree of green. How to recognize and distinguish the differences between emerald green is extremely important, at least we have seen and experienced it. "Look more and buy less" For the purchase of jadeite original stone, "look more" is a selection process; It is a comparative process; It is also a process of experience accumulation and verification; It is the premise of "buying". "Buy less" does not mean not buying, but reminding you to "look" before buying. "It is better to buy a large film than to buy a thread". For the green shape feature in the jadeite original stone, "a line"? The belt is green? Use "a big piece" from skin to green? Are they two representations of the same green shape, or are they "lines"? Standing? Use "film"? The difference between lying and lying. The thickness of "line" is known, but the depth is unknown; The area of the "sheet" is known, but the thickness is unknown. The key to the motto is to remind people not to be confused by the green "more" and "less" on the surface of jadeite, but to recognize the essence of green "standing" and "lying". So, I don't really buy a large piece of green jade, but I remind you not to expect too much from the thickness of green.
There is water all over the dragon.
The so-called "dragon" actually refers to the green color in jade. That is to say, in general, whether in the thickness or transparency of the texture, the green part is stronger than the part without green? Di Zi? , are all better. Of course, sometimes the difference between emerald and the earth is too strong, just like the next proverb.
The stool grows tall and green.
Emerald land and emerald green are interdependent and closely related. Generally speaking, when the green water is good, the land is usually not too bad, and vice versa. The motto is mainly to remind people not to ignore the particularity of emerald green. Although not every "shit place" will have advanced green. But the first-class youth can appear in the "shit land".
No locks and no flowers.
"Book of Rites" said: "Da Gui is not coarse, but also beautiful." In fact, high-grade emerald green usually expresses its natural essence in the form of "elements". For example, the fingers and feather tubes in second-hand goods belong to "plain life". If there is a pattern on the sculpture, there must be something fishy under its beautiful pattern. Therefore, there is a saying in the industry that "no locks and no flowers". The same is true of modern jadeite products.
Look at the green with cold eyes
The so-called "green" refers to a colorful "fake jade", which is an old trick. At present, there are "bathing", "bathing" and "coating". Of course, any fraud is likely to succeed for a while, but it will never give away the clues. The old adage is for people in the industry, reminding people to pay attention to the feeling at first sight and don't let go of any doubts. Therefore, it is better for consumers to "look on coldly". Be sure to go to a store with good reputation and guaranteed quality to buy jade.
Are the cinnabar bracelets and beads on the market fake? There are not many fake cinnabar. After all, this material is very cheap, and the color and texture are easy to recognize. It is not cost-effective to fake.
Why are all kinds of tubes used in the market? Because there are only a few kinds of tubes in a regular audio amplifier, other tubes are either distorted, too big or too small, or the screen pressure is too high or too low, which are not suitable for the amplifier, so there are only a few kinds of tubes commonly used in the amplifier.
What kind of sturgeon are sold in the market? European sturgeon, sturgeon schrenckii, sturgeon Dalbergia, etc.
Sturgeon weighs 68-250kg, also known as Chinese sturgeon, Chinese sturgeon, bighead carp, bitter wax seed and herring. It is a precious fish unique to China and a national first-class protected animal in China. Acipenser sinensis is an ancient and rare fish. Acipenser sinensis first appeared in the Early Triassic 230 million years ago. Like giant pandas, they have important academic research value, are living fossils for studying the evolution of fish and vertebrates, and also have important economic value. The Chinese sturgeon, which lives in the same water area, is also known as China's "national treasure in water". China, South Korea and Japan in Asia.
Are all plateau drugs sold in the market liars? I heard that the market is all fake.
But there is a medicine called superior. I want to try, but I have been afraid to do it.
Confusion ... if the landlord's income is ok and he is not short of money, you can try it.
Are all the eggs sold in the market raw by chickens? Besides chicken, what do you think is "chicken" egg? Do you know there is a place in the world called a chicken farm? Do you know where there can be thousands or even more chickens?