Mainly inherited in the middle and lower reaches of the Youshui River, the Pendulum Dance can be categorized into "Big Pendulum Dance" and "Small Pendulum Dance" according to the different forms, contents, scales and ritual subjects of the performances. The basic movements of the Pendulum Dance are "Single Pendulum", "Double Pendulum" and "Swinging Pendulum", and its basic rhythm is: the hands and feet are on the same side, the lower part is not over the knee, the upper part is not over the shoulder, and the body is sinking and slightly trembling. The main performance involves the origin of mankind, myths and legends, national migration, ancient wars, hunting and fishing, slash-and-burn farming, production and labor, food and living and other aspects of social life. A series of Tujia Pendulum Dance is a living history of Tujia ethnic development. Youyang Pendulum Dance
The Pendulum Dance is an ancient folk dance of the Tujia ethnic group, which began in the Tang Dynasty and has been passed down to the present day. The Pendulum Dance is performed by dozens or hundreds of people, known as the "Small Pendulum Dance", and by thousands or tens of thousands of people, known as the "Big Pendulum Dance". The dance form has "single pendulum", "double pendulum", "pirouette pendulum" and so on; the dance posture mostly imitates trekking, agricultural labor, fighting posture, rock eagle wings, daily life. These dance movements, stretching and generous, with a strong sense of life, show the rough and bold national character of the Tujia people. Whenever there are festivals and celebrations, the Tujia people will go to the "Pendulum Hall" or the lawn and dam to dance the Pendulum Dance.
Pendulum dance, also known as "Sheba", the whole activity to ritual dance, singing and other forms of performance, to tell the origin of mankind, national migration, heroes for the content. After the ritual ceremony, by the "tema" or palm altar division led the crowd, into the pendulum hand hall or pendulum hand ping pendulum hand dance, sing pendulum hand song. The natives dance this dance before battle to boost morale. Pendulum dance is divided into single pendulum, double pendulum, big pendulum, small pendulum several kinds. The Pendulum Dance is performed on a big drum and a big gong, which is magnificent and inspiring. When dancing, the hands are swinging on the same side, kicking the feet and swinging the hands, dancing and moving in and out, in pairs, in a vivid context. Pendulum
Hand dance is not only a folk entertainment and fitness nature of sports activities, but also on the stage of a unique artistic wonders, it is "swinging hands in front of the hall will be more colorful, hand in hand with a slow song. Drums and gongs mumble and mumble, curling up the sound ho raving ho."
Chinese Tujia folk dance. Circulating in Hunan Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing, and Hubei, Sichuan junction Tujia inhabited areas. During the Spring Festival in front of the Temple of the King of the soil held in the ceremonial collective dance, the end of the Tang Dynasty has been popular, initially related to the ritual, and later evolved into a custom, divided into large pendulum hand, small pendulum hand. The big hands 3 to 5 years once, there are several counties on ten thousand people to participate in, lasted 7 to 8 days. There are complex military hunting content in the dance, but also set out sets of formations. The small pendulum hand is the village of the village, held annually, with farming as the content. Dance people into a multi-layered circle, a lead dance, the crowd with the dance.
Tujia life "encyclopedia"
On the origin of the pendulum dance, is still a mystery.
Tan Xiaobing, deputy director of the city's non-heritage protection center, said the pendulum dance can be said to be the epitome of the historical life of the Tujia people, as if it were a gorgeous picture scroll showing the historical life of the Tujia people.
It may have its origin in religious rituals or in the Ba Guo dance. In a word, the basic content of the Tujia Hand Pendulum Dance involves the origin of mankind, myths and legends, national migration, hunting and fishing, ancient battles, slash-and-burn cultivation, food and living, etc. The Tujia Hand Pendulum Dance is a beautiful picture of the historical life of the Tujia people.
Today, the Youyang Pendulum Dance is divided into two types: the Big Pendulum Dance and the Small Pendulum Dance. The original Pendulum Dance circulated in Youyang Kodai Township belongs to the category of "Small Pendulum Dance", with basic movements of single pendulum, double pendulum, and pirouette pendulum, and the body sinks and trembles, but not over the knees and shoulders.
As for the "big pendulum hand", it is a processed and refined pendulum hand dance, suitable for the public leisure exercise in the square.
Tan Xiaobing said, the pendulum dance has become a large collection of traditional Tujia culture, through its content and form, can be observed to the Tujia society, history, folklore, national identity and cultural and artistic development trajectory, can be said to be a Tujia "encyclopedia".
Pendulum dance has "Bayu dance" origin. Huayang Guozhi - Ba Zhi", "King Wu invaded the Zhou Dynasty, before the song after the dance", "song and dance to Ling, Yin people before the disciples fall back. This shows that "Bayu Dance" was used in the war when King Wu conquered Zhou. The name "Bayu Dance" was first mentioned in "Huayang Guozhi - Ba Zhi", which reads, "In Langzhong, there is the water of Yu. Tribute people live around the water, the nature of the strong and courageous, the first for the Han charge, unstoppable, the emperor good specializing in said: 'This is the song of King Wu to conquer the Zhou also'. Is to make the music people learn, today's so-called Bayu dance also".
In more than three thousand years ago, there was a strong history of Bayu State, "Huayang Guozhi - Bayu Zhi" cloud: "King Wu both grams of Yin, to its Zongji sealed in the Bayu, Jennifer to the son of", "its land east to the belly of the fish, the west to the Bo Road, the north of Hanzhong, the south of Qian Fulcrum ". This area encompasses the entire Wuling Mountains. Tang Liang Zaiyin "Ten Roads Zhi" cloud: "Chu Zi destroyed Ba, Ba Zi brothers five people flowed into Qianzhong, Han has the world, the name of the You, Chen, Wu, Wu, Yuan and other five creeks, each for the length of a creek, the number of five creeks barbarians". These records show that the ancient Ba people were one of the ancestors of the Tujia people, and after the founding of the country, a large number of Ba bronzes, such as the "Ba sword" and "copper drum," were unearthed in the Wuling Mountain area of the Three Gorges, Qingjiang River, and Youshui River Basin, which corroborated this historical fact.
After Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty settled the Sanqin region, the Bayu Dance became a court dance, and was also used in everyday life to entertain guests. Until the Tang and Song dynasties, "Bayu Dance" gradually lost its former status, disappeared from the court in the song and dance performance. Although Bayu Dance disappeared from the court performance, it was partially preserved in the relatively closed Wuling Mountain area, which is called "The Son of Heaven lost the official, learning in the four barbarians". It is said to be partially preserved because today's Pendulum Dance is neither the whole of the "Bayu Dance" nor a replica of the "Bayu Dance".
While the performance forms of "Spear Yu" and "Invalid Yu" in the "Bayu Dance" are similar to those of the "Big Pendulum Dance", the "Flower Pendulum Dance" in the "Big Pendulum Dance" is not the same as the "Big Pendulum Dance", which is the most popular dance in China. Although the performance forms of "Spear Yu" and "Injured Yu" in "Bayu Dance" are very similar to those of "Big Pendulum Hand", both of which are danced with weapons or short sticks, this seems to indicate that "Bayu Dance" has a great influence on the Pendulum Hand Dance, which is based on the theme of ancient wars, and it has a strong inheritance. However, it is difficult to see traces of the Bayu Dance in the "Small Pendulum Dance", which has a wider circulation and is based on the theme of daily production and life. This shows that the historical process of the creation and development of this ancient cultural phenomenon is very complex, and it is difficult to encompass it with a cultural phenomenon.
The Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", meaning local people, and the Tujia language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, Tibetan-Burmese language group. The Tujia language, in the "land reorganization" before has been the main communication tool of the Tujia people, in the language of inheritance also due to the different regions and show some small differences. However, since the Tujia people only have their own language but not their own writing, the inheritance of national culture mostly relies on oral transmission, and this way of inheritance is extremely limited, then, in order to better perpetuate and pass on the culture of the people, it is necessary to create or rely on a more effective way as a huge carrier of the Tujia culture of the swinging hand dance naturally becomes the bearer of this way, with the special form of song and dance to the descendants of the history and life of the people. It is a special form of song and dance that tells the history and life of the nation to the future generations, so that the Tujia people can understand the history of their own nation and gain some knowledge of production and life skills during the rituals and entertainment activities, and that is why the Pendulum Dance has a tenacious vitality that has lasted for thousands of years.
The Pendulum Dance is produced and spread in the Youshui River and Qingjiang River Basin in the Wuling Mountain area. Due to the Wuling Mountain region, the climate is humid, abundant rainfall, four distinct seasons, adapted to the traditional agricultural production of the Tujia mountain people are the winter, Lunar New Year and the first month of the lunar calendar as the season of leisure, which provides the necessary participants and time guarantee for the rituals and the pendulum dance activities, and therefore held year after year, so that it has gradually formed a fixed pattern has been preserved, which is the cultural phenomenon of the pendulum dance can be continued to this day is an important reason. This is also one of the important reasons why the cultural phenomenon of the Pendulum Dance continues to this day.
The two sets of original Pendulum Dance with completely different performances circulating in the folklore of Youyang belong to the category of "small wall hand", and their dance vocabulary is natural and simple. One of the sets is to express the national migration as the main content, showing the Tujia ancestors in the migratory journey of suffering; the other is a primitive imitation of the whole process of production and labor. Due to many reasons, most of the dance movements have been lost, and the surviving movements today are: single pendulum, double pendulum, shaking flea, barking fire, crab on the tree, grinding eagle flashing wings, Scholar kicked the death of the government officials, planting, planting rice, gripping rice, cutting grain, hitting the grain, picking grain, and so on dozens of movements. In the past, every first day of the first month of the lunar calendar to the fifteenth, the Tujia mountain people will gather in front of the pendulum hand hall or the temple of the king of the soil, to the poi, tofu, group spread, the head of the knife as a sacrifice, under the auspices of the old Tusi or elders to hold a grand sacrifice and pendulum activities, the atmosphere is very enthusiastic, and often all night long. In the dance, but also accompanied by the pendulum song, the lyrics of most of the content related to the history of the nation, ancestor worship and production of farming and so on.
The "Jennifer Palace" (small wall hand hall) on the west bank of the Youshui River in Changtan Village, Houxi Town, Youyang County, is unique and well-preserved, and is accompanied by a thousand years of old willow in front of the hall and the bubbling Youshui River, which witnessed the old days when "the Jin in the city of Fushi made a nest, and the water on the shore of the Tujing Palace was full of waves, and the red lamps were ten thousand stacked up, and a piece of lingering hand-waving song was sung. The "Fukushi City" is a brocade nest in the city of Fukushi, and the water by the Tukwang Palace is a wave, with ten thousand red lanterns and thousands of people. Changtan "Lord Palace" was built in the Qing Dynasty during the reign of Xianfeng, with a history of more than 150 years, for the Qing Dynasty architectural style, brick and wood structure, compound courtyard layout. The main building has a vestibule, main hall, offering platform, rooms, front and rear patios and side gates, etc. It is divided into two main gates on the left and right, with the left side being "Peng's Ancestral Hall", dedicated to the ancestors of Peng's successive generations; and the right side being "Lord Peng's Palace", dedicated to "Lord Peng", and in front of the main gate is the "Peng's Palace", dedicated to "Lord Peng's Ancestors". "In front of the main gate is a rectangular dam paved with green stone slabs that can accommodate dozens of people to dance with swinging hands, and the dam is surrounded by beautifully carved stone parapets. Changtan "Lord Palace" is the only surviving Tujia "Hand Swinging Hall" in the southeast Yu region, which is a complex combining the Tujia King's Temple and the ancestral hall, and is also an important physical material for the study of the survival and mutation trajectory of the Tujia original culture. "Lord Peng's Palace" is named after Lord Peng, who was the main worshipper of the Lord Peng. Duke Peng was Peng Shih-chou, the assassin of Xizhou in western Hunan. Peng Shichou in the latter Jin Tianfu five years (AD 940) and the king of Chu Ma Xifan **** standing record of the bronze column in the meeting of the Xi Ping and known in history, is then famous in western Hunan Tujia chieftain, legend has it that the Ma Xifan to Peng Shichou sealed the title, so the descendants honored him as Duke of Peng Lord, the present Youshui River Basin of the Peng surname of the Tujia people regarded as the old man who started him. In the past, annual rituals and hand-waving activities were held here, so it is customary to call the "Lord Palace" the "Hand-Waving Hall".
Why do the Tujia people in Youyang, Chongqing, worship the king of Hunan?
Why do the Tujia people of Chongqing worship the Tujia King of Xiangxi? Hunan Province, governs Yongshun, Guzhang, Longshan three counties. This historical fact shows that Youyang and western Hunan have an inseparable inner connection, and have been clearly branded as "cultural isomorphism"; reason two, Xizhou is located in the lower reaches of the Youshui River, while Houxi and Daxi in Youyang are located in the middle reaches of the Youshui River, and with the help of Youshui as a golden waterway, the two places have already interacted with each other in the old days, and therefore cultural penetration and inheritance are also Reason three, the Qing dynasty Tongzhi "Youyang Zhili state general record - public opinion - mountains and rivers," said: "three mountains, in the state 160 miles east of the Houxi River (i.e., the Youshui River), the three peaks side by side, verdant and compelling, for the Dajiang Lane Peng, Bai, Tian three ancestor of the mountain. The natives say that the ancestors of the three surnames began to enter the river, each of which is located under the peak to live ...... ". It can be seen, Peng, Bai, Tian (Tujia big clan name) three surnames of the ancestors were forced to migrate due to irresistible reasons, from the lower reaches of the Youshui River upstream, arrived in Youyang, after the stream, Daxi area to thrive, along with the three surnames of the migrants, but also inevitably will be the "King of the soil worship" cultural form into the Youyang area.
The various "Sanfu temples", "Tuwang temples", and "Lord's palaces" that used to dot the territory of Youyang were built by the Tujia people to honor the Tusi king who was virtuous to the people, and they were also the place where the Tujia people carried out their "Tusi worship". Tujia people carry out "Tujia king worship" and "waving hands to ancestors" the main place, this must be held every year in the ritual activities in the Tujia area has been preserved for a long time, until the introduction of the clan system and the implementation of the mandatory "Confucianism education". It was not until the introduction of the clan system and the implementation of the compulsory "Confucianization education" that her foundation was fundamentally shaken and gradually replaced. During this period, the new Tujia strong clan ancestral halls of the big surnames sprung up, while as the carrier of the Tujia original culture, "Sanfu Temple," "Tuwang Temple," "Lord Jennifer Palace" and other ancient buildings have rapidly disappeared, almost lost, and on this premise, the "Changtan" clan system was introduced and the mandatory "Confucianization education" implemented. Under this premise, Changtan "Lord Palace" (complex) of the emergence of a more special significance, she is not only a kind of national culture "remnants", but also a kind of survival and adaptation of the mutation. In other words, both adapted to the integration of the ruling culture, but also tenaciously preserved their own, which reflects the continuation of Tujia culture and development of the road is very tortuous.